Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 2 views

    Treasure Seminar Edittd Slide

    Uploaded by

    ajowisdom

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Treasure Seminar Edittd Slide

    Uploaded by

    ajowisdom
    2 views17 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2 views17 pages

    Treasure Seminar Edittd Slide

    Uploaded by

    ajowisdom

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 17

    AN ORAL PRESENTATION

    ON

    EVALUATION OF SUBSURFACE PARAMETER WITH THE USE OF


    SEISMIC REFRACTION METHOD IN ENGINEERING SITE
    INVESTIGATION

    BY
    Treasure NOSAKHARE H
    MATRIC NUMBER : GPY/18/1096

    DEPARTMENT OF GEOPHYSICS
    SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES

    FEBRUARY , 2024
    OUTLINES
    ❖INTRODUCTION
    ❖AIM AND OBJECTIVES
    ❖LITERATURE REVIEW
    ❖MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
    ❖RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
    ❖CONCLUSION
    ❖RECOMMENDATION
    ❖REFERENCES
    INTRODUCTION
    Evaluation of subsurface parameters using seismic refraction method was carried out in eti-osa

    local government in the southeastern part of Lagos state to analyse th subsurface parameters for

    engineering purpose. Adequate understanding of the near surface geology in relation to

    engineering projects is of major importance in deciding the best land use in many areas. When

    the subsurface condition of the sol is not competent, it subjects the building on it to collapse or

    failure. This can result in loses of valuables and waste of lives. Studies have revealed that most

    of the major cities and highly populated areas like Lagos, Nigeria are located on soft sediments

    such as the estuaries, recent deposits and areas of similar characteristics


    AIM AND OBJECTIVES
    Aim:
    The aim of studying groundwater quality and aquifer properties is to assess and manage the sustainability of
    underground water resources. This involves evaluating the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of
    groundwater, understanding aquifer properties.

    OJECTIVES:
    • Introduce Seismic Refraction Techniques

    • Address Precision in Subsurface Mapping.

    • Examine Geological Context and Risk Assessment

    • Explore Sustainability in Engineering Practices

    • Case Study Analysis as an Objective


    CASE STUDY
    EVALUATION OF SUBSURFACE PARAMETERS USING SEISMIC RERACTION METHOD
    IN ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION IN ETI-OSA LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE
    SOUTHEASTERN PART OF LAGOS STATE

    Understanding near-surface geology is crucial for engineering projects to prevent


    building failures. In regions like Lagos, Nigeria, situated on soft sediments,
    traditional soil characterization methods are limited to specific points and may
    not apply across broader urban settings. To address this, geophysical methods,
    including the non-invasive seismic refraction method, are recommended. This
    study employs seismic refraction to assess the engineering competence of the
    study area, offering a comprehensive evaluation without altering the soil's
    geological formation, crucial for safe construction practices.
    MATERIALS

    ❖A 15 kg weight Sledge-hammer

    ❖ 24 channel MK-6 Terraloc seismogram

    ❖The geophones spacing of 2 m

    ❖SeisImager 2DTM software package


    METHODOLOGY
    The method used in this case study is seismic refraction method which involves
    laying out a seismic cable with geophone detectors at takeout points. Shear
    wave information is used in saturated sediments, and shear wave geophones are
    used. Overwater, pressure-sensitive hydrophone receivers are substituted for
    geophones. Geophone spacing depends on depth of search and desired
    resolution. A pattern of shotpoints is executed, and seismic wave arrivals for
    each geophone are recorded in the seismograph. The key piece of recorded
    information is the time of the first arrival, which is the direct wave or refracted
    wave. Energy sources can be sledge hammer blows, shotguns, or explosives.
    METHODOLOGY CONTD.
    Seven (7) seismic refraction profiles were surveyed with each ranging between 48 and
    200 m in length (Figure 3). A 15 kg weight Sledge-hammer was used as the source of
    energy and a 24 channel MK-6 Terraloc seismogram was used for the data acquisition.
    The geophones spacing of 2 m was used, so as to have adequate coverage of the
    refractive zone. Multiple shots were taken at different points along the profiles. The
    obtained data was analyzed with the use of seisImager 2DTM software package. The
    inversion tomograms for the seismic survey were displayed after the data were
    processed.
    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
    2D seismic refraction tomography showed the lateral and vertical
    distribution of the geologic layers. The results showed three distinct
    layers as presented in Figure 2. The three layers varied in thickness from
    the topsoil to a depth of about 10 m in the subsurface. The various colour
    configurations of the 2D seismic refraction profiles, revealed the
    variation in the thickness of each layer, which may be as a result of the
    age of deposition, the geologic composition and other geological
    processes .
    2D seismic refraction profile conducted in the study area showing the length and
    the depth of investigation in meters (m)
    CONT’D
    The thickness of the first layer varied was found to vary between the topsoil and a depth of

    about 5 m. This layer is considered to be the unconsolidated layer , which is characterized

    by loose dry sand as delineated by the borehole log and also a low-velocity zone as

    revealed by the propagation of seismic wave velocity.There is an intrusion of the

    geomaterials that composed the first layer in the second layer. This variation is

    pronounced the 2 and 28 m points along the length of the seismic profile. This layer is

    semi-consolidated as shown by the geotechnical parameters . This layer was observed to

    gradually reduce in thickness towards the other end of the profile.


    CONT’D
    The third layer was observed to have the highest seismic velocity which is a characteristic
    of a consolidated layer . The thickness of this layer is greater than the first two layers
    earlier discussed; it was also noted that the second layer intruded greatly into the third
    layer between the 2 to 26 m along the length of the profile. This layer was noted to be
    more competent than the two previously outlined layers. The noted competence could be
    as a result of the composition or age of deposition of the sediments that formed this layer.
    The result obtained in this study agreed with the regional geology of the study area as well
    as the local geology obtained from a hand dug well in the study area.
    CONCLUSION
    In this study, a combination of 2D seismic refraction method and information on the local

    geology of the area of study were used to characterize a site in order to determine the depth to

    the most competent layer. In terms of geology the study area is interpreted as having three

    prominent subsurface layers from the topsoil to a depth of about 18 m, in which the first

    geologic layer, which is the topsoil is composed of unconsolidated geologic formation. The

    second layer is interpreted as a weathered or semi-consolidated formation while the third layer

    is found to be a consolidated geologic formation as revealed by the seismic refraction method.


    The local geology revealed the first layer to be loose sand, the second layer was

    noted to be soft sandy clay while the third layer, which was encountered from 7

    m depth into the subsurface was observed to be composed of a more

    consolidated formation of medium to hard sandy clay. Therefore, it can be

    concluded that the lower part of the second down to the third layer is the most

    mechanically stable for siting any engineering construction in the study area.
    RECOMMENDATION
    Based on the seismic refraction study and the local geology analysis, it is
    recommended that site engineers prioritize the lower segment of the second
    layer down to the third layer for construction activities. This area,
    approximately from 7 meters into the subsurface, is characterized by a
    consolidated formation of medium to hard sandy clay, indicating enhanced
    mechanical stability. Selecting this zone for construction endeavors aligns with
    the study's findings, ensuring a solid foundation for engineering structures.
    Additionally, thorough assessment and monitoring during construction are
    advised to validate and enhance the effectiveness of the seismic refraction
    results in real-time project implementation.
    REFERNCES
    ❖Sheriff, R.E., Geldart, L.P. (1995). Exploration Seismology. Cambridge University Press.

    ❖Dobrin, M.B., Savit, C.H. (1988). Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting. McGraw-Hill.

    ❖Anbazhagan, P., Lakshmi, N., Sitharam, T.G. (2011). Evaluation of subsurface conditions of

    Bangalore city, India using seismic refraction method. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 73(1), 11-

    21.

    ❖ Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P., Sheriff, R.E., Keys, D.A. (1990). Applied Geophysics. Cambridge

    University Press.
    THANK
    YOU
    FOR LISTENING

    You might also like