7.Bernolius Equation

Fluid Dynamics
Prepared By
Md. Mostafa Kamal
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
RUET, Rajshai-6204
Fluid Dynamics
Dynamics of fluid flow deals with fluid motion and the forces causing it.
Dynamic Behavior of fluid flow is analyzed by Newton’s Second Law of Motion.

𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
List of Fluid Forces
▪ Gravity Forces
▪ Pressure Forces
▪ Viscous Forces
▪ Turbulence Forces
▪ Forces due to Compressibility
2
Euler Equation of Motion
If the flow is to be ideal, the viscous effect is negligible, The equation of motion is
considered as Euler Equation of Motion.
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 , 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 + 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
3
Let us consider the fluid motion along a streamline.
Consider the cross section of the fluid element is dA and length ds
Force Acting on the element

• Pressure Force
• Gravity Force
By applying newton’s 2nd Law
𝐹𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠
4
The Net force acting along the direction of S
𝜕𝑃
− 𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠 − 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜕𝑠
The Acceleration along the direction of S is given by,

𝑑𝑉
𝑎𝑠 = ; Where V is the function of s and t
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑉
𝑎𝑠 = = +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡
5
If the flow is steady
𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑠
𝑎𝑠 =
𝜕𝑠 𝑑𝑡
Now, The Equation of Motion Becomes

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑣
− 𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠 − 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝜌𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠𝑣
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑣
− − 𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝜌𝑣
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑣
− − 𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝜌𝑣
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠
6
Euler equation of Motion is given by
𝒅𝑷
+ 𝒗𝒅𝒗 + 𝒈𝒅𝒛 = 𝟎
𝝆
7
Some Basic Equation in Fluid Mechanics
▪ Continuity Equation
▪ Energy Equation
▪ Impulse-Momentum Equation
▪ Navier-Stokes Equation
Energy Equation represents the conservation of Energy Principle!
8
Bernoulli’s Equation
▪ A special forms of Energy Equation (Conservation of Energy!)
▪ Represents the conservation of Mechanical Energy of ideal fluid flow.
Mechanical Energy: The forms of energy that can be converted to mechanical work
completely and directly to mechanical work by ideal devices such as an ideal turbine.
Example: Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy
9
Statement of Bernoulli’s Equation
The sum of the kinetic, potential, and flow energies of a fluid particle is
constant along a streamline during steady flow when compressibility and
frictional effects are negligible.
𝑃 𝑣2
+ + 𝑔𝑍 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
𝜌 2
10
Different form of Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s Equation per unit weight

𝑃 𝑣2
+ + 𝑍 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
Bernoulli’s Equation per unit mass

𝑃 𝑣2
+ + 𝑔𝑍 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌 2
11
Limitations of Bernoulli’s Equation
▪ We can not apply Bernoulli’s Equation everywhere in a flow, no matter how
small the fluid viscosity
▪ Frictional effects should also be negligible
▪ Applicable only for irrotational and incompressible flow
▪ There should be no vorticity
Bernoulli’s equation is usually applicable along a streamline in the core region of the flow,
but not along a streamline close to surface.
Bernoulli’s equation should not be used for flow sections that involve significant temperature change
Such as heating or cooling sections.
12
Importance of Bernoulli’s Equation
Fluid Flow Measurement Devices!
▪ Venturimeter
▪ Orificemeter
▪ Rotameter
▪ Pitot Tube
13
Flow Through Venturimeter
14
Venturimeter
Used to measure the discharge through pipeline for incompressible fluid flow.
▪ Horizontal Venturimeter
▪ Vertical Venturimeter
▪ Inclined Venturimeter
15
Horizontal Venturimeter
▪ Converging Part
▪ Diverging Part
▪ Throat
16
Applying Bernoulli’s Equation at sections 1 and 2 we get,
𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
For Horizontal Venturimeter, 𝑍1 = 𝑍2
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟏
= −
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈
From Continuity Equation, 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2

𝐴2
𝑉1 = 𝑉2
𝐴1
17
𝐴1
𝑉2 = 2𝑔ℎ
𝐴1 2 − 𝐴2 2
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑄2 = 2𝑔ℎ
𝐴1 2 − 𝐴2 2
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝐶𝑑 2𝑔ℎ
𝐴1 2 − 𝐴2 2
18
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝐶𝑑 2𝑔ℎ
𝐴1 2 − 𝐴2 2
Where Cd is the co-efficient of venturimeter or Coefficient of discharge.
Value of Cd varies between 0.96 to 0.98.
The expanding section of venturimeter keeps the boundary layer separation to

a minimum, resulting in good pressure recovery across the meter.
19
Vertical Venturimeter
By Applying Bernoulli’s Equation
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟏
= − + (𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏 )
20
Inclined Venturimeter
By Applying Bernoulli’s Equation
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟏
= − + (𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏 )
21
Thank You!
22

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Fluid Dynamics

Dynamic Behavior of fluid flow is analyzed by Newton’s Second Law of Motion.

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 , 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 + 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠

Force Acting on the element

By applying newton’s 2nd Law

The Acceleration along the direction of S is given by,

Now, The Equation of Motion Becomes

Euler equation of Motion is given by

Energy Equation represents the conservation of Energy Principle!

Example: Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy

Bernoulli’s Equation per unit weight

Bernoulli’s Equation per unit mass

For Horizontal Venturimeter, 𝑍1 = 𝑍2

From Continuity Equation, 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2

Where Cd is the co-efficient of venturimeter or Coefficient of discharge.

Value of Cd varies between 0.96 to 0.98.

The expanding section of venturimeter keeps the boundary layer separation to

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