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    LAB 1 Buffers

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    Cheyenne Angela Fransz

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    LAB 1 Buffers

    Uploaded by

    Cheyenne Angela Fransz
    2 views6 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    2 views6 pages

    LAB 1 Buffers

    Uploaded by

    Cheyenne Angela Fransz

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    BIOMOLECULES

    CHEMICAL
    MS. JILL PLANA
    BIOLOGY
    j.plana@usls.edu.ph
    (LAB)
    TH(12:30-2:30PM)

    Laboratory Module

    Buffers - A solution that resists changes in


    pH when small amount of acid or base are
    added to it

    When your body fluids contain too


    much acid, the condition is known as
    ACIDOSIS.
    This is characterized by a pH of 7.35 or
    lower. It occurs when your kidneys and
    lungs can’t keep your body’s pH in balance.

    Stomach acid encounters a lot of things in


    What’s in a Buffer? behalf of your body. It break downs food
     Buffers are solutions of a weak you eat into easier to digest particles. It
    conjugate acid-base pair. also acts as the first line of defense against
     They are particularly resistant to pH pathogens and microbes that could make
    changes, even when strong acid or you sick.
    base is added.
    Stomach acid has a pH between 1 and 2
    which makes it quite acidic. Stomach acid’s
    low pH level is largely attributable to one
    ingredient which is HYDROCHLORIC ACID
    (HCl).
     Description of an Acid: Arrhenius
    Theory

     Base: Substance that, when


    Ascorbic Acid is also known as VITAMIN C. dissolved in water, increases the
    concentration of hydroxide ions.
    Examples: NaOH (aq), Ca(OH)2
    (aq), NH4OH (aq)
     Description of a Base: Arrhenius
    Theory

    .
    When water accepts a proton, it becomes
    H3O+ which is called HYDRONIUM.

    What term is given to the substances


    whose solutions change color due to
    changes in pH. Examples of this include 
    litmus paper, phenolphthalein, and some
    natural sources such as the red cabbage
    juice. INDICATORS.

    Litmus Paper - B R A (Blue to Red =


    ACID)

     Ex. Ammonia
     Base
     Exhibits alkaline properties

    Acids and Bases Definitions according


    to:
    I. Arrhenius Theory
     Arrhenius (Svante Arrhenius)
    II. Bronsted-Lowry Theory
     Brønsted–Lowry Definitions

     Acid: Substance that, when


    dissolved in water, increases the
    concentration of hydrogen ions.
    Examples: HCl (aq), HNO3 (aq),
    H2SO4 (aq)
     Acid: Proton donor
     Base: Proton acceptor

     A conjugate acid is formed from the


    base that accepted the proton
    (H+).

    Examples of Acid-Conjugate Base


     A conjugate base is formed from Systems
    the acid that donated the proton
    (H+).

     Substances that can act as an acid


    or a base (like water in the two
    examples) are called amphiprotic
    (or in some texts, amphoteric). The conjugate base of a Bronsted acid is
    the species that remains when one proton
    has been removed from the acid
    Strength of Acids and Bases

    Strong acids are assumed to dissociate


    completely when in aqueous solution.

    Weak acids dissociate only slightly in


    aqueous solution. The majority of molecules
    remain undissociated.
     Strong acids are completely dissociated
    An acid is strong if it completely ionizes
    in water.
    in water.
     Their conjugate bases are quite
    weak.
    Strong Acids
    1. Hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq)  Weak acids only dissociate partially in
    2. Hydrobromic acid, HBr (aq) water.
    3. Hydroiodic acid, HI (aq)  Their conjugate bases are weak
    4. Nitric acid, HNO3 (aq) bases.
    5. Perchloric acid, HClO4 (aq) ACID STRENGTH
    6. Chloric acid, HClO3 (aq) H A ↔ H + + A-
    7. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 (aq) Expressed by equilibrium constant, Ka
    pKa = -log Ka

    All the rest are weak acids.

    A base is strong if it completely ionizes in


    water.
    Strong Bases
    Metal hydroxides of Group 1A and 2A
    elements in the periodic table.
    Example:
    LiOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, KOH
    Advantage: the concentration of the buffer
    components can be used directly in the
    All the rest are weak bases equation
    * Used to quickly calculate the pH of a
    HOW TO PREPARE THE buffer solution
    BUFFER SOLUTION
    IN THE LABORATORY Buffer Solution: a solution containing a
    Common buffers are those that contain: weak conjugate acid – base pair that is able
    1. a weak acid or a weak base and; to accommodate the addition of strong
    2. its conjugate salt acids and bases without the pH of the
    * The solution has the ability to resist solution changing much
    changes in pH upon the addition of small
    amounts of either acid or base

    Weak Acids

    STEPS TO ACHIEVE
    THE CORRECT BUFFER
    1. Choose the correct pair and make sure
    the concentrations are the same
    Weak Acids available in the Virtual
    Laboratory:

    Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

    2. Determine the amounts of each


    component using the Henderson-
    Hasselbalch Equation
    3. For similar concentrations note that the
    volume of the buffer is the sum of the
    components’ volume

    Buffering Capacity

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