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    8.13 Sound

    Uploaded by

    Munish Yadav

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    8.13 Sound

    Uploaded by

    Munish Yadav
    3 views4 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views4 pages

    8.13 Sound

    Uploaded by

    Munish Yadav

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    1

    Sound
    An audible wave which travels through a medium as vibrations is known as sound. It makes us
    able to hear.
    ● Sound is produced by vibrating objects.
    ○ When an object moves back and forth rapidly, it is said to be vibrating.
    ○ Example: By rubber strings, guitar strings, our vocal cords etc.

    Propagation of Sound
    When an object vibrates, the air around it also vibrates in exactly the same way and carries sound
    to our ears through its vibrating air molecules.

    Production of Sound in Humans

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    Human beings produce sound by using the voice box called larynx.
    Larynx contains two ligaments which are called vocal cords. Humans produce sound by the
    vibration of these vocal cords.
    ● Normally, the two vocal cords are far apart with a lot of gap between them and the air from
    the lungs passes through them without producing any sound.
    ● When we want to speak, the muscles of vocal cords contract and lungs pass a current of
    air to them. This air makes the vocal cords vibrate and the vibrating vocal cords produce
    sound.
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    Due to the shorter vocal cords, the frequency of a woman's voice is higher than that of a man.

    Sound Needs a Medium for Propagation


    Sound needs a medium for its propagation. Eg Solid, Liquid or Gas. Sound can travel through
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    solids, liquids and gases but it can not travel through vacuum.
    ● Solids: A travelling train sound can be heard from its rails even if it is quite far away.
    ● Liquids: Dolphins and whales communicate in sea.
    ● Gases: We are able to talk to each other.
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    Sound cannot travel through vacuum because vacuum has no molecules which can vibrate and
    carry sound waves.
    ● Vacuum: Astronauts have to carry special gears for communicating in space.

    Speed of Sound
    Sound travels slowest in gases, faster in liquids and fastest in solids. The speed of sound differs in
    different medium as:
    Medium Speed

    Air 340 m/s

    Liquid 1500 m/s

    Solid 5000 m/s

    ★ The sound travels fastest in solids because the molecules are very close and tightly
    packed in solids. So molecules take less time to pass the sound vibrations to each other.

    SAURAV, 7078, D-7, VASANT KUNJ. Mob: 8588021931


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    ★ The speed of sound increases with increase in temperature of the medium.

    Vibration
    A repeated back and forth motion is known as a vibration. Eg movement of a simple pendulum.
    Every vibration has three characteristics:
    ● Amplitude
    ● Time-Period
    ● Frequency

    Amplitude
    The maximum displacement of a vibrating object from its central position is called the amplitude of
    vibrations.

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    Time-Period
    The time taken by a vibrating object to complete one vibration is known as its time-period. The unit
    of measuring time-period is ‘second’.

    Frequency
    The number of vibrations per second is called the frequency of vibration. The unit of measuring
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    frequency is Hertz (Hz).
    Time period is equal to the reciprocal of frequency.
    𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 1/𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
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    Characteristics of Sound
    Any sound has three properties by which it can be recognised. These are:

    Loudness
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    If more energy is supplied to an object, then the object will vibrate with a greater amplitude. The
    loudness of sound depends on the amplitude of the vibrations.
    ★ Loudness is expressed in the unit decibel. The symbol is dB.
    ○ The faintest sound humans can hear is said to have a loudness of 0dB.
    ★ Greater the amplitude of the vibrations, the louder the sound will be. Eg ringing of a school
    bell.
    ★ The loudness of sound is directly proportional to the square of its amplitude.
    ○ If amplitude is doubled, loudness will become four times (square of 2).
    ○ If amplitude is halved, loudness will become one-fourth (square of ½).

    Pitch
    Pitch is the property of sound by which we can differentiate between different sounds of the same
    loudness. Eg difference between a man’s and woman’s voice.
    ★ The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency of the vibrations.
    ○ Pitch of a sound is directly proportional to its frequency.
    ★ A sound with high frequency is said to be shrill.

    SAURAV, 7078, D-7, VASANT KUNJ. Mob: 8588021931


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    Quality
    Quality is the property of sound which enables us to distinguish between the sounds produced by
    different objects, even if they have the same loudness and pitch.
    ★ Quality of sound is different because the shape of the sound waves produced is different.

    Audible and Inaudible


    The range of audible frequencies of sound for humans is from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
    ● The sounds having frequencies lower than 20 Hz, which can not be heard by humans, are
    called infrasonic sounds or infrasonics.
    ● The sounds having frequencies more than 20,000 Hz, which cannot be heard by humans,
    are called ultrasonic sounds or ultrasounds.
    ○ Some important uses of ultrasound are:
    a. Used as a diagnostic tool in medical science.
    b. Used to study the growth of a developing foetus.

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    c. To measure the depth of oceans.
    All sound waves, irrespective of their speed, travel with the same speed in the same medium.

    Human Ear
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    🔽
    The sound waves are collected by the pinna and directed inside the ear to the eardrum.
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    🔽
    The eardrum starts vibrating back and forth rapidly.

    🔽
    The vibrating eardrum vibrates a small bone hammer (called malleus).

    🔽
    The hammer vibrates the anvil (called incus).

    🔽
    The anvil vibrates the stirrup (called the stapes: It is the smallest bone in the human body).

    🔽
    The amplified vibrations are passed to the cochlea having a liquid which has nerve cells.

    🔽
    Liquid in cochlea starts to vibrate and impulses are carried to the brain by auditory nerves.

    The brain interprets these impulses as sound.

    SAURAV, 7078, D-7, VASANT KUNJ. Mob: 8588021931


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    Noise and Music
    Noise: The unpleasant sounds around us are called noise. These sounds consist of irregular and
    sharp sound waves. Eg Traffic sounds, firecrackers, sounds at construction sites etc.
    Music: The sounds which are pleasant to hear are called musical sounds. These sounds consist
    of regular and gentle sound waves. Eg sounds produced by flute, piano or a singer.

    Musical Instruments

    Noise Pollution
    The presence of loud and unwanted sounds in our environment is called noise pollution. Various
    sources of noise pollution are:
    ● Motor vehicles.
    ● Various machineries in factories.

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    ● Playing on loudspeakers.
    ● Bursting of firecrackers.
    ● Aeroplanes.
    Noise pollution can be controlled in following ways:
    Bursting of firecrackers should be avoided.
    Horns of motor vehicles should not be used unnecessarily.
    Factories and airports should be located away from residential areas.
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    Trees should be planted along the roads.
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    1. The speed of sound increases with increase in temperature of the
    medium. Molecules at higher temperatures have more energy,
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    they vibrate faster. Because of faster molecular vibration the sound


    waves travel faster.

    SAURAV, 7078, D-7, VASANT KUNJ. Mob: 8588021931

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