RESEARCH PROJECT

NAME: JOAN AOKO ODHIAMBO

INDEX NO: 6021010710

COURSE CODE: 2428

TITLE: RISK FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INCREASE CASE OF HIV

AND AIDS AMONG YOUTHS.

A CASE OF MOUNT ELGON SUB-COUNTY

CENTRE CODE: 602101

SUPERVISOR: MR NAMASAKE

SUBMITTED TO KNEC FOR PARTIAL FULFILMENT

FOR DIPLOMA IN SOCIAL WORK AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

SERIES: NOVEMBER 2024

DEDICATION

This research project work is a special dedication to my parents for their tireless efforts in

convincing me to go to school.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this Research project work could not have been possible without the

dedication and hard work by Mr. NAMASAKE, my supervisor.

Special thanks go to him and God bless him. Appreciation also goes to College management for

creating a conducive environment for production of this work.

DECLARATION

I do declare that that this is my original work and has been presented by any candidate for any

academic discipline, certificate, diploma or degree in community development.

Name:

…………………………………… ……………………………………………

Signature: Date………………………………………

Name of Supervisor:

Signature: Date …………………………

ABSTRACT

HIV and Aids is a disease that spread among people at a faster rate. It is virus disease that
spreads among people. The research aimed at determining risk factors contributing to the
increase cases of HIV and AIDS among the youths. This included background information of
HIV and Aids, the objectives and significance of study.

The researcher use conceptual frame work to demonstrate the factors contributing to the risk
factors towards increase cases of HIV &Aids among youths in the society. This included
analyzing information by use of Literature review where various sources are analyzed.

Research methodology provided explanation and procedures used when collecting information
from the area of study. This included obtaining a letter of introduction form the college to bring
about validity and confidence among respondents. Systematic sampling method was used to
provide various findings. The information was represented on diagrams by using coding method.
The inferential technique was applied to provide a clear meaning of research technique was
applied to provide a clear meaning of research. Thiss included summary, conclusions and
recommendations that led to risks factors contributing to increase cases.

REFERENCES

Handout

Internet

HIV and Aids manual by Johnstone

Social work manual by Brian and Kennedy (2015)

Contents

DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................3

DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................4

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................9

1.0INTRODUCTION:.....................................................................................................................9

1.1BACKGROUND INFORMATION...........................................................................................9

1.1.0Historical background of Bungoma District Hospital comprehensive care clinic ( ccc)...10

1.1STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM....................................................................................10

1.3PURPOSE OF STUDY.........................................................................................................11

1.4. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY.................................................................................................11

1.5RESEARCH QUESTIONS...................................................................................................11

1.6SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.....................................................................................12

1.7ASSUMPTIONS...................................................................................................................12

1.8SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY...............................................................................13

1.9DEFINITION OF TERMS....................................................................................................13

CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................14

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................14

2.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................14

2.2 previous studies...................................................................................................................14

2.3Ways in which HIV is not transmitted..................................................................................19

2.4HIV PREVENTION.............................................................................................................19
 2.5 VCT helps reduce risk behaviors.........................................................................................21

2.6General principles of counseling the youth...........................................................................22

2.6Peer counseling.....................................................................................................................22

2.8Benefits of peer counseling...................................................................................................23

2.9Helping attitudes in peer counseling.....................................................................................23

2.9.1Stigma and discrimination.................................................................................................24

2.9.2What is discrimination?.....................................................................................................24

2.9.3Types of stigma..................................................................................................................25

2.9.4EFFECTS OF STIGMA.....................................................................................................25

2.9.5 SUMMARY/CONCLUSION...........................................................................................26

CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................27

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................27

3.1 INTRODUCTIONS.............................................................................................................27

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN.........................................................................................................28

3.3 TARGET POPULATION....................................................................................................28

3.4 SAMPLE DESIGN AND SAMPLNG PROCEDURE........................................................29

3.5 DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND PROCEDURES...............................................29

3.5.1 A LETTER OF INTRODUCTION FROM SANGALO INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY...............................................................................................................30

3.5.2 FORMULATION OF QUESTIONNARES.....................................................................30

3.6 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURESS.................................................................................31

CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................34

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION.................................35

 4.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................35

4.2 INTERPRENTATION OF PRESENTATION....................................................................35

4.3 TO DETERMINETHE EFFECTS OF HIV/AIDS AMONG YOUTHS.............................35

the table below shows some of the effects of HIV/AIDS among youths..................................35

4.4 TO ESTABLISH THE CAUSES OF HIV/AIDS IN THE YOUTHS.................................36

4.5 TO FIND WAYS ON HOW TO CONTROL HIV/AIDS AMONG YOUTHS..................38

the graph below shows the effectives of preventive measures..................................................38

the bar graph showing the views of youths on the use of condems as a presentive measure of

HIV/AIDS..................................................................................................................................39

4.7 TO DISCOVER THE YOUTHS ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR AND AGAINST IN

BEING TESTED........................................................................................................................40

4.8 TO ESTABLIS EMOTIONAL REACTION TO HIV/AIDS IN YOUTHS.......................41

line graph establishing the emotional reactionsto HIV/AIDS in yout.......................................41

CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................41

5.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................42

5.2 SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................42

5.3 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................43

5.4 RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................................................44

5.5 FURTHER STUDY.................................................................................................................45

APPENDIX 11...........................................................................................................................45
CHAPTER ONE

EFFECTS OF HIV/AIDS AMONG YOUTHS

1.0. INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.3. PURPOSE OF STUDY

1.4. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

1.5. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.6. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

1.7 ASSUMPTIONS

1.8. SCOPE ANDLIMITATION OF STUDY

1.9. DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.0INTRODUCTION:

This research project was meant to study the effects of HIV/AIDs amongyouths in the society. In

this first chapter, the researcher gave the background information of the HIV/ AIDs, the

statement of the problem, purpose of study, and the objectives of the study.

Research question were provided and the significance of study was explained in detail in

relation to objectives set. Assumptions were made to enable the researcher compare some facts

happening in the organization of research.

Finally the researcher specified the area of research and explained the problems realized during

research work. The definition of terms was provided to enable the reader understand better this

research work.

1.1BACKGROUND INFORMATION
HIV/AIDS is asexually transmitted disease, which can also be transmittedthrough blood or from

mother to baby. It is caused by a virus called, Human Immune Deficiency Virus. It causes

gradual weakening of the immune system so that the body can no longer fight off infections.

People may seem healthy for many years while the virus multiplies in the blood but eventually

become ill with different disease and tumors. HIV/AIDS was first discovered in early 1980s and

since then it has become a global challenge to date since no cure has ever been found.

1.1.0Historical background of BungomaDistrict Hospital comprehensive care clinic (CCC).

The research carried out her research in the organization mentioned above. This clinic in

Bungoma was started in 2005 when the government of Kenya saw the need to have special

clinics for people infected by HIV/AIDS.

These clinics deal with:

 Counseling and Testing of HIV/AIDS in patients suspected to be infected.

 Dispensing ARVs to patients living with HIV /AIDS

 Providing nutritional advice to HIV/AIDS patients

 Making follow ups on the patients’ progress

 Keeping records of every HIV/AIDS patients seen

1.1STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem that was studied was, “The effects of HIV/AIDS epidemic among the

youths in the society’’. Since HIV/AIDS has become a global disaster, research shows

that the most affected group is the youths, since they are sexually active and this being

the primary mode of infection.

 The research aims at finding out how this epidemic has affected the youths and their

response towards this problem. The challenges faced by youths when they find

themselves infected, the root cause of this problem and how it can be managed.

1.3PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of HIV/AIDS among youths. The study was

carried out in Bungoma District Hospital comprehensive care centre which deals with HIV/AIDS

in youths and adults. The research chose this hospital, as many people who want to know their

status must go through these clinics.

They therefore have information on youths and adults living with HIV/AIDS.

1.4. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The objective of study is to find out how the youths are infected and

Affected by HIV/ AIDS, their reaction to this epidemic, their response to

Testing and counseling and find out how t

His management of HIV/AIDS

Tothe infected and affected youths

The research used questionnaires, which she gave to the health workers

At Bungoma District Hospital comprehensive care centre (CCC).

1.5RESEARCH QUESTIONS

I. What are the effects of HIV/AIDS among the youths

II. How are youths affected and infected by HIV/AIDS

III. What are the youths reactions to HIV/AIDS

IV. What are the youths response to counseling and testing in relation to HIV/AIDS

V. How can the society manage youths affected and infected by HIV/AIDS
1.6SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researcher finds it important to study the effects of HIV/AIDS among the youths, since this

is the group of people who are mostly at risk. Our youths are our future generations and if there

no youths, it means no future. It therefore noble to try to find out ways of conserving our future

by trying to manage HIV/AIDS in our youths

Since technology is improving at a very high speed and the youths are always adventurous. This

hasexposed them to dangerous sexual behavior, which expose to HIV/AIDS. This is especially

the internet where they watch pornographies. AIDS is far more than a medical problem. It leads

to many difficult political, economic, ethical, moral, legal, social and psychological problems. It

creates problems at personal level, and at the level of public policy. Some youths take fatalistic

approach, suggesting that,there is no way to avoid AIDS, so there is little point in taking

preventive actions. Ignorance of the facts is only one element in such views. This research work

wants to prove if the medical vision 2030 of having no new infections can be achieved in reality,

or it is just a dream.

1.7ASSUMPTIONS

In Bungoma District Hospital compressive care centre, most health workers are fully equipped

with HIV/AIDS information and therefore dispense their services accurately. The CCC centre

has created awareness to most youths about HIV/AIDS especially in schools, learning institution

and churches at large, which has made the youths aware on safe sexual practices to prevent them

against HIV/AIDS.

The government of Kenya has also played a major role by creating anawareness on HIV/ AIDS

through the media, a diverts on radios, providing free counseling and testing services, free

condoms in public places.

1.8SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

The research that was carried out in Bungoma District Hospital comprehensive care

clinic had some problems which inconvenienced the researcher not to get proper information.

The person in-charge of this clinic was off duty in the days of research and it appears as though

he was the only one with the mandate to handle researchers. Therefore, the other members of

staff were not willing to give full information.

This clinic is very busy place and patients were given first priority which made the researcher to

wait for several hours before seeing these health workers.

Some health workers assume that everyone is aware of HIV/AIDS and were getting surprised

why some should be asking about common HIV/AIDS questions. Therefore, some questions on

the questionnaire were skipped and they asked the researcher to find answers herself.

The respondents found it bothering since they saw it as interfering with their work and time

wasting, as some could answer questions as they out.

The terms used by health workers in relation to HIV/AIDS were not all familiar to the

researcher, which made her ask more questions to discover their meanings.

It was not easy to locate the clinic since it is a bit hidden. The researcher had to ask other health

workers.

1.9DEFINITION OF TERMS

HIV—Human Immune Deficiency Virus that causes Aids

AIDS—Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Body loses ability to fight infection).

RESEARCH—Study carried out to investigate a certain problem.

SYDROME—Range of different diseases and symptoms, not just one

 Testing for HIV/AIDS—finding out if an individual has HIV, normally by a test for

antibodies.

PANDEMIC—A global or very widespread epidemic such as that of AID

ACQUIRED—not inherited in genes from one’s parent but coming from

Theenvironment

ARVs—Anti-Retroviral drugs

CCC—Comprehensive care centre

HOSPITAL—Health facility with diverse health sections

GLOBAL—Worldwide

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION.

Literature review was where the researcher obtains th3e information on the title of the research

from other previous writers and authors. This was possible by reading books, magazines,

handouts and all other available literature.

Such information to the researcher as it was now possible to make some analysis and compare

information from different sources; it also helped the researcher to better the result of the

research

2.2 previous studies

Below are some topics that the searcher was able to obtain from other authors inrelation to the

effects of HIV/AIDS among youths in our society.

WHAT IS AIDS?
AIDS –Acquired ImmuneDeficiency Syndrome, is sexually transmitted through sexual

Transmitted Disease (STD). Which can also be transmitted from mother to child .Its caused by

virus called Human ImmuneDeficiency Virus,HIV.These virus causes gradual weakening of

the immune system so that the body can no longer fight of infections the averagetime of

incubation or period after injection during which the virus does not cause diseases ,its thought to

be eight or nine years in adults .However this incubation period is variable.

Once someone develops full aids disease they usually die within two years .Before this they are

likely to have mild signs of disease which may come and go for a long time whether someone

has HIV infection with no symptoms of diseases (ARC) or full Aids they are infectious to others

sex or blood.

FROM “THE AIDSEPIEMIC SOUTH AFRICA

By JOHN CHIBAYA MBUYA

WHATS AIDS?

HIV – stands for Human immune Deficient Virus. The virus is found in humans and make the

immune system deficient(lacking in something)and there for weakens it and causes Acquired

Immunal Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).HIV attacks and destroys white blood cells causing a

weakness in body’s immune system by reducing the bodies itself against defend itself against

diseases . There is presently no cure for HIV/AIDS.

Diseases fighting cells attacked by HIV CD4 are type of white blood cells that fight

infections ,after the virus finds entry into the CD4 it matures and replicates into new virus there

by destroying host cell and further invading other with time it destroys the immune cells and

lowers the immune system .Other disease there for gain entry into the body affects the various
systems ,circulatory system ,lymphatic systemcentral nervous system and the digestive

system(SAIPEH,HIV AND AIDS TEACHERS HANDBOOKS)

Where is HIV found?

Body fluids that contain HIV virus

a) Blood

b) Semen

c) Breast milk

d) Vaginal fluids

e) Cerebrum – spinal fluids

Seldom in saliva has urinesweat stoolswith traced with blood

How HIV infections progress

The average incubation period from infection of HIV to develop of AIDS is two or three years

or it may take as long as 10 to 15 years.

When someone is infected by HIV anti bodies can sometimes detected after two weeks but some

conversion can take as long as six weeks or longer. The time lag between infection and detection

of antibodies is called the window phase

Progression of HIV infections to AIDS

HIV infections Initial infections with HIV e.g. through

sex,blood contact

Window phase 2-6 weeks occasionally several No signs/symptoms of disease and no

months detectable antibodies to HIV antibody will be

negative although the virus is present.

Asymptomatic HIV – lasts for more than one Positive antibody test or no signs and
year to 10-15 years or more. symptoms of illness. The incubation period

HIV /AIDS related illness lasts months or Signs and symptoms of disease increase

years. because HIV is damaging the immune system

AIDS – usually less than 1-2 years unless The terminal stage of HIV infections life

treatment is available threatening infections occur because the

immune system is severally weakened and

cannot cope

(SAIPEH HIV/AIDS TEACHERS HAND BOOK)

COMMON SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF HIV/AIDS

Symptoms

1. General body weakness

2. Loss of appetite

3. Fever

4. Difficulty in swallowing

5. Nausea (feeling of vomiting)

6. Abdominal pain

7. Vaginal/urethra discharge

Signs

1. Swollen glands

2. Rashes /boils absence skin cancers

3. Fever which is on and off

4. Weight loss

5. Common cold

6. Vomiting
 7. Diarrhea

8. Headache

9. Loss of memory

10. Loss of hair

11. Oral thrush (sores in the mouth)

12. Genitals ulcers due to STI

13. Chest infections e.g. pneumonia TB

NB: people not infected with HIV may also develop those diseases, this does not mean they have

AIDS; a person must be infected with HIV to develop Aids

Theories of origins of HIV/AIDS

1. In the early 1980s a number of men having sex with men in New York and sam Francisco

began to exhibit unusual infections and cancers that were increasingly becoming resistant

to medication. Research done found them to be suffering from a virus the group of lent

virus (slow virus). The virus was later called HIV

2. One of the findings in the class of lentivirus was the discovery in primates and monkeys.

Currently scientist agrees that HIV emerged from SIV, this is because certain strains of

SIV resemble HIV 1 and 2. In 1990 a group of researchers from the University of

Alabama argued that chimpanzees were the source of HIV and at some point crossed to

human beings starting with a zoologist. A hunter from West Africa is believed to have

had contact with blood from monkeys, which led to the mutation of SIV to HIV.

3. The oral polio vaccine theory: a polio vaccine called ‘Chat’ was given to a million people

in Belgian Congo, Rwanda and Burundi in the late 1950’s. It is believed that the vaccine

was developed using live kidneys from local chimpanzees. This would have resulted in
 the contamination of the vaccine with SIV that could later have been injection into

humans

4. The colonialism theory: in the French Equatorial Africa and the Belgium, Congo colonial

rule was harsh. Many Africans were forced into labour camps that had poor sanitation

and food. They could have eaten chimpanzees’ meat infected. The camps also employed

prostitutes to keep laborers happy which might have led to HIV infection.

While none of the theories can’t be definitely proven, the earliest discovery of HIV was in

sample plasma taken in 1959 from an adult living in DRC and in 1969 in an American

teenager in St. Louis

(SAIPEH HIV/AIDS TEACHER’S HANDBOOK)

2.3Ways in which HIV is not transmitted

HIV is not spread by shaking hands, hugging, close physical proximity at work or living in the

same house, social kissing, breathing the same air, coughs, sharing toilet seats, towels (unless

they have fresh blood on them), washing water, bath water, swimming pools, eating and drinking

utensils, communion cups, work took mosquito bites, bed bugs and other biting insects.

{FROM THE AIDS EPIDEMIC IN SOUTH AFRICA BY JOHN CHIBAYA MBUYA}

2.4HIV PREVENTION

HIV can be prevented targeting the various modes of transmission as follows:

Sexual

a) Abstinence as a primary preventive measure

b) Being faithful to a single uninfected partner

c) Condom use in a correct and consistent manner to prevent re-infection and spread of the

disease
 d) Don’t take chances

Vertical

a) Prevention of mother to child transmission by use of ARV’S to both mother and baby

b) Applying universal precautions for infection prevention during labour & encouraging

health facility deliveries

c) Family planning

d) Alternative foods or exclusive breast feeding for the exposed babies

Blood

a) Avoid direct contact with unscreened/contaminated blood and blood products, HIV

infected blood, contaminated swaps, gloves & needle

{THE AIDS EPIDEMIC IN SOUTH AFRICA BY JOHN CHIBAYA MBUYA}

Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT)

Counseling provides an opportunity to help clients understand HIV and Aids, provide

information to prevent the spread of HIV and help clients cope and live positively

VCT services are always voluntary and strictly and strictly confidential counseling

involves

a) HIV/AIDS information

b) Pro-test counseling

c) Post test counseling

d) Plans to reduce risk behavior

Who is eligible for VCT?

All people above 18 years of age are eligible and exposed children can be tested at 18 months or

as early as 6 weeks. Those under 18 years and are sensually active are allowed to access VCT

services and are referred to as mature ‘minors’

2.5 VCT helps reduce risk behaviors

1. Testing negative creates a powerful motivation to reduce risky sexual behavior and

remain uninfected

2. Testing positive and getting good counseling can help clients and patients avoid re-

infection and hence promote positive living

{DERIVED FROM LESSIONS FOR LIFE BY KENYA ALLIANCE FOR ADVANCEMENT

OF CHILDREN KAACR}

Adolescence issues in VCT

Adolescence is a transitional stage in a child development from the onset of puberty when she/he

starts going through physical, socio-economic, psychological/mental changes towards maturity

or adulthood

On average it starts at 9 years. It starts at different ages with different developmental changes for

each individual, which is not uniform but follows genetic programming and similar to some of

our ancestors

Nutrition plays a major role with those feeding well reaching well reaching their puberty earlier

than their age mates with poor diet that may lead to a delay

WHO recognizes the variation and extends puberty onset as early as 8 years and adolescent

resolution is to as late as 24 years

{From breaking the silence Tsc magazine}

2.6General principles of counseling the youth

 1. Ensures that all education especially regarding sexuality is understood and appropriate to

the cognitive and emotional development of teenagers

2. Discuss and maintain confidentiality and explain it limits with regards to sexual abuse

suicide etc

3. Discuss the varieties of normal growth and development, as well as information on the

expected development tasks helpful to teenagers and their parents

4. Remain open to dialogue around the teenagers and current issues, their concerns and

areas of misinformation

5. Explore the teenagers skill level especially in decisions about sexual activity using

vocabulary that can be understood

6. Give information and make follow up for it to be effective

7. Tap from the existing and make follow up for it to be effective

8. Be available to talk to adolescent clients. Compliance to either medical or psychological

regimes fostered by an ongoing trusting relationship with the physician through regular

contact can be key in building strong teen counselor relationship

9. Encourage creation of youth friendly centers. An effective adolescent program should

incorporate each of these skills into their counseling sessions. These should include all

life skills.

{FROM HIV/AIDS TEACHERS HANDBOOK}

2.6Peer counseling

Peers are group of people that share similar qualities like age, education etc. peer counseling

enable anew:

1. Gain self worth and dignity

 2. Learner and grow from experience

3. Develop coping skills

4. Develop interpersonal relationship

5. Emotional behavior

6. Change behaviors

7. Change beliefs and values

8. Improve decision making

2.8Benefits of peer counseling

Peer counseling helps one to regain self esteem since after infection many people lose self

esteem. It also helps one to see life more objectively and live with more freedom

2.9Helping attitudes in peer counseling

1. Accepting others and situations affecting them

2. Genuineness-be real and honest

3. Empathy- understand how the client perceives the issue

Peer counseling skills

1. Social skills-interact with people well

2. Attending skills- give deep attention on the client

3. Observation skills- take note of the clients behavior and pick out non-verbal messages

4. Listening skills- listen actively and interpretively

5. Reflection skills- putting yourself in the shoe of others

{FROM BREAKING THE SILENCE TSC MAGAZINE}

Positive living with HIV and Aids

This means taking care of your health in order to stay well and longer
 1. Avoid stressful situations- accepting of one’s condition, attend counseling services, talk

about your fear worries, and spend time with friends, family, and work normally.

2. Practice good hygiene- by maintaining high standards of cleanliness to help reduce

germs, which can bring unwanted diseases

3. Use of drugs to prevent and treat opportunistic infections

4. Family planning for prevention of subsequent pregnancies

5. Being physically active and getting enough sleep and rest allow bodies to recover

6. Practicing safe sex- abstinence and using a condom to protect themselves from getting re-

infected

7. Attend comprehensive care services for assessment of eligibility to ARVS

8. Living with hope and getting emotional support from family and friends

9. Prompt treatment of opportunities infections

(FROM HIV/AIDS TEACHERS HAND BOOK)

2.9.1Stigma and discrimination

In the context HIV/AIDS stigma is imposition, particularly discrediting and unwanted mark on a

person or persons in which in such a way that they are looked at as fundamentally and

shamefully different because they are living with or are associated with HIV

Stigmatization involves labeling someone, to see them inferior because of an attribute they have

2.9.2What is discrimination?

This is the imposition of burdens, obligations and disadvantages of person/persons because of

what they are

Forms of stigma

1. Physical and social isolation from family, friends and community

 2. Name calling, gossip and condemnation

3. Loss of right and decisions making power

2.9.3Types of stigma

 Felt stigma- perceptions or feelings towards PLWHA

 Self stigma (internal stigma)- self judgment of PLWHAS, often manifests itself

through loss of hope, shame, self blame, guilt, isolation and feeling of worthlessness

and inferiority and in severe cases suicidal tendencies

 Secondary stigma- occurs when HIV/AIDS related stigma is extended from an HIV

and Aids positive person to include their families, children and friend and even care

givers

Causes of stigma

1. Insufficient knowledge, misbelieves and fears about how HIV is transmitted and life

potential capacity of PLWHA (death)

2. Moral judgment about people who we assume has been sexually promiscuous

3. Fears about death and disease

2.9.4EFFECTS OF STIGMA

1. Kicked out family, house, work rented accommodation and organizations

2. Drop out from school resulting from peer pressure and insult

3. Depression, suicide, and alcoholism

How is HIV Positive people stigmatized?

1. Harassment and isolation for fears of infecting others

2. Lack of positive recognition in society through judgmental and blame for their health

condition
 3. Restriction in community events

4. Subjected to innuendoes about their moral standpoints

Effects of HIV related stigma in schools

1. Withdrawal of children from school in order to care for the sick family members at home

or to work in the field

2. Higher rates of dropout of children from school as their families cannot afford fees due to

reduced household income as a result of HIV/AIDS deaths

3. Refusal of admission in schools of HIV infected children

4. Under performance by pupils and teachers activities slowed down

{FROM HIV/AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA BY: JOHN CHIBAYA MBUYA}

2.9.5 SUMMARY/CONCLUSION

HIV/AIDS is a fatal epidemic that has no cure presently. Until a cure is found most people who

are already infected are likely at some stage to develop Aids related disease from which they will

die.

The government of Kenya has tried to implement effective public awareness strategies leading to

attitudinal and sexual behavior change to curb this epidemic. however, this has not been fully

achieved since more young and middle-aged productive adults including highly trained and

highly skilled professionals are still dying of HIV/AIDS, orphans are increasing day by day this

is just the reality.

It is therefore essential that people understand the seriousness of the situation facing our country

and the world as a whole and that everyone in their personal lives reduces the risk of infection.

People at all levels need to stimulate discussion, awareness and behavior change in those around

them. This enormous task cannot be left to the health services alone. The ministry of health’s
initiatives needs necessary support, and the development of complementary strategies to curb the

epidemic

Such action taken now at a personal, family, group, organizational, community and national level

will be worth a great deal. United we stand divided we fall.

Such action taken now at a personal, family, group, organizational, community and national level

will be worth a great deal. United we stand divided we fall.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

3.3 TARGET POPULATION

3.4 SAMPLE DESIGN AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE

3.5 COLLECTION METHODS AND PROCEDURE

3.6 ANALYZING OF PROCEDURE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology means the procedures or methods that the researcher can adopt in order to

obtain enough information of research. It involves obtaining answers to any given research title

3.1 INTRODUCTIONS

This chapter entails research methodology whereby the researcher described the procedures that

were followed in conducting the study in order to obtain information on the title of research. It

entails also the research design, a strategy to investigate important information

The researcher will show the targeted population in this study. This was the group of interest,

which she carried out research on sample design and sampling procedures will be also be
discussed in detail, showing the advantage of the sampling design used. The researcher will then

discuss the methods used to collect data and the procedures data and finally analyzed and

interpret data for better understanding

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design was strategy which aimed at investigating information for research in order to

obtain answers. In this study the researcher used the experimental research design. It was a

mechanism that involved identification of nay variable in relation to the effect of HIV/AIDS

among youths

The researcher used books and handouts on HIV/AIDS to obtain facts and information on the

title of research. This enables the researcher to formulate questionnaires which were later used at

the comprehensive care center.

This design was important as it helps the researcher present the most important questions on the

questionnaires for successful research. It also enabled the researcher exhaust the most required

questions on HIV / AIDS which were used in interviewing the infected youths. On the other

hand experimental research design could not address the imaging issues in HIV/AIDS in youths

since the data sources were not very updated egg some books were written in four years back.

3.3 TARGET POPULATION

During the research study the researcher targeted youths of ages between 15-22 years both sexes.

This youthswerethe infected and the affected by HIV/AIDS. For more information the researcher

also targeted the health workers in the comprehensive care centers since they were directly

connected to people from different categories living with HIV/AIDS and again isprofessionalism

this pandemic.

3.4 SAMPLE DESIGN AND SAMPLNG PROCEDURE

Sampling design ensures that this carries out planning and comparing. The researcher in this case

used several sampling design in order to provide enough information. She started with the simple

random sampling which involved picking on any health worker in the comprehensive care centre

effective since all the staff in this clinic seemed to well inform on matters concerning HIV/AIDS.

Most of the questions on the questionnaire were answered quickly and with ease. The researcher

also used the stratified sampling method whereby youths between ages 14 and 22 who are

infected were interviewed. This was possible with permission from CCC head of department and

with consent from the youths targeted. Then youths in the age brackets mentioned above were

available. This method enabled the researcher to gather almost accurate information since it was

face conversation with the infected youths.

The systematic sampling method was also used whereby the researcher gave the questionnaire to

clinical officers, and counselors in the comprehensive care centre. This method provided

extensive information since all these groups of health workers performs different tasks. Clinical

officers examined the patients and prescribed drugs to be used, nurses were providing the

ARV’S and assessing those on ARV’S while counselors were consoling the infected and the

affectedonhowto manage HIV/AIDS and life as before infection.

3.5 DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Data collection and procedures are instructions used by the researcher to collect the necessary

date in preparation to start this research study, the researcher started with the following:-

3.5.1 A LETTER OF INTRODUCTION FROM SANGALO INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY

This letter was meant to introduce the researcher to Bungoma District Hospital for consent from

the management to carry out research in the comprehensive care centre.

3.5.2 FORMULATION OF QUESTIONNARES

This is where the researcher formulated questionnaires in relation to effects of HIV/AIDS among

youths. The researcher then used the following requirements to gather the information

(a) Observation- This was possible by the researcher checking off the behavior of the

patients CCC, specifically the youths, the attitudes of the health workers and the services

dispensed in this clinic. This was very important since some patients were not free to

open up to people they thought to be strangers. The health workers on the other hand

were very busy serving patients and therefore dint has enough time to explain everything

satisfactorily to the researcher. During this observation process, the researcher was also

able to observe repeatedly to verify information given without interfering with anyone.

(b) Questionnaire- The researcher used open ended questions which were given to the health

workers in different sections within CCC clinic. The researcher adopted these

questionnaires since they were simple to formulate and therefore there was no need for

response categories. They also permit a greater depth of response since the respondent

answered freely. Again the questionnaires stimulated the respondents to express what

they considered to be important to the researcher.

(c) Interviews – This was face to face with health workers in the comprehensive care centre

and again with ten youths infected with HIV/AIDS. This was very efficient in collecting

information since they gave very sensitive and personal information from the infected

youths who were interviewed. This could not have been possible on questionnaire and

observation. The researcher was also able to clarify the purpose of the research to the

health workers which made them provide more information by probing them to answer
 some questions. The interviews seemed to be more flexible than questionnaires because

the respondents explained in details the question asked

3.6 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURESS

Data analysis procedure was presentation of the collected data for accurate analysis. During

research work the researcher used the coding approach where she numbered questions in actable

interviewing done with aim of obtaining correct findings. By comparing the views of infected

youths, those with CCC health workers and the researchers observation, the researcher was able

to analysis this information and come up with accurate findings.

The following table shows some of the questions asked and their responses

QUESTION OBSERVATION CCC HEALTH 15-22 YEARS

WORKER’S INFFECTED

RESPONSE YOUTH RESPONSE

1.What are the effects -emotional instability -due to stress they -AIDs leads to shame

of HIV/AIDS among -low self esteem become unproduced and suffering

youths -some appended in the society -One becomes guilty

scared and sad -they lose self worth and therefore bitter

and dignity which with life

leads to bad behavior -Suicidal feelings

like drug abuse -Loss of life dreams

-they become -feelings of

stigmatized i.e. they worthiness

are labeled

2.How are the youths -Ignored –Lack of -Peer pressure- -trying life live to see
infected by enough information Youths are usually the out come

HIV/AIDS as pertaining HI/ are adventures .They -through unprotected

AIDS prevention will always want to premarital sexual

do things practical practices

thus leads to -engaging in bad

premarital sex which behavior e.g. drug

exposes them to abuse

HIV/AIDS -some youths

-Failure of parents in especially in the

taking responsibilities villages cannot access

to discuss sensitive few condoms that are

issues openly with distributed by the

their youths and government they

teaching good eventually get

morals. the youth infected

therefore try to

exporesomethings on

their own

-the improving

technology has

brought about very

new cultures such

sodomy
 , oral sex some of

these practices

encourage spread of

HIV/AIDS and erode

African cultures.

youths access these

through internet

( pornography)

3. what is the youths -due to the few - most youths wants The youth

response to number of youths at to know their status acknowledge that it

counseling and the CCC clinic, the therefore, the was important for me

testing of HIV/AIDS vesicular observed response is positive to be tested to

that many youths discover their status

well tucking up for so that the positive

testing and managing ones can be put on

this pandemic drugs only and if

negative tests more

precautions

4. how can the -educate youths in -Be open to talk -provide condoms

society manage this school, colleges and about HIV/AIDS to even to the

infection in our institutions of high the youths almostparts of the

youths learning on the - create youth forums country

impacts of HIV/AIDS to discuss matters -teach youths on the

 to youths. it should concerning dangers of drug abuse

not be assumed that HIV/AIDS -the government

everyone has -parents to encourage should not stop the

knowledge of their youths on the HIV/AIDS campaign

HIV/AIDS important of since youths are

protecting themselves emerging daily

against HIV/AIDS

and knowing their

status. and again

teach the youths good

values

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 INTERPRENTATION OF PRESENTATION

4.3 TO DETERMINETHE EFFECTS OF HIV/AIDS AMONG YOUTHS

4.4 TO ESTABLISH THE CAUSES OF HIV/AIDS IN THE YOUTHS

4.5 TO FIND WAYS ON HOW TO CONTROL HIV/AIDS AMONG YOUTHS

4.6 TO FIND OUT THE VIEWS OF YOUTHS ON THE USE OF CONDOMS AS A

PRIVENTIVE MEASURE

4.7 TO DISCOVER THE YOUTHS ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR AND AGAINST IN BEING

TESTED

4.8 TO ESTABLIS EMOTIONAL REACTION TO HIV/AIDS IN YOUTHS

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter entails data analysis, data interpretation and data presentation. The researcher

collected this data during research work.

the objective of the study were deterring the effects of HIV/AIDS in youths, establishing the

causes of HIV/AIDS among youths, to find out the views of youth on the use of condoms as a

preventive measure against HIV/AIDS, to discover the youths arguments in favor and against

being tested and finally to establish emotional reaction to HIV/AIDS in youths

4.2 INTERPRENTATION OF PRESENTATION

During research work, the research used diagrams to present correct data so as to interpret it

better. Each diagram represented each objective set by the researcher for study. The researcher

had come up with six objectives of studying effects of HIV/AIDS among the youths

4.3 TO DETERMINETHE EFFECTS OF HIV/AIDS AMONG YOUTHS

Since youths are the most sexually active groups in the society, it was discovered that they are

more at risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS than any other group. Again, when some lose their parents

early due to this epidemic, they are left hapless and thus lose focus in life

The table below shows some of the effects of HIV/AIDS among youths

EFFECTS EXPLANATION

Withdrawal from schools The older youths are wityhdrawnfromschool

when their parents get infected to care for

other siblings and also for the sick

Schools refusal to admit HIV infected Some schools may not be comfortable in

students admitting infected student in their school,

 which caused insulation and discrimination

Deaths Due to HIV/AIDS, nations loose future

manpower or leaders through premature

deaths which is likely to ruin future

generation

stigma Stigma involves physical and social isolation

from family, friends, community, name

calling, gossip and contamination. it is also a

feeling of worthlessness, in ferocity and

suicidal tendencies

Drug abuse Youths infected with HIV/AIDS tends to turn

into drug abuse in a bid to curb stress,

something that ruins them completely

4.4 TO ESTABLISH THE CAUSES OF HIV/AIDS IN THE YOUTHS

HIV/AIDS in youths is caused by different reasons: - peer pleasure for example every youth

wanting to do experience what other fellow peers are doing. Some youths are ignorant and have

limited understanding of germs theory. Some do not still embrace the use of condoms as a

preventive measure (would you eat a sweet with a rubber on?)

Drug abuse also exposes the youths to infections since after taking the drugs one looses

consciousness and can do anything and care free lives (everyone will die any time)

Below is a pie chart showing the causes of HIV/AIDS in youths

 HIV/AIDS AMONG YOUTHS

Key

Peer pressure
Key

Refusal to use condoms

Ignorance

Drug abuse

Careless living

4.5 TO FIND WAYS ON HOW TO CONTROL HIV/AIDS AMONG YOUTHS

To be able to control HIV/AIDS in youth, proper HIV/AIDS sensitization should be done in

schools, colleges, churches and even parents should be free to talk about this epidemic with their

children. Youths should educated on condemn use and condoms should be provided free in

accessible points. Youths should encouraged to form peer learning groups or forums on

education on HIV/AIDS

Parents and religious leaders should also play a serious role of ensuring youths are equipped with

good morals and the benefits of behavior change

The graph below shows the effectives of preventive measures

preventive measures
6

0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Key

Category 1………………………..HIV/AIDS sensitization

category 2……………………… encourage condom use

category3……………………….. Peer learning groups/forums

category 4………………………..encourage behavior change

4.6 TO FIND OUT THE VIEWS OF YOUTHS ON THE USE OF CONDOMS AS A

PRIVENTIVE MEASURE

Youths had different use on the use of condoms in a bid to prevent HIV/AIDS. Some said

condoms are less pleasurable, other argued that they are not available/accessible and other said

that sometimes they are got unprepared.

The bar graph showing the views of youths on the use of condemns as a preventive measure

of HIV/AIDS

use of condomes

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Category 1

Key

Condoms are fewer pleas able

Condoms can burned

 Condoms are not accessible

Caught awareness

Condoms are safe and effective

4.7 TO DISCOVER THE YOUTHS ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR AND AGAINST IN

BEING TESTED

Arguments in favor of testing Arguments against testing

Testing enables one adopt sounds health Living with knowledge of being positive is

practices to reduce likelihood of developing painful

AIDS related diseases

To be able to practice safe sex and avoid One can be permanently anxious and afraid of

infecting other death

One can plan better for the future The positive information may leak out and

destroy friend’s relationship

One can reevaluate life making the most of Others said they were not strong enough to

the time left accept the results

4.8 TO ESTABLIS EMOTIONAL REACTION TO HIV/AIDS IN YOUTHS

Youths affectected and infected with HIV/AIDS reacts in many different ways. when the

researcher interviewed some of the health workers at the CCC on the emotional reactions to
HIV/AIDS they said on observation they looked depressed, confused denied the facts that they

are positive, are guilty, low self esteem, blame stigma and moodiness especially during the

terminal stage

Line graph establishing the emotional reactions to HIV/AIDS in youth

Reactions
6

0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Series 3

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 SUMMARY

5.3 CONCLUSSION

5.4 RECOMMENDATION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

After though rough research the researcher discovered the HIV/AIDS affects our youths in the

society in every negative way. This is because the youths follow under the group that is sexually
active which is the first mode of HIV infection. HIV effects on the youths means no future

generation, knows once the youths hope , are confused and depressed, they lose focus in life and

ruin themselves and the future society will not have reliable person .

The researcher saw the need to establish possible remedies to our youths in order to save our

future and be sure for better future for a healthy nation and health people spiritually, socially,

economically, psychologically and emotionally

5.2 SUMMARY

When analyzing the effects of HIV/AIDS on youths, the first effect was seen as withdrawal from

school dropout. When a youth found out the she or he is infected he or she sees no future and

views education as time waiting. Those who have lost parents due to HIV /AIDS are forced to

withdraw from schools or dropouts. When a youth found out she is infected, sometimes knows

there is no future and can’t take information seriously that is why they opt to drop out of school.

Deaths caused by HIV/ AIDS also is a big blow to a nation this is because more productive

people die living a gap in the economy hence affecting productivity negatively. It’s prudent to

understand that HIV/AIDS has been a major epidemic leading to poor savings among people

especially young parents who become affected when their own parents pass away.

In order to control HIV AIDS among youths, HIV/AIDS sensitization to youths was first

followed by parent child relationship in order to instill good morals and discuss issues. The

above two got 150 percent each, condom use and forming peer learning groups got 100%.

Encouraging behavior change among youths was last with 75% respectively

when finding out the views from the youths a preventives measure, 12 youths said condoms are

less reliable and they are ready to based, 15 said most of the time they engage in unplanned sex

and they are got unprepared with condoms and they therefore decided to just risk since they
knew such chances as those that they cannot avoid. 6 supported fully the use of condoms as a co-

preventive measure

On arguments in favor on being tested or against, all the youths gave two sides coin. They said

testing is good as it enables one to adopt sound health practices to reduce likelihood of

developing AIDS diseases. It also enable one to practice safe sex and if infected to avoid

infecting others. One can plan better and evaluate life making the most of the time left. On the

other hand they said that living with the knowledge of being positive is painful. One can be

permanently anxious and some feared that the positive information may leak out and destroy

friend’s relationship. Others said that they were not strong enough to accept shaking results even

after counseling.

When stabling emotional reaction to HIV/AIDS in youths. The reactions were shock, then

confusion, depression; deny creed, fear, anger, low self esteem blame, stigma and moodiness.

100npercentage patients had fear and stigma, 90% depression and moodiness, 80% confusion

and guilty, 60 denial, 90% stigma blame and feeling of loss

5.3 CONCLUSION

The research conducted at Bungoma CCC clinic indicates that 90% of healthy workers properly

trained on HIV/AIDS since those picked randomly to fill to questionnaire had ready answers at

their figure tips. The research also found out that people are coming up openly and freely for

testing since on the day of research CCC clinic were full of clients

it was also discovered that the youths were turning up for testing since 15 youths were found for

interview and were free to answer to any questions asked regarding HIV/AIDS

Although some health workers were not aware of policies put forward by CCC pertaining

HIV/AIDS. This confirmed the questions on the policies the questionnaire was skipped. The
researcher also discoed the main cause of HIV/AIDS among youths is peer pressure i.e. most

youths just do things that they see others doing. It was therefore seen important to instill good

and education on youths so that none of them will be led stray by the other

5.4 RECOMMENDATION

The researcher recommends that the CCC clinic be expanded to be able to gather for more

people infected and affected HIV/AIDS. It should be put in private section so that patients are

not being seen going there. The government of Kenya through the ministry of Health workers

keeps on training and retraining their workers on the emerging issues on HIV/AIDS. Policies

partaningHIV/AIDS should be disclosed to all heath workers.

The government should not minimize support campaign programmes since the upcoming youths

may lack information HIV/AIDS. People should be empowered at community level to discussing

issues relating to sexuality freely as most youths discover such issues during their own

adventures.

The society should take up the responsibility of reducing HIV/AIDS throughbehaviorchange,

communication, sensitization and education in order to achieve the ministry of Health vision 30

of no new infections. It’s possible to save youths against being infected by impressing the truth

that HIV/AIDS is real and currently has no cure and primary mode of infection is by sexual

intercourse. Parents/ guardians should encourage youths to abstain from sexual act until right

time.

5.5 FURTHER STUDY

Given an opportunity to carry out any research the researcher would study about the impact of

poor health on development since during the research on HIV/AIDS the researcher discovered

that those infected by pandemic were less productive because their bodies were weakened by this
virus. Some who had lost hope in life had stopped any projects under development because they

feared they will die any time. Youths who were infected with HIV/AIDS were forced to drop out

of school due to lack of school fees, parents were dead, stigma and on and off sickness,

something that will make them illiterate hence poverty.

The researcher notes that for anyone to participate in development fully, it required good health

i.e. to be sound spiritually, emotionally and physically. All is not well until the body is well

APPENDIX 1

BUDGET

TRANSPORT KSHS.200

launch Ksh.250

Typing and printing Ksh.1600

stationery Ksh.500

Binding Ksh.200

total Ksh.2750

APPENDIX 11

REFERENCES

1. JOHN CHIMBAYA AMBUYA-2008

HIV AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA

2. KAACR-2009

BREAKING THE SILENCE TSC MAGAZINE

3. HIV/AIDS TEACHERS HARD BOOK -2010

APPENDIX 111: DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION

1. A TABLE SHOWING THE EFFECT OF HIV AIDS AMONG YOUTHS

2. A PIE CHART SHOWING THE CAUSES OF HIV AIDS AMONG YOUTHS

3. A LINE GRAPH DESCRIBING WAYS OF CONTROLLING HIV AIDS AMOUNGE

OUTHS

4. APIE CHART SHOWING THE VIEWS OF YOUTHS ON THE USE OF CONDOMS AS A

PREVENTIVE MEASURE AGAINST HIV/AIDS

5. A TABLE SHOWING THE YOUTHS ARGUMENTS IN FAVOURAND AGAINSTBEING

TESTING

APPENDIX IV

BUDGET

PARTICULARS AMOUNT

TRANSPORT 200

LUNCH 300

TYPING AND PRINTING 2000

STATIONERY 400

TOTAL 2900