Enrolment No.

2350754640

Internship Alternative
Literature - Survey

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

Degree of

BACHELOR OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

On Topic

DIGITAL LIBRARIES, INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORIES

By

MANIKA

Enrolment No. 2350754640

Faculty of Library and Information Science

School of Social Science (SOSS)

Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) Maidan Garhi,

New Delhi - 110068

 Contents
1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Definition

4. Evolution and background

5. Characteristics

6. Aims and objectives

7. Scope and limitation

8. Themes and subthemes

9. Discussion and criticism

10. Conclusion

11. Reference and Bibliography

Digital libraries, institutional repositories

Abstract
Digital Libraries are the systems providing users the organised information
access to repository of information and services at knowledge base . Ultimately,
it is the demand for high quality content and ease of access and use that will
drive the initiation and development of digital libraries . The major objectives
and principles of digital library have been narrated with applied knowledge
system at TISS library . The functional components of the Digital Library have
been presented as a model for the information services of the library . The
digitisation activities and procedures are also discussed here .

Introduction of digital libraries

A digital library , also called an online library , an internet library , a digital
repository , a library without walls , or a digital collection is an online database
of digital objects that can include text , still images , audio , video , digital
documents , or other digital media formats or a library accessible through the
internet . Objects can consist of digitized content like print or photographs , as
well as originally produced digital content like word processor files or social
media posts . In addition to storing content , digital libraries provide means for
organizing , searching , and retrieving the content contained in the collection .
Digital libraries can vary immensely in size and scope , and can be maintained
by individuals or organizations . ] The digital content may be stored locally , or
accessed remotely via computer networks . These information retrieval
systems are able to exchange information with each other through
interoperability and sustainability .

Digital age has brought a tremendous change in the way information is stored
and accessed . It is marked by three distinct features : abundance , currency
and easy access of information . This has brought about a change in the
concept of libraries , their collection and services . Many new terms viz . , '
digital libraries ' , libraries without walls ' , ' virtual libraries ' are emerging to
describe the libraries of present day age .

The term ' digital library ' is a shift from the earlier term electronic library
which was used for the last two decades to describe the book - less library
which relies on telecommunication and computers to provide users with
whatever information they need . A digital library is popularly viewed as an
electronic version of a library where resources to allow remote access ,
breaking down the physical barrier between resources . In Wilensky's view the
digital library will be a collection of distributed information services , producers
will make it available , and consumers will find it through the automated
agents " . In this model it appears that the traditional libraries will have no role
to play . How far this will be true only time can tell .

In the early stages of development of digital libraries the main focus was on
providing dial up access to Online Public Access Catalogues ( OPAC ) . The term
however evokes different meaning for different people . To some it may simply
mean computerisation of the traditional library system . To those with library
science background it means doing things in a new way , using new type of
information resources , new approach to acquisition , new methods of storage
and preservation , new approaches to classification and cataloguing , new ways
of interaction with the patrons with more reliance on electronic system and
networks . As it stands today , most libraries in the developed countries have
their own homepages providing links to local information , electronic
databases , bibliographic as well as full text , apart from its own online system
of collection and services .

Digital libraries in future will not be a standalone version . The explosive

growth in networked connectivity and rapid advances in computing power are
replacing the older notions of standalone information utilities with newer
notions of integrated digital libraries . The integrated digital library creates a
shared environment linking everything from personal collection , collection of
conventional libraries and large databases spread all over the world .
In the recent years the term ' virtual library ' is becoming more popular . It is
being used to describe libraries that provide access to digital information using
variety of networks , specifically the internet and the World Wide Web ,
irrespective of place and time . According to Gilbert " it is an aggregate of
libraries or literature bases , the catalogue or bibliographies of which are
accessible electronically ( e.g. with a personal computer ) and of which some
may offer document ordering and delivery services . The centre of the virtual
library is by definition the individual user , or his / her work station " . Thus in
the present day context virtual library is the convergence of a number of
concepts : electronic browsers , online catalogues and literature bases , and
empowerment of the end users .

In Toren and Czech's view , libraries in future will become icons on the screen
and library buildings will function as book warehouses . The future implication
of such a situation needs to be contemplated seriously .

Defining Digital Libraries

The term " digital library " is the most recent in a long series of names for a
concept that has been written about nearly as long as the development of the
first computer : a computerised " library " that would supplement , adds
functionality , and even replaces traditional libraries .

In comparison to traditional libraries , digital libraries provide efficient and

qualitative services by collecting , organizing , storing , disseminating ,
retrieving and preserving the information . Digital libraries support
preservation besides making information retrieval and delivery more
comfortable . It provides online access to historical and cultural documents
whose existence is endangered due to physical decay . The major areas which
offer digital libraries great exploitation are : Information retrieval , multimedia
database , data mining , data warehouse , on - line information repositories ,
image processing , hypertext , World Wide Web and Wide Area Information
Services ( WAIS ) .

Digital libraries necessarily include a strong focus on the managen tof digital
content , just as traditional libraries have focused for long on the management
of content in physical forms . Most of the digital content that is being managed
includes human language , either in the form of character - coded electronic
text , scanned versions of

printed or handwritten text , or digital representations of human speech .

Language technology therefore plays a major role in managing digital content .
This comes as no surprise , of course . Digital libraries today make good use of
what we know about searching large collections , and techniques such as
machine - assisted indexing are employed increasingly often as we strive to
extend our reach to progressively larger collections . But we are on the verge
of a new era , one in which our machines will learn from what we do and then
apply those capabilities to enable the management of digital content at a far
larger scale than we could ever hope to do ourselves .

 Few advantages of digital libraries according to Haddouti are :

 User can access the information anywhere
 Reduces bureaucracy by providing access to the information
 The information is not necessarily located in same place
 Understanding the catalogue structure is not necessary
 Cross references to other documents speed up the work of users
 Full text search
 Protected information source
 Wide exploration and exploitation of the information

The knowledge dissemination is an integral part of success story of popularity

of creating digital libraries . The aim is to provide universal access to human
knowledge , and given the advancement of digital storage and communications
this goal is now achievable .
Digital Library

There are a number of definitions of Digital Libraries available on the Internet

and in the literature .

Digital Library Federation defined " Digital libraries " as " organizations that
provide the resources , including the specialized staff , to select , structure ,
offer intellectual access to , interpret , distribute , preserve the integrity of ,
and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that
they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or
set of communities " ( DLF , 1998 ) .

Definitions of Digital Library

According to Daniel ( 2007 )

A digital library is a library in which collections are stored in digital formats ( as

opposed to print , microform , or other media ) and accessible by computers .
The digital content may be stored locally , or accessed remotely via computer
networks .

Evolution of Digital Collections

In 1993 , the British Library initiated the " Electronic Beowulf Project " to
capture , enhance , and preserve forever this cultural artifact in digital form .
Not only has the manuscript been captured in its current form , but it is now
available for study anywhere . This is only one example of how , throughout
the world , libraries , museums and archives are digitizing the important
documents and images of our culture , both to preserve them for future
generations and to make them more accessible to our own .
 Through the 1990s , digital library projects were largely experimental activities
Many important advances in digital library techniques came through
research sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation ( NSF ) and the
U.K. Joint Information Systems Committee ( JISC ) . In 1999 these projects
began expanding internationally when NSF linked its digital library research
program with similar activities being undertaken by JISC , resulting in the JISC -
NSF International Digital Library Initiative . The objectives of this three year
program were to :

 Assemble collections of information that were not otherwise accessible

or usable because of technical barriers , distance , size , system
fragmentation , or other limits .
 Create new technology and the understanding to make it possible for a
distributed set of users to find , deliver , and exploit such information .
 Evaluate the impact of this new technology and its international benefits

Since then , many other groups have become involved in the expansion of
digital library technologies and techniques , including the European Union ,
Association for Computing Machinery ( ACM ) , the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) , the International Federation of Library
Associations ( IFLA ) , the American Library Association ( ALA ) , the Coalition
for Networked Information ( CNI ) , and the Digital Library Federation ( DLF ) .

Characteristics of digital libraries

Cleveland explained the following characteristics of digital libraries :

 Digital Libraries are the digital face of traditional libraries that include
both digital collections and traditional , fixed media collections . So they
encompass both electronic and paper materials . Digital Libraries also
include digital materials that exist outside the physical and
administrative bounds of any one digital library
 Digital Libraries include all the processes and services that are the
backbone and nervous system of libraries . However , such traditional
 processes , though forming the basis digital library work , will have to be
revised and enhanced to accommodate the differences between new
digital media and traditional fixed media .
 Digital Libraries ideally provide a coherent view of all of the information
contained within a library , no matter its form or format
 Digital Libraries serve particular communities or constituencies , as
traditional libraries do now , though those communities may be widely
dispersed throughout the network .
 Digital Libraries require both the skills of librarians and well as those of
computer scientists to be viable .
 Cleveland explained the following characteristics of digital libraries :
 Digital Libraries are the digital face of traditional libraries that include
both digital collections and traditional , fixed media collections . So they
encompass both electronic and paper materials .
 Digital Libraries also include digital materials that exist outside the
physical and administrative bounds of any one digital library
 Digital Libraries include all the processes and services that are the
backbone and nervous system of libraries . However , such traditional
processes , though forming the basis digital library work , will have to be
revised and enhanced to accommodate the differences between new
digital media and traditional fixed media .
 Digital Libraries ideally provide a coherent view of all of the information
contained within a library , no matter its form or format
 Digital Libraries serve particular communities or constituencies , as
traditional libraries do now , though those communities may be widely
dispersed throughout the network .
 Digital Libraries require both the skills of librarians and well as those of
computer scientists to be viable .

Aims and objective

 Act as gateway to digital and electronic information .
 develop in to a single access point library .
  Promote the economical and efficient delivery of information to all parts
of society .
 Contribute to the lifelong learning opportunities of all people .
 Bridge barriers of time and space .
 Cut down the cost of library distribution
 maintenance and resource

Objectives of Digital Library

 Collect , organize & collate print & digital information & disseminate at
the point of care and for future use .
 Provide seamless access to information .
 Provide resources for educators , scholars , and general
audiences
 Provide current library materials and databases that support the
academic curriculum
 Provide access to information resources , regardless of location
 Collect library materials in all formats , broaden and update all
collections to meet the needs of programs and support the various
aspects of the institution : teaching , training , research and services
 Educate and assist college , students and staff in the identification and
effective use of information resources
 Continue to strengthen and update all collections to meet the needs of
programs
 Preserve collections and materials , and maintain and upgrade physical
and technological infrastructure to enhance the quality of services
 Recognize that a minimum expectable standard is one resource per topic
per student
 Meet or exceed accreditation standards
  Provide access to library resources and servers via web pages and online
recourses Ensure that resources available are currently appropriate and
accessible 24/7 Work closely with users ; know their needs and interests
 Put into practice the motto that building library resources is a
continuous process Enhance information literacy , especially in the
student community , by developing effective plans aiming at improving
student ability

Scope and limitations

Importance of Digital Library

Implementation of I.T. atmosphere is an essential feature with respect to

library information technology , by the combination of computer technology
with communications , digital imaging , and full - motion video and sound can
be a major help to improve education and thus improving skill for gaining full
employment . Speed . The user is able to retrieve information at a faster rate .

Accessing Power . A user is provided with the availability of information by a

digital library . The user is also able to utilize the worldwide information
through the digital library .

male spochum Supporting Power . Digitalization helps to support a broader

spectrum of useful stuff . The ability to deal with a larger datasheet also rises .

Space power The Digital Library increases space power . It means that we are
making a portable system for materials . Portability is directly proportional to
technology . For example , compact disk , DVD system minimizes the larger
data and stores it , thereby having no storage problem .

Online Reference Books . Educational software is designed and developed well

by the expert group , is a boon to the user . The quality of material from the
digitalized library is very high . This has been possible because of the
advancement in computer hardware and software with whatever learning
programs that were available since the 1900s . Lighting fast microprocessors ,
large memory , super quick high - resolution video display cards , a
sophisticated soundboard that provides digitized audio and the storage
medium the CD ROM which can hold data as 450 high - density diskettes , all
this helps to provide for the voluminous encyclopedia and other materials .
The coordination of audio , video and high - speed processing has led to the
concept of multimedia . The online reference books available make use of the
new technologies which are quicker and more colorful animation , audio
narrative and feedback , video clips and often the huge variety of activities in
one program software publishers and developers are creating learning aids
with a breakthrough .

Digital Library - Limitation

The cost of a digital library is too high for the initial stages compared to the
traditional one . Skilled personnel are required working and maintenance of
the system Law effect - people secure their publications or material through
copyrights . This poses a problem for the user when he tries to copy some
matter for his own use . Other laws like cyber law also affect the digital library
system . Effect of Technology - Both hardware and software have advanced ..
The digital library entirely depends on telecommunication and computer . As
and when new technology comes into the market the digital system needs to
be updated . Security problem - The most important of all is how to secure the
data when the digital system is connected to the internet and prevent
unauthorized access and the prevention of the information acquiring virus .

• Function of Digital Library

 Access to large amounts of information to users wherever they are and

whenever they need it .

• Access to primary information sources .

  Support multimedia content along with text Network accessibility on
Intranet and Internet User - friendly interface Hypertext links for
navigation Client - server architecture
 Advanced search and retrieval .
 Integration with other digital libraries .
.

Objective & Scope of Digital libraries

The term " Digital Library has a variety of potential meanings , ranging from a
digitized collection of material that one might find in a traditional library
through to the collection of all digital information along with the services that
make that information useful to all possible users . As the WG discussed
possible scenarios and challenge problems to drive our discussion of metrics ,
we found the need to come to at least a loose agreement on the scope of the
digital library . This document is intended to serve that purpose .

Much of the question about the scope of the term is how broad a view should
be taken of the digital library . Does it encompass all of information
management or is a more tightly constrained view appropriate ? In this
document , and for the purposes of the deliberations of the WG , we choose to
take a very broad view . This is driven by the recognition that to do otherwise
would require setting boundaries that are fairly artificial

The structure of this document is as follows . In the first section , a brief

definition of the term " digital library " is given , as a set of characteristics . The
remainder of the document elaborates each of those characteristics .

 Ensure users knowledge and awareness about the Digital Library

resources .
  Ensure users have the right training and skills to use the Digital Library
 Ensure Researchers & Scholars utilize the resources to maximum effect
 Build an institutional research community of Digital Library users and
researchers.

THEMES AND SUBTHEMES

1. Legal and policy framework

2. Security threats

3. Security control measures

4. Privacy issues associated ePHI

5. Recommended

strategies to enhance the security of ePHI

 Legislation
 Standards
 Policies & procedures
 Cyber threats
 Technological vulnerabilities
 Technical

security control measures

 Privacy issues encountered in the hospital

 Security
  improvements

CATEGORIES

 POPI Act ; PAIA Act ; PAJA Act ; NARSSA Act ; GDOH PAIM ; NH Act &
Constitution of RSA
 ISO27799 & MSS
 Lack of security policy
 Worms , Trojan Horse & short cut viruses Power & system failure ;
 network failures ; obsolete computers & operating system Password -
username ;
 antivirus ; firewall ; security audit log system & data encryption
 Unauthorized access &
 patients ' health data loss

Updating computers , PAAB system & operating system ; implementation of

data back - up system ; updating firewall & antivirus ; network improvements

Research gate.

Discussion and criticism

Problems of library automation

The major constraints on library automation include : absence of planning ,

non - availability of software , import restriction on choice of hardware , lack of
competent manpower , non existence of standard , absence of co - operation
etc.

The disadvantages of digital technology include the spread of disinformation ,

addiction to social media , compromised personal privacy , increase in the
crime rate , breaches in data security , loss of traditional lifestyle and values ,
development of more deadly weapons of war , loss of jobs and information
overload . 25 - Mar – 2022

Disadvantages of Ebook Formats Shortlist

 Reading books is keeping its.

 Most people enjoy reading books, yet struggle with a e-books.
 traditional form for most people for convenience .
 Single book session lasts long with e Books .
 LCD Screen From One Device for e Book Readers
 strains eyes .
 Power Source Needed for e Book .

Computer viruses , a lack of standardization for digitized information , rapidly

degrading properties of digitized material , different display standards of digital
products and their associated problems , the health hazard nature of monitor
radiation , and other factors make digital libraries handicapped at times .

Users may face many hindrances while accessing digital library . These
hindrances could be because of information overload , poorly designed
interface , misleading information provided by the digital library or inability to
access the digital resources .
CONCLUSION

Digital Library is the electronic library , which the information is stored in the
digital form . With the advancement and new technology in the field of
information librarians need to improve new skills using the new technology
and it requires re orientation of traditional skill of librarian ship information
professional and librarians must acquire the new skills as networking and web
based technologies , on live searching of electronic database CD - ROM
Products e - journals etc. In Multi Disciplinary Knowledge and Skills are
required if information professionals have to survive .

Digital libraries are not going to replace the physical existence of document
completely but no doubt to meet the present demand , to satisfy the non local
user digitization must be introduced so that at least libraries becomes of
hybrid nature . The initial cost of digitization is high but experiment shows that
once digitization is introduced then the cost to manage this collection will be
cheaper than that of any traditional library . Day by day the cost of digitization
is decreasing , the online publication is increasing , the needs of user are
shifting towards a different environment so it's needless to say that after one
or two years my library or your library will go to be digitized so it's the pick
time to all

informational and library professional that they geared themselves to take the
challenge .
Reference and bibliography
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Breakthrough and Obstacles , Journal of Librarianship and Information Science
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http://www.greenstone.org

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