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    ArfkenMMch1s1e1

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    Métodos de la Física matemática, herramientas para resolver problemas

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    ArfkenMMch1s1e1

    Uploaded by

    fisher1879xxx
    6 views2 pages
    Métodos de la Física matemática, herramientas para resolver problemas

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Métodos de la Física matemática, herramientas para resolver problemas

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views2 pages

    ArfkenMMch1s1e1

    Uploaded by

    fisher1879xxx
    Métodos de la Física matemática, herramientas para resolver problemas

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 2

    Arfken Mathematical Methods 7e: Exercise 1.1.

    1 Page 1 of 2

    Exercise 1.1.1
    P∞
    (a) Prove that if limn→∞ np un = A < ∞, p > 1, the series n=1 un converges.

    (b) Prove that if limn→∞ nun = A > 0, the series diverges. (The test fails for A = 0.) These two
    tests, known as limit tests, are often convenient for establishing the convergence of a
    series. They may be treated as comparison tests, comparing with
    X
    n−q , 1 ≤ q < p.
    n

    Solution

    Part (a)

    Suppose that
    lim np un = A,
    n→∞

    where A is finite. There are many possible formulas for un , for example,

    A cos2 n1
    
    un = .
    np
    However, the highest it can be (the upper bound) is

    A
    un = ;
    np
    otherwise, A will be infinite. If ∞
    P
    n=1 un converges using the upper bound, then it will converge
    using any formula with values less than it.
    ∞ ∞ ∞
    X X A X
    un = = A n−p (1)
    np
    n=1 n=1 n=1

    Since f (n) = n−p is continuous, positive, and decreasing on the interval 1 ≤ n < ∞, the Integral
    Test can be applied. ∞ ∞ ∞
    1 1
    f (x) dx = x−p dx = − x−p+1 =
    1 1 p 1 p
    This integral converges to 1/p because p > 1. Therefore,
    ∞
    X
    un
    n=1

    converges by the Integral Test. The series in equation (1) is known as the p-series.

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    Arfken Mathematical Methods 7e: Exercise 1.1.1 Page 2 of 2

    Part (b)

    Suppose that
    lim nun = A,
    n→∞

    where A > 0. There are many possible formulas for un , for example,

    un = n.

    However, the lowest it can be (the lower bound) is

    A
    un = ;
    n
    any lower and A will be zero or less. If ∞
    P
    n=1 un diverges using the lower bound, then it will
    diverge using any formula with values greater than it.
    ∞ ∞ ∞
    X X A X
    un = =A n−1 (2)
    n
    n=1 n=1 n=1

    Since f (n) = n−1 is continuous, positive, and decreasing on the interval 1 ≤ n < ∞, the Integral
    Test can be applied.
     ∞  ∞ ∞
    f (x) dx = x−1 dx = ln x = ln ∞ − ln 1 = ∞
    1 1 1

    This integral diverges because the natural logarithm increases indefinitely. Therefore,
    ∞
    X
    un
    n=1

    diverges by the Integral Test. The series in equation (2) is known as the harmonic series.

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