NETWORK LABORATORY MANUAL

(BEL03005)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Academic Year – 2022-23

VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, ODISHA
Burla, Sambalpur-768018, Odisha
www.vssut.ac.in

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL& ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

 VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

The graduates in Electrical & Electronics Engineering program of VSSUT Burla strives to be
recognized globally for imparting outstanding technical education and research leading to
well qualified truly world class leaders and to unleash technological innovations to serve the
global society with an ultimate aim to improve the quality of life.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

The graduates in Electrical & Electronics Engineering program of VSSUT Burla

strives to create world class Electrical & Electronics Engineers by
M1 Imparting quality education to its students and enhancing their skills
M2 Encouraging innovative research and consultancy by establishing the state-of-the-
art research facilities through which the faculty members and engineers from the
nearby
industries can actively utilize the established the research laboratories
M3 Expanding curricula as appropriate to include broader prospective.
M4 Establishing linkages with world class R&D organizations and leading
educational institutions in Indian and abroad for excelling in teaching, research and
consultancy
M5 Developing simple and appropriate technologies for rural areas and eventually
contributing to sustainable development of the society

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

The educational objectives of UG program in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering (EEE) of VSSUT, Burla are:
PEO1 To have sound knowledge of basic principles of electrical& electronics
engineering, exposure to experimental setups including requisite knowledge in
mathematics, sciences and basic Engineering.
PEO2 To augment the workforce in areas of electrical power and electronics systems,
electrical and electronic component manufacturing industries, related core
engineering and software fields and be entrepreneurs eventually realizing the make
in India dream.
PEO3 To have strong background to pursue higher studies, communicate effectively,
become efficient team members and leaders.
PEO4 To inculcate strong ethical values and social responsibility.
PEO5 To lead in the conception, design and implementation of new products, processes,
services and systems.
 Digital Circuit Lab Manual
PROGRAM OUTCOMES OF B. TECH. (EEE)

PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one‟s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

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COURSE OBJECTIVES

1 Develop fundamentals of self and mutual inductance and analyses of coupled circuits.

2 Mastering applications of time domain and frequency domain using Laplace transform, and
analyze the transient response and steady-state response of networks modeled using 1 st order and
2nd order equations (RL, RC, RLC) under different input signals.
3 Gain proficiency in utilizing two-port network parameters, namely, impedance, admittance,
transmission, and hybrid parameters to characterize and analyze complex electrical networks.

4 Understand the concepts of network functions (poles & zeros) and interpret their impact on the
stability of the system and behavior of electrical systems that includes unbalanced three-phase
circuits analyzed using symmetrical components.
5 Developing ability to design electrical circuits with desired driving point functions by applying
network synthesis techniques and its realization in a real life scenario.

COURSE OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the course, the students will be able to:

CO1 Develop and analyze the linear circuits using Superposition theorem, and Thevenin's
theorem, and the Maximum Power Transfer (MPT) theorem.

CO2 Evaluate the resonant circuits by understanding its basic properties, and able to find dynamic
parameters such as BW, Q-factor and fr/wr of a R-L-C series network.

CO3 Analyze the Transient response of R-L, R-C and R-L-C circuits using DC excitation.

CO4 Determine ABCD, Z, Y and h parameters of a two-port network, and know the property
of symmetricity and reciprocity of networks.
CO5 Develop the understanding and analyzing the importance of non-sinusoidal waveforms
related to different applications.

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CODE OF CONDUCT FOR THE LABORATORIES

 All students must observe the Dress Code while in the laboratory.

 Sandals or open-toed shoes are NOT allowed.

 Foods, drinks and smoking are NOT allowed.

 All bags must be left at the indicated place.

 The lab time table must be strictly followed.

 Be PUNCTUAL for your laboratory session.

 Program must be executed within the given time.

 Noise must be kept to a minimum.

 Work space must be kept clean and tidy at all time.

 Handle the systems and interfacing kits with care.

 All students are liable for any damage to the accessories due to their own negligence.

 All interfacing kits connecting cables must be RETURNED if you taken from the lab

supervisor.

 Students are strictly PROHIBITED from taking out any items from the laboratory.

 Students are NOT allowed to work alone in the laboratory without the Lab Supervisor

 USB Ports have been disabled if you want to use USB drive consult lab supervisor.

 Report immediately to the Lab Supervisor if any malfunction of the accessories, is there.

 Before leaving the lab Place the chairs properly.

 Turn off the system properly

 Turn off the monitor.

 Please check the laboratory notice board regularly for updates.

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AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Determination of transient response of the series RL, RC circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Si. Item Range/Rating Maker's Name Maker's No.

No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

THEORY:
Whenever a circuit is switched from one condition to the another either by change in the applied
source or a change in the circuit elements there is a transient period during which the branch current
and element voltage change from their former values to new one. This period is called transient
period. After the transient period is over the circuit is said to have reached the steady state. The
linear differential equation that describes the circuits' behaviours will have two parts to its solution.
The complimentary function corresponds to the transient & the particular solution corresponds to
steady state.

di(t )
The differential Equation for R-L circuit is: Ri(t) + L = Vs
dt

1
For RC circuit Ri (t) +
C
∫ i ( t ) dt = Vs

Transient Response for RI circuit

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PROCEDURE:

1.Connect circuit as per the circuit diagram

2. Apply potential DC of 15V.
3. Trace the current wave-from from CRO
4. Plot the current wave-form from CRO
5.Find out the time constant at 36.8% of the initial value of current of RC ckt and 63.2% of
final value of current in the ckt from CRO

CONCLUSION:

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AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To verify maximum power transfer theorem

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Si. Item Range/Rating Maker's Name Maker's No.

No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
500 ohm, '1.2 A

Resistance Box

DC (0-10) v
Power MC type
Supply

(0-100/200) ma
MC type

THEORY:

The maximum power transfer theorem states that load will receive maximum power from a
linear bilateral DC network when its total resistance value is exactly equal to its Thevenin
resistance of the network as seen by the load.

Hence maximum power will be delivered to the load when RL = Rth.

PROCEDURE:

1.Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2.Connect the resistance box as load in the circuit by varying the resistance of the resistance
box, find the power consumed at different value of resistances.
3.Take the reading of I L and V L
4.Plot the graph between PL Vs. RL to find out RL corresponding to maximum power transfer.
CALCULATION:

CONCLUSION:
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 Digital Circuit Lab Manual
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Find out the band width, Q factor & resonance frequency of a series R-L-C circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Item Range/Rating Maker’s Name Maker’s No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

AC Supply
Transient Response of R-L Circuit
THEORY:

1
Resonant frequency f0 = = √f 1 f 2
2 π √ LC
Where

f1 = Lower half power frequency

f2 = Upper half power frequency

C = Capacitance

L = Inductance

f1- f2 = Δf = Bandwidth

Q- factor = Resonant frequency / Bandwidth

Resonance is the condition at which the current will be minimum in the R-L-C series circuit whose
corresponding frequency is called resonant frequency.
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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply sinusoidal wave of different frequency to the circuit from function generator.

3. Connect the CRO chord across the standard resistance 1Ω.

4. Take peak to peak reading of current waveform from CRO.

CALCULATION:

CONCLUSION:

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AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Spectral analysis of a non sinusoidal waveform.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl No. Item Range/Rating Maker’s Name Maker’s No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Circuit diagram for spectral analysis of a

non - sinusoidal wave

THEORY:

The flux density in transformer core is usually maintained at a fairly high value in order to keep the
required volume of iron to be minimum. Due to non linearity of magnetisation curve some third
harmonics destrotation is always produced. Also there is always some percentage of 5 th harmonics.
The magnetisation current drawn by the primary contains significance third harmonics components.
The Fourier series for the function f(x) in the interval is given by

α<x< α <2p
∞ ∞
a6
f ( x )= + ∑ a cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
2 π=1 n π =1

The Fourier series upto third harmonics can be represented as

a0
y = + a1cosx + a2cos2x + a3cos3x + b1sinx + b2sin2x + b3sin3x
2
a0 =2 ∑ y / total observation
a1 =2 ∑ y cosx / total observation
a2 = 2 ∑ y cos 2 x / total observation
b1 =2 ∑ y sinx / total observation

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b2 = 2 ∑ y sin 2 x / total observation
PROCEDURE:

1.Connect the circuit as the circuit diagram

2.Apply a supply voltage of ] 70V AC through variac to the circuit.
3.Trace the current wave from CRo.
4.Take the peak to peak readings at different time interval.
5.Analysis the waveform at different points using Fourier analysis.

CALCULATION:

CONCLUSION:

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 Digital Circuit Lab Manual

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To verify Superposition Theorem and Thevenin Theorem

A. Superposition Theorem

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl No. Item Range/Rating Maker’s Name Maker’s No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

THEORY:

The superposition theorem states that in a linear bilateral network containing more than one

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source of emf, the resultant current in any branch is the algebraic sum of currents in that would be
produced by each energy source acting alone. All the other sources being replaced by their internal
resistances.

In order to verify this theorem, we required to know the internal resistance of each emf source.
The other method is to connect the series with large value resistors with each emf sources in order to
be able to neglect the comparatively small resistance of the sources.

PROCEDURE:

1.The circuit was assembled as per the circuit diagram.

2.First energize source-1. Short circuit the other voltage source-2 & take the ammeter reading (I1).

3.Next energize source-2 with short circuiting the voltage source-1 & take the ammeter reading (I2).

4.Then take the ammeter reading (1) with both sources energized at a time.
5.Verify I 1 + I 2 = I.

CONCLUSION:

B. Thevenin's Theorem

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl No. Item Range/Rating Maker’s Name Maker’s No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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THEORY:
The Thevenin's theorem states that the current through resister R L connected across two
points A & B of the active network (i.e. a network containing more than one source) is obtained by
dividing open circuit voltage Voc (with RL disconnected) by (RL+Rth), Rth is the equivalent resistance
of the network measured at two points A & B with R L disconnected and the source of emf replaced
by the internal resistance.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2.The load terminal has to kept open circuit.
3.Measure the thevenin voltage Vth across the open circuit load terminal
4.Measure the thevenin resistance at the open circuited load terminal by
replacing all the energy sources by their internal resistances.

5.Find the current through R L in the thevenin equivalent circuit.

6.Verify the theoretical result with the practical circuit with all circuit
elements connected together.

: CALCULATION:

CONCLUSION:

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AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
To determine the A,B,C,D,Z,Y and h parameters of a two port network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl No. Item Range/Rating Maker’s Name Maker’s No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

A. Z-Parameter
V1 = I1Z11+I2Z12
V2 = I1Z21+I2Z22
Where
V1 V1
Z11 = I2 = 0 Z12 = I1 = 0
I1 I2

V2 V2
Z21 = I2 = 0 Z22 = I1 = 0
I1 I2

B. Y-Parameter
I1= Y11V1+Y12V2
I2 = Y21 V1+Y22V2
Where
I1 I1
Y11 = V2 = 0 Y12 = V1 = 0
V1 V2

I2 I2
Y21 = V2 = 0 Y22 = V1 = 0
V1 V2

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C. ABCD-Parameter
V1=AV2–BI2
V2= CV2 - DI2
Where
Z 11 Z 11 X Z 22−Z 12 X Z21
A= Z B= Z 21
21

1 Z 22
C= Z D= Z
21 21

D. Hybrid-Parameter
V1= h11I1 +h12V2
V2= h21I1+h22V2
Where
V1 V1
h11 = V2 = 0 h12 = I1 = 0
I1 V2

I2 I2
h21 = V2 = 0 h22 = I1 = 0
I1 V2

PROCEDURE:
a. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
b. Apply voltage through variac in the primary side for V 2 = 200 V keeping the key open
at secondary.
c. Take the ammeter & voltmeter readings.
d. Then reduce the voltage to zero, close the key and apply reduced voltage till I 2 = 1A.
e. Reverse the position 1 & 2 and then repeat the same procedure (a) to (d).
f. Take the ammeter & voltmeter readings.

CALCULATION:

VERIFICATION:

CONCLUSION:

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