Preliminary Exam (Logic and Set Theory)

DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the BEST answer. Write it in the space before the number.
USE CAPITAL LETTERS.

1. What is the logical operator for "and" in propositional logic?

A. ∨
B. ¬
C. ∧
D. →
2. Which is NOT a valid logical equivalence?
A. P ∨ ¬P ≡ True
B. (P ∧ Q) ≡ (P → Q)
C. (P → Q) ≡ (¬P ∨ Q)
D. ¬ (P ∧ Q) ≡ (¬P ∨ ¬Q)
3. What represents the statement “If it rains, then I will bring an umbrella”?
A. P ∧ Q
B. P ∨ Q
C. P → Q
D. ¬P → ¬Q
4. Which represents the contrapositive of the statement P→Q?
A. Q → P
B. P → ¬Q
C. ¬P → ¬Q
D. ¬Q → ¬P
5. Which statement is an example of tautology?
A. p ∧ q
B. p ∨ ¬p
C. p ∧ ¬p
D. p → ¬p
6. Which logical operator is represented by the symbol ∧?
A. Disjunction
B. Conjunction
C. Implication
D. Negation
7. Which is an example of the distributive property of conjunction over disjunction?
A. P ∧ (Q ∨ R) ≡ (P ∧ Q) ∨ (P ∧ R)
B. P ∨ (Q ∧ R) ≡ (P ∨ Q) ∧ (P ∨ R)
C. P ∧ (Q → R) ≡ (P ∧ Q) → (P ∧ R)
D. P → (Q ∨ R) ≡ (P → Q) ∨ (P → R)
8. What is the characteristic of a tautology?
A. True in all cases
B. False in all cases
C. True in some cases
D. False in some cases
9. Which statement is a tautological implication?
A. P → Q
B. P → ¬P
C. P → (P ∨ Q)
D. P → (P ∧ Q)
10. Which statement is a proposition?
A. "The sky is blue."
B. "What time is it?"
C. "Please pass the salt."
D. "The sum of 5 and 5 is 10."
11. What expression represents the negation of the statement "If it rains, then the ground is
wet"?
A. The ground is wet if it rains.
B. It rains and the ground is not wet.
C. It does not rain, or the ground is not wet.
D. If it does not rain, then the ground is not wet.
12. What is an example of De Morgan's Law rule of replacement?
A. P → Q ≡ ¬P ∨ Q
B. ¬ (P∧Q) ≡ ¬P ∨ ¬Q
C. P ∧ Q ≡ ¬ (P → ¬Q)
D. P ∨ Q ≡ ¬ (¬P ∧ ¬Q)
13. Which is NOT a valid logical connective?
A. AND
B. OR
C. THEN
D. XOR
14. Given the compound proposition (P ∨ Q) → ¬ (P ∧ Q), which truth tables for P and Q
would result in the proposition being a contradiction?
A. P = True, Q = True
B. P = True, Q = False
C. P = False, Q = True
D. P = False, Q = False
15. Which best describes the proposition: (P→Q) ∨ (Q→P)?
A. Tautology
B. Contingency
C. Contradiction
D. Tautological equivalence
16. What is the propositional form of the sentence, “I will bring an umbrella and it will rain
tomorrow.”
A. U ˅ R
B. U ˄ R
C. U → R
D. R → U
17. What is the propositional form of the sentence, “I will go to the park only if I finish my
homework.”
A. P ˄ H
B. H ˅ P
C. P → H
D. H → P

18. What statement is a compound proposition?

A. “She is tall.”
B. “I am happy.”
C. “The sky is white.”
D. “If it rains, I will take an umbrella.”
19. What statement is a simple proposition?
A. “The door is open.”
B. “If it rains, then I will stay inside.”
C. “The car is red and the sky is clear.”
D. “Either I will go to the store, or I will stay home.”
20. What symbol represents negation in propositional logic?
A. ˄
B. ˅
C. ¬
D. →
21. Which statement is a tautological implication?
A. If it rains, then it rains.
B. If it is sunny, then it rains.
C. If it is cold, then it is warm.
D. If it rains, then it will not rain.
22. Which pairs of logical expressions are tautologically equivalent?
A. P ∧ Q and P ∨ Q
B. P → Q and Q → P
C. ¬P → Q and ¬Q → P
D. P∧(Q∨R) and (P∧Q) ∨ (P∧R) (P∧Q) ∨ (P∧R)
23. If P is true and Q is false, which of the following propositions is FALSE?
A. P ∧ Q
B. P ∨ Q
C. P → Q
D. ¬ (P ∨ Q)
24. Which is the correct logical equivalence for Double Negation?
A. P→Q ≡ Q
B. ¬(¬P) ≡ P
C. P∧¬P ≡ ¬P
D. P∨¬P ≡ ¬P
25. What is the negation of the statement 12x + 11y < 12?
A. 12 > 12x + 11y
B. 2x + 11y ≥ 12
C. 12x + 11y ≤ 12
D. 12x + 11y > 11
26. What are the two truth values of declarative sentences?
A. Yes and no
B. True and false
C. Right and wrong
D. Correct and incorrect
27. Which type of declarative sentences in the object language, considered primitive, are
denoted by what?
A. Two letters
B. Three letters
C. Capital letters
D. Lowercase letters
28. What is the truth value of the proposition "All prime numbers are odd"?
A. True
B. False
C. True, but with an exception
D. False, but with an exception
29. What is the negation of the proposition "It is raining"?
A. It is not raining.
B. It might be raining.
C. It is always raining.
D. It is sometimes raining.
30. Which logical operator represents biconditional?
A. ∧
B. ∨
C. ↔
D. →
31. What is the disjunction of two propositions, p and q?
A. p ∨ q
B. p ∧ q
C. p ↔ q
D. p → q
32. Which statement demonstrates the distributive form of OR over AND?
A. p ∨ (q ∧ r) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r)
B. p ∧ (q ∨ r) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)
C. (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r) ≡ p ∧ (q ∨ r)
D. (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r) ≡ p ∨ (q ∧ r)
33. What is the equivalent of (p → q) ∧ (q → ¬p)?
A. p
B. q
C. ¬ p
D. ¬ q
34. For the statements p and q, consider the following compound statements:
a) (~q ∧ (p → q)) → ~p
b) ((p ∨ q)) ∧ ~p) → q
What statement is correct?
A. (a) is a tautology but not (b)
B. (b) is a tautology but not (a)
C. (a) and (b) both are tautologies
D. (a) and (b) both are not tautologies
35. What is the negation of the statement ~p ∧ (p ∨ q)?
A. ~p ∧ q
B. ~p ∨ q
C. p ∧ ~q
D. p ∨ ~q
36. Which represents the logical form of the statement: 'If it is sunny, then we will go to the
park'?
A. P ↔ S
B. P → S
C. S ↔ P
D. S → P
37. What statement represents the logical form of the statement: "If I study hard, I will pass
the exam unless I am sick."
A. (S → P) ∧ ~S
B. (S → P) → ~S
C. (S → P) ∨ (I ∧ ~S)
D. (S → P) ∨ (I → ~S)
38. Which property states that p ∧ q ≡ q ∧ p?
A. Associativity
B. Commutativity
C. Distributivity
D. Transitivity
39. What property allows us to regroup propositions in a logical expression?
A. Associativity
B. Commutativity
C. Distributivity
D. Transitivity
40. Imagine you are designing a security protocol for a website. The protocol allows access
to a user only if they provide both a valid username and a valid password or have a two-
factor authentication token. What propositional form represents this security rule?
A. U∧(P∨T)
B. (U∧P) ∨ T
C. (U∨P) ∧ T
D. (U∨T) ∧ P
41. A new social media platform allows users to post content only if they are logged in and
have an active subscription. If a user is not logged in, they cannot post content, even if
they have an active subscription. If they are logged in but do not have an active
subscription, they still cannot post content.
What statement best represents the propositional form of the above conditions?
A. (L∧S) → P
B. (L∨S) → P
C. (L∨¬S) → P
D. (L∧¬S) → ¬P
42. What logical equivalence represents a tautology?
A. (p ∨ q) → p
B. p → (q → p)
C. p ∨ (p ∧ q) ≡ p
D. (p → q) ∨ (p → ¬q)
43. What logical expression can be simplified using De Morgan’s Law?
A. (p ∨ q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q
B. ¬ (p → q) ≡ p∧¬q
C. ¬ (p ∨ q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q
D. ¬ (p ∧ q) ≡ ¬p∨¬q
44. What is the characteristic of a contradiction?
A. True in all cases
B. False in all cases
C. True in some cases
D. False in some cases
45. Given the following proposition: (p ∨ q) → (r∧¬p). If p = True, q = False, and r = True,
what is the truth value of the proposition and why?
A. True, because both sides of the statement are true.
B. False, because the antecedent is true, but the consequent is false.
C. True, because the negation of p is false, and the conjunction is true.
D. False, because the implication is always false when the antecedent is true, and the
consequent is false.
 46. Given the compound proposition: (p ∨ q) ∧ (p→¬q). If p = True and q = False, what is
the truth value of the proposition?
A. False, because the implication is false.
B. False, because the conjunction contains a false part.
C. True, because both parts of the conjunction are true.
D. True, because the disjunction is true, and the implication is true.
47. Given the following logical expression:(p ∨ (q ∧ r)) → (p ∨ q). What statement is true
about this expression?
A. Evaluates to true only if p is true.
B. True in every case where p is false.
C. Always true, regardless of the values of p, q, and r.
D. False in some cases where the antecedent is true, and the consequent is false.
48. Which propositional expression is a contingency?
A. p ∨ ¬p
B. p → ¬p
C. p ∨ (q ∧ ¬q)
D. p → (q ∨ ¬p)
49. What statement is a contingency?
A. "If it is sunny, then I will either go to the park or stay home."
B. "If it is sunny, then I will go to the park and I will not go to the park."
C. "If it is sunny, then I will either go to the park or I will not go to the park."
D. "If it is sunny, then I will not go to the park unless I am not feeling well."
50. What property states that p ∧ p ≡ p?
A. Associativity
B. Commutativity
C. Distributivity
D. Idempotence

Key Responses:

1. C 11. B 21. A 31. A 41. A

2. B 12. B 22. D 32. A 42. B
3. C 13. C 23. A 33. C 43. D
4. D 14. A 24. B 34. C 44. B
5. B 15. A 25. B 35. D 45. B
6. B 16. B 26. B 36. D 46. D
7. A 17. D 27. B 37. D 47. C
8. A 18. B 28. B 38. B 48. D
9. A 19. A 29. A 39. A 49. D
10. A 20. C 30. C 40. A 50. D
 Formative Assessment (Logic and Set Theory)

True or False: Write whether each statement is True or False. If the statement is false, explain
why it is incorrect in one or two sentences, referencing key concepts or definitions where
applicable.

Objective: Identify and define a proposition

1. A proposition is a declarative sentence that can be either true or false but not both.
Answer: True
2. Questions and commands are examples of propositions.
Answer: False
(Answer: They do not have a truth value—they cannot be classified as true or false.)

Objective: Distinguish between simple and compound propositions

3. A compound proposition contains only one statement.

Answer: False
(Answer: A simple proposition expresses a single idea, whereas a compound proposition
combines multiple statements using logical operators.)
4. If p represents 'It is raining' and q represents 'I am indoors,' the statement p ∧ q is a compound
proposition.
Answer: True
5. The statement 'The sun is shining' is an example of a compound proposition.
Answer: False
(Answer: It is a simple proposition because it conveys one idea and involves no logical
operators.)

Objective: Translate natural language statements into propositional form

6. The statement 'If it rains, I will stay home' can be represented as p ∧ q in propositional logic.
Answer: False
(Answer: It should be p → q, where p is 'It rains' and q is 'I will stay home.')
7. The statement 'You can have coffee or tea' can be represented as p ∨ q in propositional logic."
Answer: True

Objective: State the truth value of a proposition

8. If p is 'The sky is blue' and p is true, then ¬p is also true.

Answer: False
(Answer: ¬p is false because it negates the truth value of p.)
9. A proposition is false if and only if its negation is true.
Answer: True
10. The proposition 2+2=5 is an example of a true proposition.
Answer: False
(Answer: It is false because it contradicts basic arithmetic.)