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BASIC ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Without filter

with filter

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18. HALF WAVE RECTIFIER


AIM
To determine the efficiency of the half wave rectifier with and without filter. And also
to determine the ripple factor and compare the values.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED

Sl.No Components Specification/ Range Quantity

1. Transformer (6-0-6)V 01
2. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) (0-20)MHz 01
3. Function Generator (0-10)MHz 01
4. Diode 1N 4007 01
5. Resistor 1KΩ 01
6. Capacitor 0.1µF 01
7. Bread board - 01
8. Wire stripper - 01
9. Connecting wires - -

FORMULA REQUIRED:
Without filter
𝑉𝑚 − 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 =
𝜋

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MODEL GRAPH

Input waveform

t(mS)

Output without filter


Amplitude (V)

t(mS)

Output with filter

t(mS)

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With filter:
Theoretical:
1
𝑅𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝛾 = 2
√3∗𝑓∗𝑐∗𝑟

Where, f=Frequency
C=Capacitance
R=Load resistance
Practical:

Vr(p-p )= Vmax-Vmin
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑉𝑎𝑐
𝑅𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝛾 =
𝑉𝑑𝑐

𝑉𝑟(𝑝 − 𝑝)
𝑉𝑎𝑐 =
2
𝑉𝑟(𝑝 − 𝑝)
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚 −
2
EFFICIENCY:
𝑃0 (𝑑𝑐 )
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝜂 =
𝑃𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑐 )
(𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 )2 (𝑉𝑑𝑐 )2
Where, 𝑃0 (𝑎𝑐 )= and 𝑃0 (𝑑𝑐 )=
𝑅𝑙 𝑅𝑙
Where, Rl= load resistance.
1
(or) 𝜂= where 𝜸 = 𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
1+𝜸2

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TABULATION

Input Output without filter Output with filter

Amplit Time Rip Effic Rip Efficie


ude (V) Period Vm Vdc Vrr ple ienc Vmi Vm VR(P- Vrr ple ncy
(mS) ms fact y( η) n ax P)=Vm ms fact (η)
or % ax- or %
𝜸 Vmin 𝜸

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BASIC ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

THEORY:

The half-wave rectifier circuit using a semiconductor diode (D) with a load resistance
RL but no smoothing filter is given in figure. The diode is connected in series with the
secondary of the transformer and the load resistance RL. The primary of the transformer is
being connected to the ac supply mains.
The ac voltage across the secondary winding changes polarities after every half cycle
of input wave. During the positive half-cycles of the input ac voltage i.e. when upper end of
the secondary winding is positive w.r.t. its lower end, the diode is forward biased and
therefore conducts current. If the forward resistance of the diode is assumed to be zero (in
practice, however, a small resistance exists) the input voltage during the positive half-cycles
is directly applied to the load resistance RL, making its upper end positive w.r.t. its lower end.
The waveforms of the output current and output voltage are of the same shape as that of the
input ac voltage.
During the negative half cycles of the input ac voltage i.e. when the lower end of the
secondary winding is positive w.r.t. its upper end, the diode is reverse biased and so does not
conduct. Thus during the negative half cycles of the input ac voltage, the current through and
voltage across the load remains zero. The reverse current, being very small in magnitude, is
neglected. Thus for the negative half cycles no power is delivered to the load.
Thus the output voltage (VL) developed across load resistance RL is a series of positive half
cycles of alternating voltage, with intervening very small constant negative voltage levels, It
is obvious from the figure that the output is not a steady dc, but only a pulsating dc wave. To
make the output wave smooth and useful in a DC power supply, we have to use
a filter across the load. Since only half-cycles of the input wave are used, it is called a half
wave rectifier.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Half wave rectifier:


A half wave rectifier is rarely used in practice. It is never preferred as the power
supply of an audio circuit because of the very high ripple factor. High ripple factor will result
in noises in input audio signal, which in turn will affect audio quality.

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Advantage of a half wave rectifier is only that its cheap, simple and easy to construct.
It is cheap because of the low number of components involved. Simple because of the straight
forwardness in circuit design. Apart from this, a half wave rectifier has more number of
disadvantages than advantages.

PRECAUTIONS

1. The primary and secondary side of the transformer should be carefully identified
2. The polarities of all the diodes should be carefully identified.
3. While determining the % regulation, first Full load should be applied and then it
should be decremented in steps.
PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage using the function generator.
3. Measure the output values from the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO).
4. Calculate the efficiency and ripple factor from the corresponding readings.
5. Graphs are plotted.

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TEST YOUR SKILL

1. What is the PIV of Half wave rectifier?


2. What is the efficiency of half wave rectifier?
3. What is the rectifier?
4. What is the difference between the half wave rectifier and full wave Rectifier?
5. What is the o/p frequency of Bridge Rectifier?
6. What are the ripples?
7. What is the function of the filters?
8. What is TUF?
9. What is the average value of o/p voltage for HWR?
10. What is the peak factor?

USEFUL LINK:
http://www.circuitstoday.com/half-wave-rectifiers

RESULT:

Thus determined the efficiency of the half wave rectifier with and without filter. And
also to determined the ripple factor and compare the values

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