INSPECTION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION

In respect of OISD-STD-180(First Revision Oct, 2018)

IOCL PIPELINE DIVISION, JASIDIH

CONTENTS

Sl.
Description Page No.
No.
1.0 Acknowledgement 2
2.0 Introduction 3
3.0 Executive Summary 4
4.0 Lightning Protection for Structure in Hazards Area 5-9
5.0 Lightning protection of product tanks 9-10
6.0 Lightning Protection of Plant Building and Structures 11-14
7.0 Surge Protection Device 14
8.0 Typical drawing for LPS on building 15
9.0 Typical drawing of SPD 16

AUDITOR’S SIGNATURE Page 1

 INSPECTION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION
In respect of OISD-STD-180(First Revision Oct, 2018)
IOCL PIPELINE DIVISION, JASIDIH

ACKNOWLEGMENT

Dablu Engineers expresses their sincere thanks

to the officials of IOCL Pipeline Division, Jasidih
who took interest in carrying out the inspection of
lightning protection system and entrusted the job
to us. The company also express “Thanks” to the
officials and technician who have extended all
help during carrying out the inspection of
lightning protection system and provided
facilities to complete the job effectively.

AUDITOR’S SIGNATURE Page 2

 INSPECTION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION
In respect of OISD-STD-180(First Revision Oct, 2018)
IOCL PIPELINE DIVISION, JASIDIH

INTRODUCTION

THE PURPOSE OF A LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM IS TO

PROTECT BUILDING AND STRUCTURES FROM LIGHTNING STRIKES
AND POSSIBLE FIRE OR FROM THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE LOAD
INDEPENDENT DISCHARGE ACTIVE LIGHTNING CURRENT.

LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS IS A SYSTEM WHICH PROVIDES A

LOW PATH TO CARRY THE LARGE CURRENTS OF LIGHTNING
DISCHARGE TO GROUND, PREVENTING DAMAGE TO THE
PROTECTED STRUCTURE.

LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING

THREE BASIC PARTS THAT PROVIDE THE LOW IMPEDENCE METAL
PATH REQUIRED:

(1) A SYSTEM OF STRIKE TERMINATION DEVICE ON THE ROOF &

OTHER ELEVATED LOCATIONS.

(2) A SYSTEM OF GROUND TERMINALS.

(3) A CONDUCTOR SYSTEM CONNECTING THE STRIKE TERMINATION

DEVICES TO THE GROUND TERMINALS.PROPERLY LOCATED AND
INSTALLED, THESE BASIC COMPONENTS IMPROVE THE LIKEHOOD
THAT THE LIGHTNING DISCHARGE WILL BE CONDUCTED HARMLESS
BETWEEN THE STRIKE TERMINATION DEVICES AND THE GROUND
TERMINALS.

AUDITOR’S SIGNATURE Page 3

 INSPECTION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION
In respect of OISD-STD-180(First Revision Oct, 2018)
IOCL PIPELINE DIVISION, JASIDIH

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The salient points highlighted in the ‘executive Summary” are inductive
only and not exhaustive

SL.
DESCRIPTION OBSERVATION REMARKS
NO.
1 Protection Surge protection system Shall be provided to panel in LT
measures to not available in LT Control panel room.
reduce failure of Panel. Overvoltage surges are major
electrical and cause of failure of electronics
electronic equipment like computer &
systems. sophisticated electrical equipment,
PCB’s etc. The lightning surge,
Switching surge can be avoided
by installing SPD.

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 INSPECTION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION
In respect of OISD-STD-180(First Revision Oct, 2018)
IOCL PIPELINE DIVISION, JASIDIH
LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR STRUCTURES IN
HAZARDOUS AREA

As per Clause No. 4.1.1, OISD 180 “For hazardous areas lightning protection is essential
considering the serious consequences of fire / damage due to lightning strokes and shall be
provided irrespective of the value of risk factor. As mentioned in IS/IEC 62305-2, at least
Class II LPS (Lightning Protection System) should be adopted for the structure with a risk of
explosion.”

As per Clause No 4.4, Para 3 of OISD 180, in most cases, Non-isolated LPS are provided for
the structure to be protected.

Natural components: Clause No.5.1.1.2 of OISD 180

The following parts of a structure should be considered and may be used as natural air
termination components and part of an LPS

Metal sheets covering the structure to be protected provided that the:

- Electrical continuity between the various parts is made durable (e.g. by means of brazing,
welding, crimping, seaming, screwing or bolting),

- the thickness of the metal sheet is not less than the value “ t ” given in Table below if it is
necessary to take precautions against puncture or to consider hot spot problems,

Class of LPS Material Thickness (t) mm

Steel (Stainless galvanized) 4
Titanium 4
I to IV Copper 5
Aluminum 7
DOWN CONDUCTORS:

Positioning for a non-isolated LPS shall be as follows as per Clause No. 5.1.2 OISD 180
For each non-isolated LPS the number of down-conductors shall be not less
than two and should be distributed around the perimeter of the structure to be
protected, subject to architectural and practical constraints.

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 INSPECTION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION
In respect of OISD-STD-180(First Revision Oct, 2018)
IOCL PIPELINE DIVISION, JASIDIH
An equal spacing of the down conductors is preferred around the perimeter. Typical
preferred values of the distance between down conductors according to the class of LPS
areas under:

Class of LPS Typical Distance (Meter)

I 10
II 10
III 15
IV 20

Earth Termination:

As per Clause No 5.1.3 of OISD 180: Each down conductor shall be provided with an
earth electrode, and all earth electrodes shall be interconnected.

MESH SIZE:

As per Clause No 5.3 of OISD180: The relationship between the class of

protection and mesh size is as tabulated below:

Class of Protection Mesh Size (Meter)

I 5X5
II 10X10
III 15 X15
IV 20 X20

Since the structures in hazardous zone to be provided with Class II protection. Hence,
mesh size of 10x10 meter will be considered.

AUDITOR’S SIGNATURE Page 6

 INSPECTION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION
In respect of OISD-STD-180(First Revision Oct, 2018)
IOCL PIPELINE DIVISION, JASIDIH
LPS air termination on a flat roof structure

LPS air termination on a sloped roof structure

Wm =mesh size

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 INSPECTION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION
In respect of OISD-STD-180(First Revision Oct, 2018)
IOCL PIPELINE DIVISION, JASIDIH

Relationship of protection angle corresponding to the class of LPS is mentioned below:

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 INSPECTION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION
In respect of OISD-STD-180(First Revision Oct, 2018)
IOCL PIPELINE DIVISION, JASIDIH
Shed
Sl. Lightning Protection
Location & Size structure Recommendations
No. Status
Material
MCC Building RCC Located in hazardous Not required because the said
1 (Size: L=21.65 M, Structure & area; LPS is not provided. building is protected by HMT-1 &
W=11.9 M) Roof Distance between HMT-4.
building & HMT 1 =10.4 As precautionary measure
M,HMT 4=28 M. conventional type LA may be
provided as per OISD-180, clause
no: 5.1.2.

Enclose: Typical drawing for lightning protection system on flat roof.

LIGHTNING PROTECTION OF PRODUCT TANKS

The content and material of construction play a major role in the effect and damages of a
lightning strike. The ability of a structure to avoid lightning related damage is directly
related to the ease with which the current can pass the elements of the structure and be
dissipated to the earth. A critical situation is when the lightning current tries to flow in
highly resistive materials, leading to rapid heating and vaporization of the material.

It is the common practice to install external lightning protection system in building and
structures to protect them against lightning strikes or side flashes. However, OISD and
many international standards allow metal structures themselves to act as standalone
lightning interception points provided that the thickness of the wall exceeds certain
threshold value.

Petrochemical storages are most often considered as self-protected structures against

lightning direct strikes, provided that the required minimum thickness is assured. In many
standards e.g. OISD 180, NFPA 780 etc., the minimum thickness of metal plates is
recommended as 4.8 mm for the tank roof to be considered as the air-termination for
interception with lightning stepped leaders.

As per clause No. 7.1 of OISD 180, “A properly designed and constructed gastight,
electrically continuous metallic storage tanks made of minimum 4.8 mm thickness sheet
steel shall be considered to be self-protected against lightning, provided it is properly
earthed and bonded.”

The number of earthing connections for a particular tank depends on the diameter of the
tank. The body earthing of tanks shall be done at an interval of 30 meter on the perimeter
of the tank.

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 INSPECTION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION
In respect of OISD-STD-180(First Revision Oct, 2018)
IOCL PIPELINE DIVISION, JASIDIH
As per OISD 244, “Product Storage Tanks shall have two separate and distinct
connections. Each connection will be made to the respective earth pit directly. The
number of earth pits/connections is to be increased for larger tanks so that the distance
between the connections does not exceed 30 M on the tank perimeter.”

The tank floating roof shall be bonded to the tank shell by direct electrical connection
through bypass conductors in line with API-RP-545. The bypass conductors shall be of
the minimum length necessary to permit full movement of the floating roof. Bypass
conductors should be evenly spaced not more than every 30 m (100 ft.) around the tank
circumference with a minimum of two.

Sl.
Tank No. & Size Type of Tank Product Nos. of Earth Pits
No.
TK 116
1 AG Transmix 2 Nos.
10 Mø X 9 MHT

Observations & Remarks:

Shell and Dome minimum thickness as per details provided by

IOCL is more than 4.8 mm. & numbers of Earth Pits are also
as per OISD – 180 guidelines Table – A. Recommendation.
Air terminal is not required on tank farm.

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 INSPECTION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION
In respect of OISD-STD-180(First Revision Oct, 2018)
IOCL PIPELINE DIVISION, JASIDIH
LIGHTNING PROTECTION OF PLANT BUILDING AND STRUCTURES

NEED FOR LIGHTNING PROTECTION

As per clause No 5 of OISD 180, the need for protection of plant buildings such as sub -
station, office building, and workshop etc. shall be assessed taking into consideration the
exposure risk and following factors:
a) Use to which structure is put.
b) Nature of its construction.
c) Value of its contents.
d) The location of the structure.
e) The height and the effective collection area of the structure.

The overall risk factor shall be established as per IS/ IEC 62305-2 to decide the need for
protection.
Lightning Protection should be provided if the total risk is more than the tolerable risk.

As per clause No. 4.1.1 of OISD 180, “The necessity of providing lightning protection for
structures located in non-hazardous areas shall be assessed by calculating overall risk
factor.”
Therefore, Risk Assessment will be carried out for the structures located in the non-
hazardous areas.

CALCULATION OF RISK (as per IEC 62305-2)

A. Damage to a structure due to lightning

Lightning affecting a structure can cause damage to the structure, to its occupants and its
contents. Lightning may result into failure of internal systems due to Lightning
Electromagnetic Impulses (LEMP). The damages and failures may also extend to the
surroundings of the structure and may even involve the local environment.

B. Source and Type of Damage to a structure

Sources of damage: The sources of damage due to lightning strikes have been divided
into four groups depending on the point of strike:
S1: Flashes to the structure
S2: Flashes near the structure
S3: Flashes to the lines connected to the structure
S4: Flashes near the lines connected to the structure

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 INSPECTION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION
In respect of OISD-STD-180(First Revision Oct, 2018)
IOCL PIPELINE DIVISION, JASIDIH
Types of damage: The sources of damage as mentioned above may result into damages.
There are three type of damage:
D1: Injury to living beings due to electric shock
D2: Physical damage
D3: Failure of internal systems due to LEMP

C. Type of Loss
Different types of losses may occur due to each type of damage relevant to the structure
to be protected. The following types of loss may appear as a result of damage:
L1: Loss of human life
L2: Loss of service to the public
L3: Loss of cultural heritage
L4: Loss of economic value

D. Type of Risk

In order to evaluate the need of lightning protection of a structure, a risk assessment as

per IEC 62305-2 should be made. The following risks shall be considered corresponding
to the type of loss as mentioned above:
R1 – Risk of loss or permanent injury of human life
R2– Risk of loss of service to the public
R3–Risk of loss of cultural heritage
R4–Risk of loss of economic value

E. Tolerable Risk (RT)

Representative values of tolerable risk where lightning flashes involve loss of human life
or loss of social value or cultural values are as mentioned below:

TABLE C

Types of Loss RT (Y-1)

L1 Loss of human life or permanent injuries 10-5

L2 Loss of service to the public 10-3

L3 Loss of cultural heritage 10-4

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 INSPECTION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION
In respect of OISD-STD-180(First Revision Oct, 2018)
IOCL PIPELINE DIVISION, JASIDIH

In principle, for loss of economic value (L4), the route to be followed is the cost / benefit
comparison. If the data for this analysis is not available the representative value of
tolerable risk RT=10-3 may be used.

RT for loss of human life is the least. Therefore, if we design our

lightning protection system considering L1 only then it will
automatically cover the protection for other types of losses.
Therefore, in our calculations we will be considering only the loss
of human life.

We will ONLY consider the loss L1 and the associated risk R1.

In our calculations,

Total Risk(R) = Risk of loss of human

life (R1)

Total Loss (L) = Loss of human life (L1)

F. Criteria for providing lightning protection:

Protection against lightning is required if the Total Risk (R) is higher

than the Tolerable Risk (RT) i.e. R >RT
In this case, appropriate protection measures need to be adopted to
reduce the Total Risk to the Tolerable Risk level i.e. R≤RT
G. Procedure to evaluate the need of protection

In this case we are considering the risk R1 in the evaluation of the need
of lightning protection.The following steps will be taken:
a. Identification of the components which make up the risk;
b. Calculation of the identified risk components;
c. Calculation of total risk;
d. Comparison of the total risk R1 with the tolerable value RT.

If R1≤RT, lightning protection is not necessary. If

R1>RT, lightning protection is required.

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 INSPECTION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION
In respect of OISD-STD-180(First Revision Oct, 2018)
IOCL PIPELINE DIVISION, JASIDIH
Shed
Sl. Lightning Protection
Location & Size structure Recommendations
No. Status
Material
Administrative RCC Located in non-hazardous Not required
1 Building Structure & area; LPS provided.
(Size: L=30.1 M, Roof
W=21.35 M)
Control Room RCC Located in non-hazardous Not required
1 (Size: L=17.6 M, Structure & area; LPS provided.
W=16.1 M) Roof

Observations & Remarks:

As per the Risk Calculations observed that Buildings in non-hazardous area; Conventional type
lightning arrestor exist on the roof of Administrative Building, Control room. Hence, not required.

Surge Protection Device:

Over voltage surges are a major cause of electronic equipment failure. These equipment
failures due to over-voltage surges can be avoided by installing Surge Protection Devices
(SPD).In addition to the lightning surges, switching surges, arise due to switching
operations of inductive and capacitive loads. Compared to the lightning surges, theses
switching surges have less energy but occur more frequently. They can result in
premature ageing of electronic equipment.

RECOMMENDATION: Surge Protection Devices shall be provided on LT panel.

Enclose: Typical drawing for SPD.

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