HOLY CROSS COLLEGE OF CALINAN, INC.

DAVAO-BUKIDNON ROAD, CALINAN, DAVAO CITY

SECOND TERM, FIRST SEMESTER

A.Y 2024-2025

A COURSE PACK IN HUMANITIES 1:

ART APPRECIATION

CHRISTIAN GREG D. JANDAYAN, MA

College Instructor

FB Name: Christian Greg D. Jandayan

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course develops students’ ability to appreciate, analyze, and critique works
of art. Through interdisciplinary and multimodal approaches, this course equips students
with a broad knowledge of the practical, historical, philosophical, and social relevance of
the arts in order to hone students’ ability to articulate their understanding of the arts.
The course also develops students’ competency in researching and curating art as well
as conceptualizing, mounting, and evaluating art productions. The course aims to
develop students’ genuine appreciation for Philippine arts by providing them
opportunities to explore the diversity and richness and their rootedness in Filipino
culture.

COURSE OUTLINE

Number of Hours Content

15 INTRODUCTION TO HUMANITIES
13 A WORK OF ART
13 BEYOND SNAPSHOTS
12 LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION!
Total number of Hours: 54
 Table of Contents

Page
UNIT 1. Introduction to Humanities
Lesson 1.1. Humanities and Art Appreciation: An Introduction
Lesson 1.2.2 Aesthetic Arts and Crafts

UNIT 2: A Work of Art

Lesson 2.1. Painting
Lesson 2.2. Sculpture

UNIT 3: Beyond Snapshots

Lesson 3.1. Photography
Lesson 3.2. Music

UNIT 4: Lights, Camera, Action!

Lesson 4.1. Drama
UNIT 1: Introduction to Humanities

Lesson 1.1. Humanities and Art Appreciation: An Introduction

Meaning and Importance of Humanities

Etymologically, the term “Humanities” is from a Latin word humanus which

means educated. It refers to the learning of arts such as architecture, dance, literature,
music, painting, theatre, and sculpture (Sanches, 2011). They are branches of
knowledge that focuses on the human opinions, and relationships (Machlis, 2003). As a
branch of learning, the artwork is considered as the material object while its creativity
and appreciation is the formal object (Menoy, 2009 & Marcos, et al., 2010).

Likewise, Humanities is more concerned on how a person expresses his/her

feelings. These feelings can be in facial manifestations or body movements. Laughing,
crying, clenching our fists, curling our toes, stretching out our fingers, and crossing our
arms are representations of humanities (Menoy, 2009).

As a branch of knowledge, Humanities explores on human conditions through the

use of analytical, critical, or theoretical methods. These methods are in the form of ideas
and words that help makes our life more meaningful. Moreover, Humanities can also be
as the study on how an individual documented and processed his/her experiences
particularly in connecting to others (Stanford University, 2016). Imparting humanities as
an academic science is designed to let our learners (particularly the new generations)
become creative and artistic individuals. Humanities help the students to connect with
the community through art exposure like museum outings, concerts, theatre
performance, etc. (Marcos, 2010).

Description of Art Appreciation

When we look around, we see a lot of things that relate to art. Art can come in
the form of many items such as posters, paintings, portraits, covers, and more. People
look at art in different ideas that they want to know more about or may be studying. Art
can show ideas about the past, what is currently happening and what may happen in
the future. It can also show meaning, love, boredom, and creativity (Ramos, 2012). Art
can be meaningful because of the colors, shapes, and depictions it can create.

Art Appreciation is a way to motivate ideas and allows individuals to illustrate

their feelings when they viewed an artwork. It helps develops critical and innovative
skills in thinking and teaches essential qualities in listening, observing, and responding
to multiple viewpoints It also requires an ability to differentiate what is apparent and
what is not (Gargaro & Jilg, 2016 and Sanger, 2012).

The Creation of Arts

In our life, we experience so much fragmentation of our thoughts and feelings.

But, by creating arts, it brings things back together. We merely make art because of so
many reasons, and we enjoy the process of it.

The word “art” is from a Latin arti, which means craftsmanship, inventiveness,
mastery of form, skill. It includes literature, music, paintings, photography, sculpture,
etc. It serves as an original record of human needs and achievements. It usually refers
to the so-called “fine arts” (e.g., graphics, plastic, and building) and to the so-called
“minor arts” (everyday, useful, applied, and decorative arts). It is the process of using
our senses and emotions in making creative activities (Marcos, 2010). It is a human
capability to make things beautiful (e.g., buildings, illustration, designing, painting,
sculpture, and Photography) through the production of his/her imagination depending on
the preparation, theme, medium, and values used.

Significantly, the word artist comes from the French word artiste and the Spanish
artista, which means “performer.” It is someone who creates art that is merely trades
and professions by which different people make their livings (Goines, 2004).

Artist is most often referring to those who create within a context of the fine arts
such as acting, dancing, drawing, filmmaking, painting, sculpture, writing, photography,
and music. They are those who use imagination, and a skill to construct works that may
be judged to have aesthetic importance. Creativity is a characteristic of an artist that
progressed in the extent of his/her life to express feelings. These are all processed in
three significant phases namely: Creation of Forms; Creation of Ideas; and Creation of
the Materials (Sanchez, 2011).

A. The Creations of ideas. Artists are usually impressionable persons. They used
their experiences as their basis in the making of dance, picture, a poem, or a play
or a song. For example, a composer may write a song on the developing
romance between a man and a woman, or on the pains of a broken-hearted.
B. The Creations of the Materials. The artist uses different materials or mediums
to give form to an idea. For example, a painter uses pigments; a sculptor uses
wood, metal or stone; an author uses words; and a composer who uses musical
sounds to determine the notes.
 C. The Creations of Forms. There are diverse forms used by the artists in
expressing their ideas. It is a medium of artistic expression recognized as fine
art. This form is used to explain the physical nature of the artwork like in metal
sculpture, an oil painting, etc.

Functions of Arts

From the very beginning, arts have been part of human history. It described,
defined, and deepened the human experience. In the Prehistoric period for example,
peoples performed songs and dances to gratify their ancestors. Likewise, hunters
brushed different figures on the walls of caves to depict their day-to-day experiences.
Arts also serve several functions which are item outcome to its purpose (Menoy, 2009),
namely:

1. Individual Function - The artists perform arts because of the passion of their
respective art forms. A singer presents a concert for free because of his
advocacy and the love of singing. For example, Regine Velaquez (Asia’s
Songbird) is well-known for possessing extensive vocal range.
2. Social Function - Man associates with others through his art performance that
arouses social consciousness. Examples of this association are the choral
singing, group dancing, public art exhibits and other practices.
3. Economic Functions - Arts are emerging as a potent force in the economic life
of people assumes an essential role as a direct and indirect contributor to state
economies. Example of this is by generating economic vitality in under-
performing regions through crafts, tourism, and cultural attractions.
4. Political Functions - Art provides a forum for ideas that will lead to employment,
prestige, status, and power. During election period, for example, the candidates
created their artworks (poster) which expresses their propaganda, agendas and
political views about making a stable society.
5. Historical Functions - Art is an essential technique for information to be
recorded and preserved. It serves to document or reconstruct historical figure
and events. Most arts that are in Museums, for example, are filled with amazing
stories about the world most excellent and most creative people who brought us
the treasures. By looking at a work of art’s colors, materials, and symbolism, we
can learn about the story and culture that produced it in the past.
6. Cultural Functions - Art is an articulation and transmission of new information
and values. Example, when you think of Manila, you probably think of Fort
Santiago, Luneta Park, and its world-renowned churches, or the famous
Intramuros.
 7. Physical Functions - Buildings are artistically designed and constructed to
protect their occupants and make their life inside more meaningful. Architects,
Industrial and Graphic Designers, and Interior Decorators share responsibility in
building environment that balance forms and functions.
8. Aesthetic Functions - Any artwork means beauty. It is visual spice for gracefully
adorned interiors and can bring out the most elegant features of different décor
elements. It reasonably reproduced visual images which communicate through
fantastic persuasions and meaningful words.

Purpose of Art

Creativity or imagination is the primary basis of art. Art is created when an artist
produces a stimulating experience that is considered by his audience to have artistic
merit. The artwork is the visual expression of an idea or experience of an artist, through
the use of a medium (Frank, 2011). It allows expression of the individuality of the artist.
Through artistic endeavors, we can share what is important to us with others and can
learn about the values of feelings of those sharing art with us. Some purposes of art are
the following (Marcos et al., 2011).

1. Creates Beauty - Art is an expression of our thoughts, emotions, and intuitions.

It is the communication of concepts that cannot be faithfully portrayed by words
alone. The Artist has considered nature as the standard of beauty. The example
of beauty can be in a snowy mountain scene, and the art is the photograph of it
shown to the family.
2. Provides Decoration - Artworks are used to create a pleasing environment. It is
intended to beautify things to please and amuse the viewers through its colors
and patterns.
3. Reveals Truth - Artwork helped to pursue truth and attempted to reveal about
how the world works. It is a kind of language that allows artists to send a
message to the souls of the recipients that help change their attitudes, their
sensibility, and their ethics.
4. Express Values - Arts can illuminate our inner lives and enrich our emotional
world. Through arts, the artist will be encouraged to develop their creativity,
challenge, and communication skills. It also promotes self- esteem and wellness.
5. Commemorates Experience - Art serves to convey the personal experiences of
an artist and record his impression in his work.
6. Creates Harmony - An artist makes use of the composition to put an order in the
diverse content of his work.

Classifications of Art
 Many changes in the arts took place during the early modern period. Its
classification can be on many characteristics, including form, shape, function, use, or
social context. Works of art are classified in many different ways, namely:

1. Visual Arts - These arts are those forms that create works which are primarily
visual (forms perceived by the eyes). The man can take the beauty of nature
through a piece of paper so that other people may take time appreciating the
captured image. Examples of these arts include:
Painting - This form of visual art aims to evoke an emotion from the
viewers. It is practice by applying colors or other media to a surface with a
brush or other objects.
Sculpture - This form of visual arts characterized as the art of
representing an imagined or observed objects in hard materials such as
glass, metals, or wood in three dimensions.
Architecture - This form of art provides us the physical structure we lived.
It is a profound expression of human culture in a particular period, and it
will endure and outlive us in forms of monuments that future generations
will study and strive to understand.
Drawing - This form of art enhances the way we see the world around
and conditions us to capture its details in a two-dimensional medium. This
has been a critical element of art throughout history and in the
contemporary art world.
Photography - This form of art is a process of creating portraits by
recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as electronic
image sensors or photographic films.

2. Performing Arts - These arts are those forms in which the artists used his/her
own body, face, and presence as a medium. Examples of these arts are as
follows:
Theatre (Drama) - This form of art uses performers to present the
experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific
place and time.
Music - This form of art helps to express our mood and feel the way
through our emotions and ideas. Based on a study, different types of
music may be suitable to different moods though classical music is still
recommended as the most calming music option.
Dance - This form of art is expressed through body movement which
entails social interaction, or presented in a spiritual or performance setting.
 Film - This form of art allows us to explore the complexities of the human
situation. This is used to work out our emotions, to make history comes
alive, science is explained, and literary works are brought into life.
Installation Art - The fundamental nature of this form of art is the
participation of the spectators. In this work of art, viewers become active
and navigate the work in an environment that they can experience
visually. It also has the capacity of passing on particular information about
any significant event around the world and interactively represents
documentary issues.
Opera - This form of art helps to tell stories through music. This is also
performed with a full orchestra composed of the various musical
instrument sections. In this art form, singers and musicians perform a
dramatic work by combining text (called a libretto) and musical score.
Stagecraft - This form of art is a technical aspect of theatrical production.
This includes constructing and arranging scenery, hanging and focusing of
lighting, the design of costumes, makeup, and procurement of props,
stage management and recording and mixing of sound.
Literary Arts - These arts centered on creative writing and other
composition processes which intended to read. These include prose and
poetry (e.g., novels, short stories, sonnet, ballad, epic, and essay).

The Value of Arts in the Educational System

Knowing and practicing the arts disciplines are fundamental to the development
of the minds and spirits of the students (National Art Education Association, 1994). Arts
are inseparable from education. When early humans drew images on the walls of the
caves, the artworks have been the means of recording human experiences and of
making sense of the world. It educates us on how early people lived and survived. Thus,
without the skills in the arts, no one can claim that he/she is professionally trained.

There are several reasons for the arts to be included in an educational system. It
is evident that involvement in the arts has been shown to help students in their
academic, personal, and social development. Listed below are other details for this
assertion.

1. Arts are worth studying because it served to connect our imaginations with the
most profound questions of human existence.
2. Arts are always used because it helps to present issues and ideas to teach,
persuade, and entertain people.
 3. Arts are integral to every person’s daily life because it helps shape our spiritual,
political, economic, cultural, and social environments.
4. Arts are refreshing because it offers unique sources of enjoyment and it
investigates relationships between thought and actions.
5. Arts develop students’ attitudes because it teaches self-discipline, reinforces self-
esteem, fosters the thinking skills and creativity and values the importance of
teamwork and cooperation.

Lesson 1.2. Aesthetic Arts and Crafts

Aesthetic Arts and Crafts

Aesthetics is from the Greek word eisthesis which means “perception.” It is a

branch of philosophy devoted to the study of art and beauty used during the 18th
century by Alexander Baumgarten, a German philosopher. This term also refers to the
principles governing the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in visual art
(Rader, 1979).

On the other hand, the term “craft” comes from a German word Kraft which
means “power” or “ability”. It usually employed in branches of the decorative arts or
associated artistic practice. It also implies the application of human skills through the
use of a hand. It tends to produce things for various human purposes, and tend to
exhibit their prettiness around a goal external to the object itself (Dutton, 1990).

Arts and Crafts started during the 19th century in Europe as a design reform and
as a social movement motivated by the William Morris. It involves activities related to
making things which require a combination of skill, speed, and patience.

William Morris who was born on March 24, 1834, in Walthamstow, England was
known for his pattern designs, particularly on fabrics, and wallpapers. As a proponent of
socialist ideals, Morris believed that a designer should have the skill of any media in
producing designs that intricate intertwining fruit, flower, and foliage pattern. He died on
October 3, 1896, at the age of 62 years old in London, England.

Types of Arts and Crafts

Artists may have unique skills and perceptive abilities, but they are also people
with needs and the motivation to meet those needs. Creating different works of art that
are accepted by one’s audience can lead to an artist’s social acceptance and
recognition. Their works of art have been used to create pleasing environments. Arts
and crafts have different types, namely: textile wood, metal, paper or canvass, and plant
crafts.

1. Textile Crafts - The word textile is from a Latin phrase texere which means “to
braid" or "to construct." These also refer to any craft where you work with fabric,
yarn or surface design. It uses plant or any synthetic fibers in creating practical or
decorative objects. These include the following:

Cross-stitch - Stitching can also be a form of natural pain relief. It is a

popular form of counted-thread embroidery in which X-shaped stitches in
a tiled, raster-like pattern are used to form a picture.
Crochet - It is a process of creating fabric from yarn, thread, or other
material strands using a crochet hook.
Sewing - It is the crafts of fastening or attaching objects using stitches
made with a needle and thread.
Weaving - It is a fabric production method in which yarns are interlaced at
right angles to form a fabric or cloth.
Tatting- It is a technique for handcrafting particularly in making durable
lace which is constructed by a series of knots and loops.
Shoemaking- It is the process of making footwear.
Lace - It is an openwork fabric, patterned with open holes in the work,
made by machine or by hand.
Macramé - It is a form of textile-making which requires very few tools and
just some pure knowledge of basic knotting.
Millinery - It is the designing and manufacture of hats.
String art - It is an arrangement of colored thread strung between points
to form an abstract geometric design.

2. Wood Crafts - These refer to a skill that pertains to the woods, especially in
making one's way through the woods or in hunting, trapping, etc. It also relates to
subsistence lifestyles with implications of hunting-gathering (Horace, 1906).
These include the following:

Carpentry - It is a skilled trade in the cutting, shaping, and installation of

building materials during the construction of buildings.
Marquetry - It is the art and craft of applying pieces of veneer (thin slices
of wood) to a structure to form decorative designs.
Woodturning - It is a form of woodworking that is used to create wooden
objects.
Wood carving - It is a form of woodworking to form a wooden figure or
objects by using a knife or a chisel.
 Cabinetry - It is a skill in making a box-shaped piece of furniture with
doors and drawers for keeping various objects.
Upholstery - It is the work of building cushion and cover furniture.

3. Metal Crafts - These refer to the art of executing artistic designs in metal for both
practical and aesthetic purposes. These arts are designed for decorative items or
functional objects that are beneficial and useful to us all. These works are of
bronze, silver, gold, tin, copper, lead, brass, and iron. These include the
following:

Jewelry - It is a form of personal adornments, such as brooches, rings,

necklaces, earrings, and bracelets.
Metal Casting - It is a process by which a liquid material (bronze, copper,
glass, aluminum, and iron) is poured into a mold, which contains a hollow
cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify.
Welded sculpture - It is an art form in which statue is made using welding
techniques.

4. Paper or Canvas Crafts - It refers to an extremely durable plain-woven fabric

used for making backpacks, tents, marquees, and other sustainable items. These
include the following:

 Bookbinding - It is the process of physically assembling a book

from some folded or unfolded sheets of paper or other material.
 Card making - It is a hand-made technique for producing greeting
cards.
 Collage - It is a technique where the artwork is made from an
assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole.
 Origami - It is a Japanese cultural art of paper folding.
 Paper-Mache - It is a composite material consisting of paper
pieces or pulp, sometimes reinforced with textiles, bound with an
adhesive.
 Scrapbooking - It refers to a method of arranging, preserving, and
presenting personal and family history in a book form.
 Rubber Stamping - It is a craft in which some type of ink made of
dye or pigment applied to an image or pattern that carved, molded,
laser engraved or vulcanized, onto a sheet of rubber.
 5. Plants Crafts - These refer to skills using plant parts as the medium. These
include the following:

Corn dolly making - It relates to the making of shapes and figures

(known as “dollies”) from straw (such as barley, oats, and wheat).
Floral Design - It is the art of using plant materials and flowers to create a
pleasing and balanced composition.
Pressed flower craft - consists of drying flower petals and leaves in a
flower press to flatten and exclude light and moisture.

Principles of Understanding Artistic Design and Composition

Art principles are created by combining art elements. Artists utilize organizing
principles to develop forms that inform. Among the fundamental principle of art are
harmony, variety, balance, movement, emphasis, proportion, and rhythm. Whether
analyzing or composing artwork, one must have a complete understanding of how art
principles are created (Elsen, 1981).

1. Principle of Harmony - When all of the elements of art interact well in an

artwork, visual harmony is attained. This is accomplished by using similar types
of geometric shapes, lines or colors within a work of art to create a unified
composition. Likewise, using various cool or warm colors would help to produce
a harmonious work of art.
2. Principle of Variety - A stable composition will also demonstrate the principle of
variety. It is accomplished by using differing colors, lines, and shapes within an
artwork to make key areas stand out. Artists can use this idea to direct a viewer’s
eye to a place within the art that he or she wants to emphasize.
3. Principle of Balance - It refers to the symmetry of opposing visual forces. It is
created in a work of art when colors, forms, shapes or textures are combined
harmoniously.
4. Principle of Movement - It is the way that an eye moves throughout a work of
art. In this work of art, our eye moves up through the pattern in the rippling
surface of the water to the two paddlers. An artist creates a visual movement to
drive the eye to the focal point of the artwork.
5. Principle of Emphasis - It refers to the need for an artist to create a focal point
within an artwork. This artistic point is an essential part of a work of art, and the
viewer’s eye should draw to that area.

6. Principle of Proportion - This principle is created when the sizes of elements in

an artwork art are combined harmoniously. The artist usually tries to make all of
 the parts in a composition relate logically to each other to depict the human form
within the proper proportion.
7. Principle of Rhythm - It refers to the use of visual pattern within a work of art.
Models within an artwork are created by repeating certain colors, line or shapes
in specific areas. It can also be used to form a variety of texture within a work of
art.

Motivated Functions of Art

The motivated purposes of art are intentional and conscious actions on the part
of the artist. Art may bring political change or comment on the life in a society. It may
also convey specific propaganda, or just as a form of communication (Holly, 2002).
Primary motivated functions of arts are as follows:

1. Art for acting - Art may pursue to bring about a certain emotion, to relax or to
entertain the viewer.
2. Art for healing - Art is utilized by art therapists, psychotherapists, and clinical
psychologists as art therapy. The end product is a method of curing, through
creative acts.
3. Art for political change - One of the essential functions of the art of the early
twentieth century has been to use visual images to bring about legislative
modification.
4. Art for propaganda (Commercialism) - Art is utilized to influence popular ideas
or moods delicately.
5. Art for communication - Art has a goal, directed toward another individual. For
example, graphic is a form of art for communication in which the artist expresses
his/her emotions, feelings, and moods.
UNIT 2: A Work of Art

Lesson 2.1. Painting

What is Painting?

Painting is the process of applying color, pigment, or other medium to a surface

(like canvas, wood, paper, walls, or even digital screens) to create an image, tell a story,
or express an idea or emotion. It's one of the oldest forms of art, dating back thousands
of years, with roots in early cave paintings. Techniques vary widely and include styles
like realism, abstraction, impressionism, and surrealism, among many others. Artists
typically use tools such as brushes, palette knives, sponges, or their hands to apply the
medium, which can range from oils, acrylics, and watercolors to ink and digital software.

A beautiful painting is not made by photographic likeness, but rather by good

composition. For the artist, the harmony in his/her artwork will depend on the selection
of appropriate devices, peculiar to the medium and the use of certain principles to relate
them. A unique style emerges when an artist recognizes his or her personal preference
of dominant design elements and consciously or unconsciously emphasizes these
dominant elements (Ocvirk et al., 2008; Gatto, 2000). The significant aspects of the
painting are the line, color, texture, perspective, shapes, and symbols (Nohay, 2018).

1. Line - It is the simplest element in the painting. It has a continuous marking

made by a moving point to outlines shape and can contour areas within those
outlines. It can suggest movement (vertical, horizontal, diagonal, and curved).
Each line has its meaning:

 Vertical line - stress action, strength, dynamism;

  Horizontal line - means serenity, calmness, stability;

 Diagonal line - express tension, movement;

 Curved lines - appear softness, flexibility, gentleness.

2. Color - The artists used colors to convey feelings and moods within their
painting. It is the result of wavelengths of lights reflecting of objects. It is
composed of three distinct qualities such as the hue, saturation, and value.

 Hue is merely the name of the “color”. Red, yellow, and the blue are the
primary colors. Their mixture that produces the secondary colors are
green, orange, and purple.
 Saturation shows how vivid or dull a color is. Higher saturation makes
colors look bright and intense, while lower saturation makes them appear
faded or grayish.
 Value tells how light or dark a color appears. Higher value makes colors
look lighter (closer to white), and lower value makes them darker (closer to
black).

3. Texture - It is a component of two-sided and three-sided designs and

distinguished by its perceived visual and physical properties. It is used to
describe the way a three-dimensional work feels when touched. In two-
dimensional models, such as painting, it may refer to the visual "feel" of a piece
(Isaac, 2017).
 4. Perspective - It is an art technique for creating an illusion of three-dimension
with depth and space. Its real goal is creating a viewpoint for the audiences that
will best communicate the subject and serve its particular message.

Perspective is the same as “viewpoint” and “position.” It is what makes a painting

seem to have form, distance, and look "real" (Evans, 2002). It is projected
according to its levels namely: foreground, middle ground, and background.

The foreground is the visual plane that appears closer to the

viewers. On the other hand, the middle ground is the part
between the foreground and the part of which is which is called
the background. The foreground of a composition is the
illustrative plane that appears closest to the viewer, while the
background is the plane in a composition perceived farthest
from the viewers. The middle ground is the illustrative plane
between the foreground and the background. The scale of these elements often
associates to the dominance in a picture. The foreground is frequently the most
dominant due to the larger perceived size of the picture objects.

5. Shapes - It is an element in painting that helps express ideas. It helps to interact,

and independently evoke agitation, purposeful energy, direction, etc. They
maybe circles, rectangles, ovals, or square. It is an area with defined boundary
created by a variety of color, value or texture of the areas adjacent to it.

6. Symbols - The artists often include symbolic objects in their paintings that have
a special meaning or a special message. It is used to express ideas such as
death, hope, life, etc.
The Color Wheel and its Categories

Colors play a fundamental role in our lives and how we respond to our
environment. It is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the
categories called blue, green, red, and others. It has two main types, warm and cool
colors.

What is Color Wheel?

Color wheel (also known as a color circle) is a visual

representation of color arranged based to their chromatic
relationship. It is a circle shape that is divided evenly into 12
segments which display different color according to its
pigment value. It also shows the relationship between the
primary colors, secondary colors, and complementary
colors. Other colors can also be categorized based on the
following:

1. Complementary Colors - These colors sit contrary to each other on the color
wheel. Because they are opposites, they tend to look lively when used
together. When you put complementary colors together, each color seems
more noticeable.

Red and Green are complementary

colors.

2. Analogous Colors - These colors sit next to each other on the color wheel.
They tend to look pleasant together because they are closely related.
 Red, Red-Orange, and Orange are
analogous colors.

3. Triadic Colors - Three colors evenly spaced around the color wheel. This
scheme provides contrast while keeping a balance.

Red, Yellow, and Blue are triadic

colors.

4. Tetradic Colors (Double Complementary) - Two pairs of complementary

colors that form a rectangle on the color wheel. This scheme offers variety
and richness.

Red and Green, and Blue and

Orange are tetradic colors.
5. Split-Complementary Colors - A base color and the two colors adjacent to
its complementary color, providing high contrast without as much tension as
direct complementary pairs.

Red-Orange, Blue, and Green are

split-complementary colors.

6. Monochromatic Colors - Different shades, tones, and tints of a single hue,

creating a unified, soothing look.

Shades, Tones, and Tints of Color

Blue.

7. Neutral Colors - They are sometimes called “earth tones.” Neutral colors are
subtle and versatile shades that don’t appear on the color wheel and typically
lack strong chromatic content.

Black White Gray Brown Taupe Cream

 8. Warm Colors - These colors are made with orange, red, yellow or some
combination of these. Colors of the sunset give a feeling of brightness and

heat.
Red Orange Yellow

9. Cool Colors - These colors are made with blue, green, purple or some
combination of these. These colors make you think of cool and peaceful
things, like winter skies and still ponds.

Blue Green Purple

Symbolism and Meaning of Primary Colors

Colors can affect our actions and emotions and on how we respond to various
people, things, and ideas. Much has been studied and written about color and its impact
on our daily lives.

1. Red Color - This is noted as the warmest of all types of colors. It is most chosen
by extroverts and one of the top choices among males. It is a color which is
associated with fiery heat and warmth and has strong symbolism about life and
vitality. It is also essential to human life because:
 It increases enthusiasm and interest.
 It gives more energy.
 It reinforces action and confidence.
 It protects us from fears and anxieties.
2. Blue Color - This is known as the calmest color like that of the sky and ocean. It
is the color of inspiration, sincerity, and spirituality and often the chosen color by
conservative people. This color is important to human life because:
 It is a sign of calmness and relaxation.
 It opens the flow of communication.
 It broadens our perspective in learning new information.
It implies solitude and peace.
 3. Yellow Color - This is considered as the easiest color to recognize. It is symbol
creativity and intellectual vitality. It also symbolizes wisdom, happiness and
brings awareness and clarity. The yellow color is vital to human life because:
 It helps us in making decisions.
 It relieves us from burnout, panic, nervousness, exhaustion.
 It sharpens our memory and concentration skills.
 It protects us from depression.

Mediums in Painting

There are different mediums in paintings used today. It helps to describe the
elements that bind the colors in the paint (Martin, 2004). The following are examples of
the methods used in painting:

1. Oil - It is the type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment

suspended in drying oils such as linseed oil, poppy seed oil, safflower oil and
walnut oil.

2. Pastel - It is an art medium in the shape of a stick or crayons. It consists of pure

powdered color and a binder. Dry pastel can be classified as soft pastels, pan
pastels, hard pastels, and pastel pencils.
3. Acrylic - It is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer
emulsion which becomes water-resistant when dry.
4. Watercolor - It is the medium which the paints are made of colors suspended in
a water- soluble vehicle. It is usually transparent and appears luminous because
the pigments are laid down in a relatively pure form with few types of filler
obscuring the pigment colors.
5. Ink - It is a liquid that contains colors and dyes and is applied to a surface to
produce an image, text, or design. It is for drawing with a brush, or pen.
6. Encaustic - It is heated beeswax to which colored stains are added. The paste is
then applied to a wood-based canvas.
7. Fresco - It refers to any of several related mural painting types, executed on
walls, ceilings or any other kind of flat surface. The term fresco comes from the
Italian word “affresco” which means “fresh.”
8. Gouache - It is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials
designed to be used in an opaque painting technique.
9. Enamel - It is a paint that air dries to a durable, usually glossy and solid finish. It
is used for outdoor coating surfaces or otherwise subject to variations in
temperature.
 10. Spray paint - It is the type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized battle and
released in a fine spray.
11. Tempera - It is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored
pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder method.

Classifications of Painting Styles

Part of the desire in painting particularly in the 21st century is the variety of
available art styles. The style in painting is in two senses: it can refer to the distinctive
visual elements, techniques, and methods that characterized one’s artwork, and can
refer to the movement or school that associated to the artists. Such classifications
include the following styles:

1. Western Styles
Abstraction - It is an art in painting which does not attempt to represent
an accurate depiction of a visual reality but instead use colors, shapes,
forms and gestural marks to achieve its effect. It may be formed by
reducing the observable phenomenon, typically to retain only information
which is relevant for a particular purpose.
Expressionism - It is sometimes called emotional realism. In this style,
the artists sought to express meaning or emotional experience rather than
physical truth.
Baroque - It is characterized by dynamism (a sense of motion), which is
augmented by extravagant effects (e.g., sharp curves, rich decoration).
Among the most significant Baroque painters are Caravaggio, Rembrandt,
Rubens, Velazquez, Poussin, and Vermeer.
Impressionism - It is a type of art presenting the real-life subject with
emphasis on the impression left in the artist’s perception, particularly the
effect of light on the object used as a subject.
Modernism - It is characterized by a cautious rejection of the styles of the
past and emphasizing innovation and experimentation of materials and
techniques instead to create better artworks.

2. Modern Styles
Realism - It is a style of painting practiced before the invention of the
camera, where artists depicted landscapes and humans with as much
attention to detail and precision as possible. The artist’s primary goal is to
describe accurately and truthfully as possible what is observed.
Symbolism - It is an art that represents the subject symbolically. For
instance, the “Spoliarium” painting of Juan Luna depicts the suffering of
 the Filipino people from the hands of the Spaniards. Many works of art
included by some writers who cover the Symbolist era were produced in
the middle of the century, or even before.
Fauvism - It refers to art that used brilliant primary colors or color
illumination on subjects like pictures to emphasize comfort, joy, and
leisure. It comes from the French word fauves, meaning “wild beasts” (this
name refers to a small group of painters in Paris who exhibited works
notable for the bold and expressive use of pure color).
Cubism - It is a form of abstraction wherein the object is first reduced to
cubes and then flattened into two-dimensional shapes. It has been
considered the most influential and powerful art movement during the 20th
century in Paris established by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso.
Surrealism - It is a type of art wherein the artist creates dreamlike
paintings that filled with mysterious objects. It is the opposite of
abstraction that attempts to portray the conscious mind through
unconventional means.

Lesson 2.2. Sculpture

The Origin of Sculpture

Sculpture is from the Latin word sculpere which means “to carve.” The tools used
in sculpture are varied and is changing throughout history. It engages our sense
differently than paintings because it occupies space as a three-dimensional mass
through carving, casting, modeling or assembling materials (Sheldon, 1968). It has
sought to produce artworks that are as permanent and is working in durable and
expensive materials such as bronze granite, limestone, marble, and stone. More rarely,
precious metals such as gold, ivory, jade, and silver were used for chryselephantine
works. More common and less expensive materials were also used for broader
consumption, like cast metals, ceramics, glass, and hardwoods.

The sculpture has long been one of the most popular forms of fine arts and one
of the most beautiful representations of the humankind. It was also used to represent
societal concerns, such as morality, politics, and religion (Witcombe, 1997). For many of
years, sculpture has filled many roles in human life. For example, the earliest sculpture
was made to supply magical help to trackers, to represent gods, and to hope of making
their ancient kings becomes immortal.
 Most common purpose of sculpture during the ancient time is associated with
religion. Different images like a human-made object revered for the spirit are familiar in
many cultures. One of the oldest sculptures discovered is an ivory statuette, dating
approximately 30,000 BCE from a cave at Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany called
Löwenmensch (which means a “lion-human”). This Paleolithic period statue is about 12”
tall and depicts a human figure with a feline face.

Another very iconic and famous piece of sculpture is “the Sphinx” of Egypt. This
sculpture of an image of the pharaoh Khafre and is part of a funerary complex for the
pharaoh. Egyptian sculpture and all Egyptian art were on the belief in a life after death
wherein the body of their ruler (the pharaoh) was preserved carefully and buried with
some goods with him to provide for his needs forever. The Egyptians often combined
features from various creatures to symbolize ideas. For example, the head of the
pharaoh Khafre is added to the bowing figure of a lion to form the Great Sphinx. This
type of masterpiece suggests the combination of human intelligence and animal
strength. The Great Sphinx of Egypt is an enormous sandstone sculpture, measuring
240’ ft. Long and 65’ ft. High.

Importance of Sculpture

The sculpture is a perceptive-regeneration of reality through the use of three-

dimensional form. As a specialized work of art, its objective is to exemplify a concept by
forming a visual equivalent. Since the shape is the dominant characteristic of
sculptures, the human body and animals has been its primary subject. They are
constructed using bronze, clay, ivory as their mediums.

Likewise, the making of Sculpture is with the idea of expressing religious,

personal, and political views. This kind of artwork is meant to create a sense of
patriotism, pride, greatness and spiritual respect. Statues and sculptures have always
been an integral part of museums and art history. They become more popular as
decoration items in private homes and office facilities. Sculptures and miniatures have
also become more popular as decoration items, and in the long term, valuable art
investments.

Types of Sculpture
 1. Bust - A bust is a sculpted and painted representation of the upper part of the
human figure such as the head, neck, shoulders, chest or breast.
2. Statue - A statue is a life-size or a larger size of a sculpture of a person or an
animal, made of metal, stone or wood. The world's tallest statue is the 420 feet
(128 meters) Spring Temple Buddha in Henan, China.
3. Architectural - Architectural sculpture is a universal classification used to
describe a structural design such as buildings, bridges, burial chamber and other
big projects. It is from a brand of materials which includes carved stone such as
brownstone, cast iron, machine pressed sheet zinc, terra cotta, concrete and
other architectural supplies.

Medium and techniques

Sculpture techniques have the aim of providing practical and technical support
through several procedures. These processes are either additive (added material) or
subtractive (material is removed or carved out). Sculptures primarily use four basic
techniques, namely:

1. Carving - It is a procedure in which the artists cut away objects until reached the
desired form. Various tools are used, depending the materials to be carved and
the statue to which the work has progressed.
Stone carving - It is a type of sculpture which requires patience and
planning. It is a shaping activity of pieces of rough natural stone through
the use of essential hand tools like hammer and chisel.
Wood carving - It is the art of shaping objects of wood using cutting tools.
It is done through a specialized carving knife (used to cut or smooth the
wood), the slicer saw (used to cut off chunks of wood), the chisel (used for
lines and cleaning up flat surfaces), and the gouge (used in carving
hollows, rounds, and sweeping curves).

2. Casting - Casting is a method by which a liquid material is usually poured into a

frame or pattern, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then
allowed to harden. It has two types, namely:
Glass casting - It is a shaping activity of pieces of rough natural stone
through the use of essential hand tools like hammer and chisel.
Slip casting - It is a technique for the mass-production of pottery,
especially for shapes not easily made on a wheel.
 3. Molding - Molding sculpture is an additive process. It is the working of soft or
plastic materials (like clay and wax) by hand to build up or shape to create a
form.
4. Assembling - Assembling is an additive process of gathering and joining
different materials to create an assembled artwork. An example of assemblage is
Martin Puryear's network of welded and sandblasted stainless-steel tubes whose
joints are bound together by strands of silver and patented bronze.

Basic Sculpture Terms

1. Armature - It is skeleton-like framework used to support the building of paper-

mâché, usually made or stiff wire.
2. Assemblage - It is a three-dimensional art assembly of various materials, often
taken from scraps, junk, or various natural or human-made objects.
3. Base - It is the portion of the work on which the sculpture rest.
4. Craftsmanship - It is a skill with which one uses tools and materials in producing
art.
5. Plaster of Paris - It is an excellent white powder which sets hard when blended
in the water.
6. Freestanding - It refers to a method when a sculpture is intended to view from
all sides.
7. Manipulation - It is a process of shaping an object by a skilled worker.
8. Replica - It refers to a precise reproduction of an artwork.