IAL IT Unit 1 Notes

International A Levels
Information Technology
Unit 1 Notes
1.3 Unit content
Topicwise Question papers, Mark schemes and

Examiners’ Reports
Topic 1: Hardware and software
Digital devices consist of both hardware and software components. From the
hardware perspective, it is important to understand the technologies that enable
these devices. From the software perspective, it is important to understand
licensing and maintenance. Understanding both the hardware and software will
enable students to assess and select components to meet the requirements of an
individual, organisation or scenario.
What students need to learn
1.1 Hardware
1.1.1 Understand the features and functions of contemporary digital

devices.
Portability
● Portability is a key feature of many contemporary digital devices, especially

mobile phones and tablets. These devices are designed to be carried around
and used on the go.
● Wearable computers, such as smartwatches, are becoming increasingly

popular as they allow users to access information and control devices without
needing to take out their mobile phone.
● Microprocessors/single board computers are often used for embedded

systems, such as in cars or appliances, where compact size is important.
Notes by @uzayermasud
Performance
● High performance is important for devices that need to process large

amounts of data quickly, such as computers and supercomputers.
● Games consoles are also designed for high performance, with powerful
processors and graphics cards to handle demanding games.
● Microprocessors/single board computers are often used for specific tasks that
require high processing power, such as in robotics or data processing.
Storage
● All contemporary digital devices have some form of storage, such as hard
drives, solid-state drives, or removable storage media.
● Network-attached storage (NAS) is a type of storage that can be accessed by

multiple devices over a network. This allows for easy sharing of files and
resources.
● RAID storage is a type of storage that uses multiple hard drives to protect
against data loss in case of a drive failure.
User interface
● The user interface of a digital device refers to how the user interacts with the
device. This includes input devices, such as keyboards and touch screens,
and output devices, such as monitors and speakers.
● The design of the user interface is an important consideration for

manufacturers, as it can affect the usability of the device.
● Some devices, such as biometric scanners and barcode readers, provide

additional input methods for secure authentication or data input.
Connectivity
● Connectivity is important for allowing devices to share data and resources.

This can be done through cables, such as USB and HDMI, or wirelessly using
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or other wireless standards.
● Devices such as printers and scanners often have multiple connectivity

options to make it easier for users to connect to them.
● Some devices, such as microprocessors/single board computers (Raspberry

Pi, Arduino), can be connected to sensors and other devices to allow for data
collection and processing.
Media support
● Contemporary digital devices support a wide range of media formats,
including audio, video, and images.
● Some devices, such as cameras and scanners, are specifically designed for
capturing media.
● Other devices, such as smart TVs and games consoles, are designed to
display high-quality video and graphics.
Energy consumption
● Energy consumption is an important point to consider for manufacturers, as it

affects the cost of running the device and its impact on the environment.
● Mobile phones and tablets often have batteries that can be recharged, while
other devices are designed to be always plugged in.
● Some devices, such as smart thermostats, are designed to be energy-

efficient to reduce their impact on the environment.
Expansion capability
● Some devices, such as computers and microprocessors/single board

computers, have expansion slots for adding additional hardware, such as
graphics cards or network cards.
● Network-attached storage (NAS) can be expanded by adding additional hard

drives to increase storage capacity.
● Other devices, such as printers and scanners, can be expanded by adding

additional trays or modules to allow for more functionality.
Security features
● Security is an important consideration for many digital devices, especially

those that store sensitive information or are used for secure transactions.
● Devices such as biometric scanners and chip and pin devices provide secure
authentication to prevent unauthorised access.
● RAID storage provides redundancy and protects against data loss in case of a
drive failure.
Primary Storage:
RAM (Random Access Memory)
- Fast, quickly accessible

- volatile (loses data when power turned off)
- Usually low storage capacity compared to secondary storage.
ROM (Read Only Memory):

- Fast
- Can be read from but not written to
- Holds BIOS/firmware which is needed to load the Operating System (OS)
Types:
- PROM (Programmable ROM)
- EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)
- EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM)
Cache:
- L1, L2, and L3 caches inside processor
- Very fast memory
- Very expensive
- L1 is fastest, L3 is slowest
- Store most frequently accessed data
Processors:
- x86 Architecture most common (Intel and AMD processors)
- High performance
- Upgradeable parts
- Relatively old
- Used in desktops and laptops
- ARM architecture is SoC (System on Chip) (Snapdragon, Apple M1)

- Relatively lower performance
- More efficient
- Everything in one chip
- Newer
- Not upgradeable
- Performance
- More cores
- Faster clock speed
- More cache
Storage Devices
Magnetic Tape:
- Magnetised bits of tape
- Very high capacity
- Very cheap
- Very slow read/write speeds
Optical Hard Drives:

- Moving disks have magnetised bits that are read/written by a head
- High storage capacity (1-32 TB)
- Inexpensive
- Slow read/write speeds
- May be damaged by shock
- Large magnet can erase all data on it
Solid State Drives:

- Very fast read/write speeds
- Expensive
- No moving parts so resistant to damage
- Low power
- Relatively low storage capacity
Removable Solid State (SSID) Cards - SD Cards:

- Mid price range
- Very small and portable
- Used in phones and cameras as expandable storage
- Low power, medium capacity
Network Attached Storage (NAS):

- Normal storage devices connected to a network
- Remotely accessible
- Susceptible to network failure
RAID Storage:
- Replicate data over multiple drives
- Increases data reliability and I/O performance
Cables
● HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface): capable of transmitting audio

and video signals at high speeds of up to 18 Gbps, making it ideal for high-
definition multimedia content such as 4K and 8K video.
● USB (Universal Serial Bus): a versatile interface that can transfer data at
speeds of up to 10 Gbps (USB 3.2 Gen 2x2), with backwards compatibility to
older USB versions.
● Ethernet: a wired network technology that can transmit data at speeds of up

to 10 Gbps (10GBASE-T), with faster speeds of up to 40 Gbps and 100 Gbps
available for enterprise-level networking.
● DisplayPort: a video interface that can transmit audio and video signals at
high speeds of up to 32.4 Gbps (DisplayPort 2.0), making it ideal for high-
resolution displays and gaming.
● Thunderbolt: a high-speed interface developed by Intel that can transfer data

at speeds of up to 40 Gbps (Thunderbolt 3), with support for multiple
protocols such as USB, DisplayPort, and PCIe.
Note that the speeds listed above are theoretical maximums and actual data
transfer rates may be lower depending on various factors such as cable length,
device compatibility, and signal interference.
1.1.2 Understand the technologies used by digital devices and how they
impact on the design and uses of devices:
Global Positioning System (GPS)
allows devices to determine their location and track movements, enabling

applications such as navigation, location-based services, and geotagging.
Biometrics
enables devices to recognise and authenticate users based on physical

characteristics such as fingerprints, iris, face or voice, improving security and
convenience for access control and payment systems.
Touchscreen
allows users to interact with devices through touch, simplifying user interface
design and enabling new forms of interaction such as pinch-to-zoom and swipe
gestures.
Sensor
provides devices with the ability to detect and respond to changes in their
environment, such as movement, light, temperature, and pressure, enabling
features such as automatic screen rotation, ambient light adjustment, and fitness
tracking.
Memory
enables devices to store and retrieve data quickly and efficiently, improving
performance and enabling features such as multitasking and fast app switching.
Storage
provides devices with the ability to store large amounts of data, such as documents,
music, and videos, enabling users to access their content on-the-go.
Battery power
provides devices with the ability to operate untethered from a power source,
enabling mobility and convenience, while advances in battery technology have led
to longer battery life and faster charging times.
Miniaturisation
enables devices to become smaller and more portable, while maintaining or

improving their performance and functionality.
Processor
provides devices with the computing power to perform complex tasks, such as
running applications, processing images, and playing games, while advances in
processor technology have led to faster performance and improved energy
efficiency.
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
enables devices to identify and track objects using radio waves, enabling
applications such as inventory management, contactless payment, and access
control.
● RFID stands for radio-frequency identification, and it uses radio waves to

automatically identify and track objects.
● An RFID system consists of a reader and a tag. The reader sends out a radio
signal that powers up the tag, allowing it to send back its unique
identification number.
● RFID tags can be either passive, meaning they don't have a power source
and are powered by the reader's signal, or active, meaning they have a built-
in battery and can transmit their signal over longer distances.
● It is used in a variety of applications, such as inventory management, supply

chain tracking, and access control.
● RFID tags can be attached to a wide range of objects, including products,

vehicles, and even people or animals.
● In retail, RFID can be used to track inventory in real-time, reducing out-of-

stock situations and increasing sales.
● In logistics and supply chain management, RFID can help track the
movement of goods through the supply chain, improving efficiency and
reducing errors.
● In healthcare, RFID can be used to track medical equipment and supplies,

monitor patients, and improve patient safety.
● In access control, RFID can be used to grant or restrict access to buildings,

rooms, and equipment.
Overall, RFID provides a reliable, efficient, and cost-effective way to track and
manage objects, improving business operations and enhancing customer
experiences.
Near-field communication (NFC):
enables devices to exchange data wirelessly over short distances, enabling

applications such as mobile payments, transit ticketing, and data transfer between
devices.
How NFC Works:
● NFC (Near Field Communication) is a wireless communication technology that

allows two devices to communicate when they are placed in close proximity
to each other.
● NFC uses magnetic field induction to transmit data between devices.
● NFC operates at a frequency of 13.56 MHz and has a range of about 4

centimetres.
● NFC works by modulating a magnetic field to transmit data between two

devices. It can transmit encrypted data.
Applications:
● NFC is commonly used for contactless payments, allowing users to make

purchases by tapping their smartphone or other NFC-enabled device against
a payment terminal.
● NFC can also be used for data transfer between two devices. For example,
users can transfer photos, videos, and other files between smartphones or
other devices using NFC.
● NFC is used in access control systems to allow users to gain entry to a

building or secure area by tapping an NFC-enabled card or device against a
reader.
● NFC tags can be used to provide information to users, such as directions or

product information. Users can tap their smartphone against an NFC tag to
access this information.
● NFC can be used in transportation systems to allow users to pay for fares or
access information about schedules and routes using an NFC-enabled device.
● NFC can be used in healthcare systems to manage patient information and

provide access to medical records using an NFC-enabled device.
Quick response (QR) code:
enables devices to quickly and easily access information by scanning a code using
their camera, enabling applications such as marketing, advertising, and
authentication.
How QR Codes Work:
● QR codes (Quick Response codes) are two-dimensional barcodes that can be

scanned using a smartphone or other mobile device.
● QR codes are made up of black and white squares arranged in a specific

pattern.
● When a QR code is scanned, the device uses its camera to capture the
pattern and then decodes the information contained in the code.
● QR codes can contain various types of information, such as website

URLs, contact information, product information, and more.
● QR codes have:
○ URLs
○ Alignment Markers
○ Position Markers
○ QR Code version
○ Date/Time Info
Applications:
● commonly used in marketing and advertising to provide additional

information to consumers. For example, a QR code on a product packaging
can be scanned to provide product details, user reviews, or promotional
offers.
● ticketing systems, such as for airline or event tickets. Users can scan a QR
code to access their ticket information.
● payment systems to allow users to make payments by scanning a code with

their smartphone or other device.
● inventory management to track and manage products. QR codes can be

printed on product labels or packaging to help identify and track items.
● education to provide students with additional information or resources. For

example, a QR code on a textbook can be scanned to access interactive
content or study materials.
● used in contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Users can scan a QR
code when entering a public space or event to help track potential exposure
to the virus.
Connectivity:
enables devices to connect to the internet and other devices, enabling features
such as messaging, social networking, cloud storage, and remote access. Advances
in connectivity technology have led to faster speeds, greater coverage, and
improved reliability.
1.1.3 Understand the term ‘technological convergence’ in the context of

digital devices.
When two or more separate technologies/devices merge into one. For example,
smartphones can do most things a laptop can and it is more portable.
Another example would be gaming consoles evolving beyond just games and now
including streaming services like Netflix and Spotify.
Smart watches not only tell the time but have taken the jobs of health monitoring
systems.
1.1.4 Understand the concept of and the need for features and functions
of embedded systems.
Embedded systems:
Concept of Embedded Systems:
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform a specific function

within a larger system or product.
It is typically a combination of hardware and software components that work

together to accomplish a specific task.
Examples of embedded systems include smart home devices, medical equipment,

automotive systems, and industrial machinery.
Need for Features and Functions:
Embedded systems must be designed to meet specific requirements and

constraints, such as power consumption, size, and cost.
They often have limited resources, such as memory, processing power, and
input/output capabilities.
Therefore, the features and functions of embedded systems must be carefully

chosen and optimised to meet the requirements while operating within the resource
constraints.
The features and functions of embedded systems can vary widely, depending on the
application, but may include sensing, actuating, processing, communication, and
control.
In addition, the reliability and safety of embedded systems are critical, particularly
in applications such as medical devices and automotive systems.
Pros:
● Embedded systems are highly specialised and can be optimised for specific
tasks, resulting in high performance and efficiency.
● They can operate in real-time, providing fast and accurate responses to

external events and inputs.
● Embedded systems are often designed to be low-power, making them

suitable for use in battery-powered or energy-efficient devices.
● They can be highly reliable and secure, with built-in safety features and
protection against cyber threats.
Cons:
● The highly specialised nature of embedded systems can make them

expensive to develop and maintain.
● They can be challenging to debug and troubleshoot, especially in complex

systems where multiple components interact with each other.
● The limited resources of embedded systems can result in trade-offs between

performance, features, and cost.
● The custom nature of embedded systems can make it difficult to update or

upgrade them over time, which can lead to compatibility issues and
obsolescence.
1.1.5 Understand the concept of and the need for firmware, including
where it is stored.
Concept of Firmware
● Firmware is a type of software that is embedded in hardware devices, such as

microcontrollers and system-on-chips (SoC)
● It provides low-level control of the device's hardware components and

interfaces with other software components to perform specific tasks
Need for Firmware
● Firmware is critical for the proper functioning of many hardware devices,

providing the necessary control and management of the device's components
● It is often responsible for booting up the device and performing

initialization routines, as well as managing memory, communication
interfaces, and other hardware components
● Firmware is also necessary for enabling the device to interact with other
software components, such as drivers and operating systems
● In addition, firmware can provide security features, such as encryption and

authentication, to protect the device from unauthorised access and
tampering
Where Firmware is Stored
● Firmware is typically stored in non-volatile memory (ROM), which allows it to

be retained even when power is turned off.
● The specific location of the firmware can vary depending on the device and
its architecture, but it is often stored in on-chip memory, flash memory, or
external storage devices, such as EEPROM or SD cards.
● In some cases, firmware can be updated or modified after the device has
been manufactured, either through a physical interface or wirelessly via a
network connection.
1.1.6 Understand factors that can be used to assess the performance of

digital devices:
Speed:
● Refers to the rate at which a device can complete tasks and process data
● Measured in units such as GHz, Mbps, and FPS
● Example: A computer with a higher processor speed can run applications

faster than a computer with a lower processor speed.
Capacity:
● Refers to the amount of data that a device can store and process
● Measured in units such as GB, TB
● Example: A hard drive with a larger capacity can store more data than a hard
drive with a smaller capacity.
Portability:
● Refers to how easily a device can be transported from one place to another
● Factors that affect portability include weight, size, and durability
● Example: A smartphone is more portable than a desktop computer.
Bandwidth:
● Refers to the amount of data that can be transferred over a network

connection in a given amount of time
● Measured in units such as Mbps and Gbps
● Example: A device with a higher bandwidth can download files from the
internet faster than a device with a lower bandwidth.
Power efficiency:
● Refers to how efficiently a device uses energy to perform its functions
● Measured in units such as watts and volts
● Example: A laptop with a more power-efficient processor can operate for
longer on battery power than a laptop with a less power-efficient processor.
1.1.7 Be able to calculate data file size and time needed to transmit a file.
Same as IGCSE Computer Science
1.2.3 Calculating File Sizes - Revise GCSE Computer Science
Grayscale (black and white):
images uses one byte per pixel (a byte being 8 bits).
● Eight bits means that a byte can store up to 256 levels of information.
● We can therefore store up to 256 levels of brightness per pixel – which gives
us what is called ‘8-bit grayscale’.
Calculating image sizes:
● If we need to calculate the storage requirements of a black and white bitmap

image, we multiply the number of pixels wide by the number of pixels high.
● The answer will give us the number of bits.
● We then convert the number into an appropriate unit (kilobytes/megabytes).
Example: 800 by 900 resolution grayscale image size
800∗900=720,000 bits
720,000/8=90,000 bytes
90,000 /1000=90 KB
Colour depth is the number of bits used to represent each pixel.
● Size in bits = W × H × D
● Size in bytes = W × H × D/8
● W = image width, H = image height, D = colour depth in bits.
Sound
Sampling
● Bit depth defines the dynamic range of the sound – the amplitude (volume) of
the waveform at each sample point.
● Quantisation is the name of the audio snapshot when it has to be rounded off
to the nearest available digital value.
● Sample rates are measured in hertz (Hz) or thousands of hertz (kHz,
kilohertz). For example, 44.1 kHz is equal to 44,100 samples of audio
recorded every second.
● The sample rate you choose depends on what the audio is going to be used
for. If you wanted to record a song to put on a CD you would usually use 44.1
kHz.
Calculation
● We can calculate sound file sizes based on the sample rate and the sample
resolution using the following formula: File size (bits) = rate × res × secs
● If we want 30 seconds of mono sound, where the sample rate is 44,100 Hz

and the sample resolution is 8 bits, we will have:
(44100× 8 ×30)/(8× 1000)
[divided by 8 as we have 8 bits in a byte and 1000 to get kB]
= 1323 KfB
= 1.323 MB
• The size of 30 seconds of stereo sound would be:
(44100× 8 ×2 ×30)/(8× 1000)=2646 kB=2.6 MB
1.1.8 Be able to use and convert between binary and denary, as defined
by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). (These are
different from SI units.)
IEC Binary vs SI Units
Understand the difference between binary and denary units:
● Binary units are based on powers of two (e.g. 2^0, 2^1, 2^2, etc.), and are
commonly used in computing and digital electronics.
● Denary units, also known as decimal units, are based on powers of ten (e.g.
10^0, 10^1, 10^2, etc.), and are commonly used in everyday life.
Know the IEC prefixes for binary units:
Kibibyte (KiB) 210

bytes
Mebibyte (MiB)220
bytes
Gibibyte (GiB) 230
bytes
Tebibyte (TiB) 240

bytes
Understand the difference between IEC and SI prefixes:
● The International System of Units (SI) uses decimal prefixes, such as kilo-,
mega-, and giga-.
● The IEC uses binary prefixes, such as kibi-, mebi-, and gibi-.
● This means that the size of a kibibyte is 1024 bytes, whereas the
size of a kilobyte in SI units is 1000 bytes.
Kilobyte (KB) 1 0❑3 bytes
Megabyte (MB) 1 06
bytes
Gigabyte (GB) 1 09 bytes
Terabyte (TB) 1 0❑12

bytes
Use conversion factors to convert between binary and denary units:
● To convert from binary to denary units, multiply the binary value by the
appropriate power of two (e.g. 2^10 for kilobytes, 2^20 for megabytes, etc.).
● To convert from denary to binary units, divide the denary value by the
appropriate power of two and round down to the nearest integer (e.g. divide
by 1024 for kilobytes, 1,048,576 for megabytes, etc.).
Be aware of potential confusion and use the correct units:
● In everyday use, kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes are often used to refer
to both binary and denary units, which can cause confusion.
● To avoid confusion, use the correct units for the context:
○ such as kibibytes, mebibytes, and gibibytes for binary units
○ kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes for denary units.
1.1.9 Be able to select digital devices to meet the needs and requirements
of individuals and organisations.
Comes up in questions often, usually with no correct answer. They just want you to
talk about the pros and cons of things.
1.2 Software
1.2.1 Understand the purpose of:
● Systems software
● Applications software.
Application software:
● Application software is designed for specific tasks or functions, such as word

processing, photo editing, or accounting.
● Application software can be purchased or downloaded by users to perform

specific tasks or functions.
● Application software is designed to be user-friendly and easy to use, with

intuitive interfaces and features that make it easy to perform specific tasks.
● Application software can be customised and configured to meet the specific

needs of individual users or organisations.
● Examples of application software include Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop,

and QuickBooks.
System software:
● System software is designed to manage and control the operation of the

computer system.
● System software is essential for the proper functioning of the computer

system, and includes operating systems, device drivers, and utility programs.
● Operating systems are the most important type of system software, providing
the interface between the hardware and the user, and managing resources
such as memory, storage, and processing power.
● Device drivers are used to control hardware devices such as printers,

scanners, and cameras, allowing them to be used with the computer system.
● Utility programs are used to perform specific tasks such as file compression,
disk cleanup, and virus scanning.
● System software is typically installed by the manufacturer or system

administrator and is not typically customised or configured by individual
users.
● Examples of system software include Microsoft Windows, MacOS, and Linux.
1.2.2 Understand the role of the operating system in managing:
● devices
● processes
● users
● security
Devices:
● The operating system manages the interaction between the computer

hardware and software.
● The operating system communicates with device drivers to control input and
output operations for devices such as keyboards, mice, and printers.
● The operating system also manages the connection and configuration of

hardware devices such as external hard drives and USB devices.
Processes:
● The operating system is responsible for managing the allocation of system

resources to different processes.
● The operating system manages the scheduling of processes and ensures that
they have access to the CPU and memory when needed.
● The operating system also monitors and manages the use of system
resources to prevent conflicts and ensure the smooth operation of the
system.
Users:
● The operating system provides a platform for users to interact with the
computer system.
● The operating system manages user accounts and permissions, ensuring that
users only have access to the resources they are authorised to use.
● The operating system also provides a graphical user interface (GUI) that
allows users to interact with the computer system in a user-friendly way.
Security:
● The operating system provides a range of security features to protect the
computer system from unauthorised access and malicious software.
● The operating system manages user authentication and access control,

ensuring that only authorised users have access to the system.
● The operating system also provides security features such as firewalls,

antivirus software, and encryption to protect the system from external
threats.
● The operating system monitors system activity and logs events, allowing
administrators to detect and respond to security breaches and other issues.
1.2.3 Understand the different sources of software and copyright types:
● free
● open-source
● proprietary
● creative commons.
Sources of Software:
● Free Software: Software that can be used, modified, and distributed freely
without any restrictions. Examples include the GNU/Linux operating system
and the Apache web server.
● Open Source Software: Software that is available for free and provides
access to the source code, allowing users to modify and distribute it.
Examples include the Firefox web browser and the MySQL database.
● Proprietary Software: Software that is owned and licensed by a specific

company, and its source code is usually not available. Examples include the
Microsoft Windows operating system and the Adobe Photoshop.
● Creative Commons Software: A type of software that is released under a

Creative Commons licence, which allows others to use, modify, and distribute
the software under certain conditions. Examples include the Creative
Commons licence for the Scratch programming language.
Copyright Types:
● Free:
● Allows users to access and use copyrighted material without cost.
● Examples include freeware, public domain, and some Creative

Commons licences.
● Open Source:
● Software whose source code is made available to the public for use
and modification.
● Generally requires attribution to original creators.
● Examples include Linux, Apache, and Mozilla Firefox.
● Proprietary:
● Refers to copyrighted material that is owned by a person or company

and is protected by law.
● Users must obtain permission to use or access the material.
● Examples include Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop.
● Creative Commons:
● A set of licences that allows creators to share their work while retaining
some rights.
● Allows creators to choose the level of freedom they want to give to

others to use and modify their work.
● Examples include Attribution (acknowledgement), No Derivatives (no

changing), Public Domain (all rights released), Non-Commercial (no
selling) licences.
1.2.4 Understand licensing options:
Licensing Options:
Single User Licence:
This licence allows a single user to use the software on a single device or computer.
● Pros: Simple to manage and cost-effective for individuals or small

teams.
● Cons: May not be suitable for larger organisations, and may require
additional licences for additional devices or users.
Multiple User Licence:
This licence allows multiple users to use the software on multiple devices or
computers, typically with a limit on the number of users or devices.
● Pros: Cost-effective for larger organisations, and easier to manage than
multiple single-user licences.
● Cons: May not be suitable for very large organisations or those with
fluctuating user/device needs.
Institutional Licence:
This licence allows a group or organisation to use the software on multiple devices
or computers within the same institution, such as a school or business.
● Pros: Cost-effective for institutions with many users and devices, and
may provide centralised management options.
● Cons: May not be suitable for very large or distributed organisations,

and may require additional licences for additional institutions.
Fixed Term Licence:
This licence grants the user the right to use the software for a specified period of
time, after which the licence expires and the user must renew it to continue using
the software.
● Pros: May be cost-effective for short-term projects or temporary use,

and allows users to try out the software without committing to a long-
term licence.
● Cons: Can be more expensive in the long run for continued use, and
may require additional administrative effort for licence renewal.
Indefinite Licence:
This licence grants the user the right to use the software indefinitely, without any
time limit or expiration date.
● Pros: Provides maximum flexibility and long-term cost-effectiveness for

continued use, and may provide access to software updates and
support.
● Cons: Can be more expensive initially, and may require additional

administrative effort for licence management and updates.
Network License:
This licence allows multiple users to access the software on a network, typically with
a limit on the number of simultaneous users.
● Pros: Cost-effective for larger organisations, and allows users to access

the software from multiple devices.
● Cons: May require additional setup and administrative effort for
network management, and may limit simultaneous user access.
Note: There may be other types of licences available, such as subscription licences
or open source licences, but these are the main types commonly used in
commercial software.
1.2.5 Understand the purpose of, and how to manage, software updates:
● patch
● automatic
● upgrade
● compatibility issues.
Purpose:
● Software updates are released to fix bugs, improve performance, and add
new features to existing software.
● Updates may also include security fixes to address vulnerabilities that could
be exploited by malicious people.
● In some cases, updates may be required to ensure compatibility with other

software or hardware.
Managing Software Updates:
● Software updates can be managed manually or automatically.
● Automatic updates are typically enabled by default in most operating

systems and applications, and will install updates as they become available
without any user intervention.
● Manual updates can be initiated by the user through the operating system
or application settings.
● Patches are a type of update that address specific issues or vulnerabilities in

the software. They can be installed manually or automatically.
● Upgrades are major releases of software that typically include significant

new features or functionality. Upgrades may require a separate purchase or
subscription.
● Compatibility issues can occur when updates are installed on systems or

devices that are not compatible with the updated software. It's important to
check compatibility requirements before installing updates to avoid potential
issues.
Tips for managing software updates:
● Keep your operating system and applications up-to-date to ensure that you
have the latest security patches and features.
● Check for compatibility requirements before installing updates to avoid

potential issues.
● Back up important data before installing updates, in case something goes

wrong during the update process.
● Consider enabling automatic updates to ensure that you are always running
the latest version of the software.
● Be cautious when installing updates from unknown sources, as they could

potentially contain malware or other security threats.
1.2.6 Be able to select software to meet the needs and requirements of

individuals and organisations.
Topic 2: Networks
Computer networks are essential to most organisations, enabling them to access
their information irrespective of its geographical location; make efficient use of
hardware and software resources, and communicate effectively. Network design,
based on an understanding of protocols, is fundamental to the way networks work.
Such reliance on networks in our society is founded on the assumption that there
are mechanisms for securing access to them.
2.1 Network models and protocols
2.1.1 Understand the features and functions of computer network models:
Client-server network model
● Features: In a client-server network model, there is a central server that

manages and controls the network resources. Clients, or end-user devices,
connect to the server to access these resources.
● Functions: The server provides resources and services such as file storage,
email, and web hosting, while the clients request and use these resources.
● Examples: Corporate networks, email servers, and web servers.
● Pros: Centralised control, increased security, scalability, and easier

management.
● Cons: High cost, single point of failure, and high maintenance requirements.
Peer-to-peer network model
● Features: In a peer-to-peer network model, all devices are equal and can
function as both clients and servers. Each device shares its resources and
services with other devices on the network.
● Functions: Devices communicate and share resources with each other

without a central server.
● Examples: File sharing networks, gaming networks, and social media.
● Pros: Low cost, easy setup, and no single point of failure.
● Cons: Security risks, limited scalability, and potential performance issues.
Ad hoc network model
● Features: In an ad hoc network model, devices connect directly to each other

without the need for a central infrastructure. This type of network is often
used for temporary or emergency communications.
● Functions: Devices communicate and share resources with each other

without the need for a centralised server or infrastructure.
● Examples: Mobile device to mobile device connections, emergency response

networks.
● Pros: Easy setup, flexible and adaptable, and can be used in remote areas.
● Cons: Limited range, limited scalability, and potential security risks.
Tethering
● Features: Tethering involves using a mobile device's cellular data connection

to provide internet access to other devices. The tethered device acts as a
mobile hotspot, allowing other devices to connect to it and use its internet
connection.
● Functions: The tethered device shares its internet connection with other
devices.
● Examples: Using a smartphone as a hotspot for a laptop or tablet.
● Pros: Easy to set up, widely available, and can be used in areas without Wi-Fi.
Cons: Limited range, limited bandwidth, and potential data usage restrictions and
additional costs from cellular providers.
2.1.2 Understand the features and purposes of network communication
protocols:
Wi-Fi
● Provides wireless access to the internet or a network
● Uses radio waves to transmit data between devices
● Allows multiple devices to connect simultaneously
● Use cases: internet browsing, file sharing, streaming media
● Example devices: smartphones, laptops, tablets, smart TVs, gaming consoles,

home assistants
ZigBee
● Designed for low-power, low-data-rate wireless communication
● Used for home automation and control systems
● Operates on a mesh network topology
● Use cases: home automation, industrial automation, smart energy
● Example devices: smart thermostats, home security systems, lighting

controls, industrial sensors
Bluetooth
● Provides short-range wireless communication between devices
● Low power consumption
● Allows devices to connect and communicate with each other
● Use cases: wireless audio, wearable devices, file sharing
● Example devices: wireless headphones, smartwatches, fitness trackers,

wireless speakers, computer peripherals
Cellular – Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications (3G/4G)
● Provides wireless communication over cellular networks
● Offers high-speed data transfer and global coverage
● Provides voice and data services
● Use cases: mobile communication, internet browsing, video conferencing
● Example devices: smartphones, tablets, mobile hotspots, smartwatches
Infrared
● Uses infrared light to transmit data between devices
● Requires line-of-sight between devices
● Provides short-range wireless communication
● Use cases: remote controls, data transfer between devices
● Example devices: TV remote controls, cameras, printers
Ethernet
● Provides wired connection between devices
● Offers high-speed data transfer
● Requires physical connection between devices
● Use cases: internet connectivity, file sharing, media streaming
● Example devices: desktop computers, servers, network-attached storage

(NAS) devices, gaming consoles
2.1.3 Understand the features, functions, and use of network standards

and protocols:
● Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

● Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)
● Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
● 7-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
● A suite of communication protocols used to connect devices on the internet
● Provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of packets
● Handles routing of data between networks and includes addressing schemes

to identify and locate devices
● Enables end-to-end communication across the internet
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)
● Technology that enables voice communication over internet protocol (IP)

networks
● Transforms analog voice signals into digital data that can be transmitted over
the internet
● Allows for cost-effective and efficient communication, especially for long-

distance or international calls
● Includes features such as call waiting, voicemail, and conference calling
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
● A signalling protocol used to initiate, maintain, and terminate real-time

sessions that involve video, voice, messaging, and other communications
applications and services between two or more endpoints on IP networks
● Enables users to establish and manage communications sessions such as

voice and video calls, and conference calls
● Uses text-based messages to negotiate and establish sessions
● Supports features such as call forwarding, call waiting, and call hold
7-layer OSI Model
● A conceptual framework for understanding and describing network

communication
● Consists of seven layers, each with its own set of protocols and functions
● The layers are: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation,
and application
● Each layer provides services to the layer above it and uses services provided
by the layer below it
● Enables communication between different types of hardware and software
2.2 Network design and implementation
2.2.1 Understand the characteristics of different network transmission

media:
Wireless
● Microwave: used for long-distance, point-to-point communication such as
satellite communication and cellular networks. Example: satellite TV
transmission.
● Radio: used for short-range communication such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

Example: streaming music from a smartphone to a speaker.
● Light: used for high-speed, short-range communication such as infrared (IR)

and visible light communication (VLC). Example: using a TV remote control to
change channels.
● Satellite: used for long-distance, satellite-to-satellite or satellite-to-ground

communication such as GPS and satellite internet. Example: using GPS to
navigate in a car.
Wired
● Copper-twisted pair and cable: used for short to medium-range

communication such as Ethernet and telephone lines. Example: connecting a
computer to a router with an Ethernet cable.
● Fibre optics: used for high-speed, long-range communication such as

internet backbone networks and cable television. Example: streaming 4K
video over a fibre-optic internet connection.
● Powerline: uses existing electrical wiring to transmit data over short

distances, typically in a home or office environment. Example: connecting a
smart TV to the internet using powerline adapters.
2.2.2 Understand a variety of network metrics:
Speed
● Refers to the rate at which data can be transmitted over a network.
● Measured in bits per second (bps) or bytes per second (Bps).
● Higher speed means that data can be transferred faster over the network.
Bandwidth
● Refers to the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a

network in a given time.
● A higher bandwidth means that more data can be transferred over the
network.
● Essentially the same as speed
Throughput
● Refers to the actual amount of data that is transferred over a network.
● Throughput is always lower than the network's bandwidth due to various

factors such as network congestion, errors, and retransmissions.
Scalability
● Refers to a network's ability to accommodate an increasing number of users

or devices.
● A scalable network can handle more users or devices without experiencing a

decrease in performance or functionality.
Latency
● Refers to the time delay that occurs when data is transmitted over a network.
● Measured in milliseconds (ms).
● Low latency means that data can be transmitted quickly and efficiently over
the network.
Error rate
● Refers to the number of errors that occur during data transmission.
● Measured as a percentage of the total number of packets transmitted.
● A lower error rate indicates a more reliable network.
Packet loss
● Refers to the percentage of data packets that are lost during transmission.
● Packet loss can be caused by network congestion, errors, or other issues.
● A lower packet loss rate indicates a more reliable network.
Availability
● Refers to the amount of time that a network is available for use.
● Measured as a percentage of total time.
● A higher availability means that the network is more reliable and accessible.
Jitter
● Refers to the variation in latency that can occur during data transmission.
● Measured in milliseconds (ms).
● Low jitter means that data can be transmitted smoothly and without delay.
2.2.3 Understand the role of components in networks:
Switch
A switch is a network device that connects devices together on a local area network
(LAN). It forwards data packets between devices based on their Media Access
Control (MAC) addresses.
Switches connect clients to a network.
Bridge
A bridge is similar to a switch in that it also connects devices together on a LAN.

However, bridges operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model and use MAC
addresses to filter and forward network traffic between LAN segments.
Bridges connect two or more networks.
Gateway
A gateway is a network device that connects two networks that use different
protocols or technologies. It translates data between the two networks and
manages their communication.
Essentially a smart bridge.
Router
A router is a device that connects two or more networks and forwards data packets
between them based on their IP addresses. It acts as an intermediary between
networks, enabling communication between them.
Multi-function device
A multi-function device is a combination of a router and a switch. It allows for the

creation of a LAN and the connection of the LAN to the Internet.
Modem
A modem is a device that modulates and demodulates digital data for transmission
over analog telephone lines or cable lines. It converts digital signals into analog
signals and vice versa.
Repeater
A repeater is a device that amplifies and retransmits signals on a network. It is used

to extend the range of a network by regenerating the signal and boosting its
strength.
Server
A server is a computer that provides resources or services to other computers on a

network. It can be used for file storage, printing, or running applications.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
A NIC is a hardware component that enables a computer to connect to a network. It

allows the computer to communicate with other devices on the network.
Wireless Access Point
A wireless access point is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired
network. It broadcasts a wireless signal and enables devices to connect to the
network using Wi-Fi.
Hubs
A hub is a network device that connects multiple devices on a LAN. It receives data
packets from one device and broadcasts them to all other devices on the network,
regardless of their MAC addresses. Hubs are generally less efficient than switches or
bridges and are less commonly used in modern networks.
Essentially a stupid switch/bridge.
2.2.4 Be able to produce outline designs for networks to meet

specified requirements that take account of location of devices.
2.2.5 Understand the characteristics and function of:
IP addressing is a fundamental aspect of computer networking, used to uniquely

identify devices on a network. Here's an overview of the characteristics and
functions of different types of IP addressing:
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
IPv4 is the most widely used version of IP addressing. It uses 32-bit addresses and
can support up to approximately 4 billion unique addresses. IPv4 addresses are
typically represented in dotted decimal notation (e.g., 192.168.1.1) and are divided
into two parts: the network ID and the host ID. The network ID identifies the
network, while the host ID identifies the individual device on that network.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
IPv6 is the successor to IPv4 and uses 128-bit addresses, which provides an almost
unlimited number of unique addresses. IPv6 addresses are typically represented in
hexadecimal notation (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334) and are
divided into three parts: the network prefix, the subnet ID, and the interface
ID. This addressing scheme offers more efficient routing, improved security, and
easier network management.
Static IP addressing
A static IP address is manually assigned to a device and remains fixed. It doesn't

change unless manually modified, and it ensures that the device always has the
same IP address. Static IP addressing is commonly used for servers, printers, and
other network devices that require a consistent IP address for other devices to
access them.
Dynamic IP addressing
A dynamic IP address is assigned to a device by a DHCP server and can change

periodically. When a device connects to a network, it sends a request for an IP
address to the DHCP server, which responds with an available IP address. Dynamic
IP addressing is commonly used for end-user devices such as laptops, smartphones,
and tablets.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
DHCP is a protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses and other network

settings to devices on a network. It enables network administrators to centrally
manage and allocate IP addresses, making it more efficient and scalable than
manually assigning IP addresses. DHCP servers can be configured to provide other
network settings such as subnet masks, default gateways, and DNS server
addresses.
In summary, IP addressing is a critical aspect of computer networking that enables

devices to communicate with each other over a network. Different types of IP
addressing and protocols, such as IPv4, IPv6, static addressing, dynamic addressing,
and DHCP, offer various benefits and drawbacks, depending on the specific network
requirements.
Media Access Control (MAC) Addressing
● MAC addressing is a unique 48-bit identifier assigned to network interface

controllers.
● It is used in the data link layer (OSI Model) to control network access and
ensure data is transmitted to the correct device.
● MAC addresses are permanent and cannot be modified by end-users.
● They are used in conjunction with protocols like ARP (gets the MAC address)
to enable device communication on a network.
● MAC addresses are essential for the proper functioning of network devices
and the Ethernet protocol.
● They can be used for security purposes to restrict access to a network.
● MAC addresses are used in virtualization and wireless environments.
● In short, MAC addressing is critical for networking and device communication.
2.3 Network security
2.3.1 Understand the impact of network security issues on individuals and

organisations (threats and solutions, open networks).
Threats
There are numerous network security threats that can impact individuals and
organisations, such as malware, phishing attacks, denial-of-service attacks, data
breaches, and unauthorised access to networks and devices.
Impact on individuals
Network security threats can lead to personal data theft, identity theft, financial
losses, loss of privacy, and exposure to malicious content.
Impact on organisations
Network security threats can cause significant damage to an organisation, such as

loss of confidential data, financial losses, reputational damage, legal consequences,
and disruption of business operations.
Solutions
To address network security threats, individuals and organisations can implement

security measures such as firewalls, antivirus software, intrusion detection and
prevention systems, access control policies, encryption, and regular security audits
and training.
Open networks
Open networks, such as public Wi-Fi networks, can pose a significant threat to
network security. They may lack encryption and other security measures, making
them vulnerable to attacks. Individuals and organisations should avoid using open
networks for sensitive tasks and use a virtual private network (VPN) for added
security.
Cybersecurity awareness
Raising cybersecurity awareness among individuals and employees is critical to

preventing network security threats. This includes educating them on safe online
practices, recognizing phishing emails, using strong passwords, and keeping
software and security measures up to date.
In summary, network security threats can have severe consequences for individuals
and organisations. Implementing security measures, avoiding open networks, and
raising cybersecurity awareness are critical to preventing and mitigating network
security threats.
2.3.2 Understand how to secure a network using both hardware and

software:
Firewall
● Install a firewall to block unauthorised access to the network and prevent

external attacks.
● Configure the firewall to restrict traffic to and from the network based on
predefined rules.
● Use a hardware firewall for added security
○ Top-view centralised security
○ All data passes through it
○ Don’t have to configure software firewalls individually
Security settings
● Configure security settings for network devices such as routers, switches, and
servers.
● Disable unnecessary services and ports to reduce the attack surface.
● Use secure protocols such as HTTPS, SSH, and SSL/TLS to protect data in
transit.
Anti-malware
● Install anti-malware software on all network devices to detect and remove

malware.
● Ensure that the anti-malware software is up-to-date and regularly scans the
network for threats.
User controls/access/rights/profile
● Implement user controls, access rights, and profiles to restrict access to

network resources.
● Create separate user accounts with different levels of access based on job
roles and responsibilities.
● Regularly review and update user access rights and profiles to ensure they
are appropriate and up-to-date.
Authentication types
● Use strong authentication methods such as passwords, two-factor

authentication, and biometrics to verify user identities.
● Require users to create strong passwords that are difficult to guess and
regularly change them.
● Use two-factor authentication to provide an additional layer of security.
Encryption techniques
● Use encryption techniques to protect sensitive data on the network.
● Use encryption protocols such as WPA2 for wireless networks and SSL/TLS for
web traffic.
● Encrypt data stored on devices and backup media.
Physical controls
● Implement physical controls to prevent unauthorised access to network

devices and resources.
● Use locks, surveillance cameras, and access control systems to secure server
rooms and data centres.
● Ensure that network devices are physically secure and cannot be tampered
with.
Topic 3: The online environment

The internet and the world wide web are fundamental parts of our digital activity.
The rise of cloud storage and cloud computing require more online activity. As more
and more people work online and participate in online communities, the issues of
potential and risk need to be considered.
3.1 The internet and the world wide web
3.1.1 Understand what is meant by the internet and how it is structured

(Internet Protocol (IP) addressing and Domain Name System (DNS)).
● The Internet is a global network of interconnected devices that communicate

using standardised protocols.
● The Internet is structured using a hierarchical addressing system called

Internet Protocol (IP) addressing. IP addresses uniquely identify devices on
the Internet and allow for the routing of data packets between them.
● IP addresses are divided into two versions: IPv4 and IPv6.
● The Domain Name System (DNS) is a decentralised naming system that maps
domain names to IP addresses, making it easier for users to access resources
on the Internet.
● DNS servers store and maintain domain name records and allow users to
access websites by typing in domain names instead of IP addresses.
● The DNS system is organised into a hierarchical structure that includes top-
level domains (TLDs) such as .com, .org, and .edu, and subdomains that are
assigned to specific organisations and websites.
● Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide access to the Internet for individuals
and organisations by connecting them to the global network through their
networks and infrastructure.
3.1.2 Understand the features, functions, impact, and potential of the

world wide web.
● The World Wide Web (WWW or Web) is an information system that allows
users to access and share multimedia resources (e.g., text, images, videos)
over the Internet.
● The Web is built on top of the Internet and uses standard protocols such as
HTTP, HTML, and URL to allow users to navigate and interact with web pages
and resources.
● The Web has a decentralised architecture that allows anyone to create and
publish web pages and resources, making it a powerful platform for
information dissemination and collaboration.
● The Web has transformed many industries and sectors, including education,
commerce, entertainment, and communication, by enabling new forms of
interaction, engagement, and innovation.
● The Web has also brought about new challenges and issues, including online
security, privacy, and digital divide, which require ongoing attention and
solutions.
● The Web has the potential to enable new technologies and applications, such
as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain, that
can further transform and improve our lives and societies.
● The Web has become an essential part of our daily lives and activities, and it
is expected to continue to evolve and shape our future in significant ways.
3.1.3 Understand the difference between static and dynamic web page
content, and the need to use the different types.
3.1.4 Understand the role of client-side scripting.
3.1.5 Understand the role of server-side scripting.
Static Web Page Content
● Content that remains the same regardless of user input or other external
factors.
● Typically written in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, and stored as files on a web
server.
● Easy to create and maintain, and can be served quickly and efficiently to
users.
● Suitable for websites that have little or no need for user interaction or
personalised content.
Dynamic Web Page Content
● Content that changes based on user input or other external factors, such as
database updates, API calls, or server-side scripting.
● Can be created using various technologies, such as PHP, ASP, Python, or

JavaScript.
● Allows for user interaction, personalization, and real-time updates.
● Suitable for websites that require user input, custom content, or real-time
data updates.
The Need for Static and Dynamic Web Page Content
● Static web pages are best for simple websites that don't require much user
interaction or personalised content.
● Dynamic web pages are better suited for websites that require real-time
updates, user input, or personalised content.
● A combination of static and dynamic web pages can provide the best user
experience and functionality for a website.
● The choice of static or dynamic web page content depends on the website's
purpose, audience, and functionality requirements.
Server-side Scripting
● Server-side scripting is executed on the server before the web page is sent to
the client's browser.
● Server-side scripting is used to generate dynamic content, process user

input, and interact with databases and other backend systems.
● Server-side scripting languages include PHP, Python, Ruby, and others.
● Server-side scripting is more secure and efficient but requires more resources
and expertise.
Client-side Scripting
● Client-side scripting is executed on the client's browser after the web page is
loaded.
● Client-side scripting is used to add interactivity, animations, and other visual

effects to the web page, without requiring a round trip to the server.
● Client-side scripting languages include JavaScript, HTML5, and CSS3.
● Client-side scripting is more user-friendly and responsive but can be less

secure and more resource-intensive.
Use of Server-side and Client-side Scripting
● The use of server-side and client-side scripting depends on the specific

requirements and goals of the website and the resources and expertise
available to the developers.
● A well-designed web application usually employs a combination of server-side
and client-side scripting to achieve the desired functionality, performance,
and user experience.
● Server-side scripting is more suitable for complex data processing and

security-sensitive tasks, while client-side scripting is more suitable for user
interface design and real-time updates.
● The combination of server-side and client-side scripting can improve website

performance, reduce server load, and enhance user experience.
3.2 Operating online
3.2.1 Understand the impact and potential of working in online

environments for individuals and organisations.
Impact
● Increased flexibility and accessibility for individuals and organisations,

enabling remote work and collaboration from anywhere in the world.
● Improved efficiency and productivity through streamlined workflows, real-

time communication, and access to vast amounts of information and
resources.
● Enhanced creativity and innovation through new technologies, tools, and

platforms that facilitate collaboration and experimentation.
● Increased competition and disruption in traditional industries, as digital

technologies and online platforms enable new business models and disrupt
established players.
● Greater risk of cyber threats, data breaches, and privacy violations, as online
environments expose individuals and organisations to new forms of security
risks.
Potential
● Expanded reach and audience for individuals and organisations, as online

environments enable global connectivity and access to diverse communities
and markets.
● New opportunities for entrepreneurship and innovation, as online platforms

and technologies enable low-cost and scalable business models and new
forms of value creation.
● Improved access to education and knowledge, as online learning platforms

and resources democratise access to information and skills.
● Increased social and political engagement, as online platforms and
communities enable new forms of activism, expression, and participation.
● Greater potential for sustainability and social impact, as online platforms and
technologies enable new forms of collaboration, resource-sharing, and
collective action.
3.2.2 Understand the security risks to personal data stored online and
methods of protection.
Security Risks
● Data breaches: Unauthorised access to personal data stored online through

hacking, phishing, or malware attacks.
● Identity theft: Personal data stored online can be used to steal identities and
perpetrate fraud.
● Privacy violations: Personal data can be used to track individuals' online

activity, behaviour, and preferences without their consent.
● Malware infections: Downloading or accessing malicious software can infect

personal devices and compromise stored data.
● Social engineering: Online attackers can manipulate individuals into divulging

personal information or credentials through deception and manipulation.
Protection Methods
● Strong passwords and authentication: Using unique, complex passwords and

two-factor authentication can prevent unauthorised access to personal
accounts.
● Encryption: Encrypting personal data stored online can prevent unauthorised

access and ensure privacy.
● Regular software updates and patches: Keeping software and operating

systems up to date can prevent vulnerabilities and security exploits.
● Anti-virus and anti-malware software: Installing and regularly updating anti-

virus and anti-malware software can prevent infections and protect personal
data.
● Awareness and education: Educating individuals on the risks and best

practices for online security can prevent social engineering and increase
vigilance.
3.2.3 Understand what a digital footprint (active, passive) is and the
positive and negative aspects of these.
Digital Footprint
A digital footprint is the digital trail that individuals leave behind as they interact
with various online platforms and services. It can include any information that
people share online, including social media posts, comments, photos, videos, and
search history.
Active Digital Footprint
An active digital footprint is the information that individuals intentionally share

online. This can include social media posts, comments, and other content that
people create and publish on the internet.
Positive Aspects
● Can help individuals build their personal brand and establish themselves as
thought leaders or experts in their field.
● Can be used to showcase skills and accomplishments to potential employers

or clients.
● Can be used to connect with like-minded individuals or build a network of

professional contacts.
Negative Aspects
● Can lead to reputational damage if the content shared is offensive or

inappropriate.
● Can be used by hackers or cybercriminals to gain access to personal

information or commit identity theft.
● Can be used by potential employers or clients to discriminate against

individuals based on their personal beliefs or opinions.
Passive Digital Footprint
A passive digital footprint is the information that individuals unintentionally leave

behind as they browse the internet. This can include search history, cookies, and
other data that is collected by websites and online services.
Positive Aspects
● Can be used to personalise online experiences and provide users with more
relevant content.
● Can help companies improve their products and services by analysing user
behaviour and preferences.
● Can be used to monitor and prevent fraudulent activity online.
Negative Aspects
● Can be used to track individuals and collect personal data without their
consent.
● Can be used to create targeted advertising campaigns that invade users'

privacy.
● Can be used by governments or other organisations to monitor and censor

online activity.
3.3 Online communities
3.3.1 Understand the concept of an online community and that online

communities exist for social and professional purposes.
Online Community
An online community is a group of individuals who interact and share information

and resources through online platforms such as social media, forums, or messaging
apps. Online communities can be formed around a common interest, goal, or
identity.
Social Online Communities
Social online communities are formed around common interests, hobbies, or

lifestyle choices. They serve as a way for individuals to connect with others who
share similar interests, regardless of physical location.
Examples:
● Reddit: a social news and discussion platform where users can share and
discuss content on a wide range of topics.
● Instagram: a photo and video sharing app where users can follow and
connect with other users based on shared interests or hobbies.
● TikTok: a video sharing app where users can create and share short-form
videos around various topics, interests, and challenges.
Professional Online Communities
Professional online communities are formed around a specific industry, profession,
or skill set. They serve as a way for professionals to connect with others in their
field, share knowledge and resources, and collaborate on projects.
Examples:
● LinkedIn: a professional social networking site where users can connect with
other professionals, search for job opportunities, and share industry news and
insights.
● GitHub: a platform for software developers to collaborate on code, share

knowledge, and contribute to open-source projects.
● Stack Overflow: an online community for programmers to ask and answer

technical questions, share knowledge and resources, and build their
professional reputation.
Online communities serve as a way for individuals to connect and collaborate with
others who share common interests or professional goals, regardless of physical
location or other barriers.
3.3.2 Understand the impact of online communities on individuals and

organisations.
Impact on Individuals
● Provides a sense of belonging and connection with like-minded individuals.
● Facilitates the sharing of knowledge, resources, and experiences with others.
● Offers opportunities for personal and professional development through

collaboration and networking.
● Can help individuals build their personal brand and establish themselves as
thought leaders in their field.
● Can also lead to negative impacts such as online harassment, bullying, and
exposure to harmful content or ideas.
Impact on Organisations
● Provides a way for organisations to engage with their customers or users and
gather feedback and insights.
● Can help organisations build brand loyalty and community around their
products or services.
● Offers a platform for knowledge sharing and collaboration among employees

or team members.
● Can lead to increased innovation and problem-solving through collaboration
and idea sharing.
● Can also lead to negative impacts such as reputational damage due to

negative online reviews or social media backlash.
Online communities have the potential to bring about significant positive impacts
for individuals and organisations, such as increased collaboration, knowledge
sharing, and innovation. However, they can also have negative impacts, such as
exposure to harmful content, reputational damage, and online harassment, which
must be carefully managed and addressed.
3.3.3 Understand the monetisation opportunities provided by online

communities:
Use of Customer Data with Targeted Advertising
Online communities can collect data on users' interests, demographics, and

behaviours, and use this information to deliver targeted advertising to users. This
can generate revenue for the community platform and for advertisers.
Pay-Per-Click Advertising
Community platforms can offer pay-per-click advertising opportunities to

advertisers, where they pay each time a user clicks on their ad. This can generate
revenue for the community platform and for the advertiser.
Selling of Customer Data
Online communities can sell user data to third-party companies for market research
or other purposes. This can generate revenue for the community platform, but may
raise privacy concerns among users.
Paid Subscriptions (Paywalls)
Community platforms can offer paid subscriptions or paywalls, where users must
pay to access premium content or features. This can generate revenue for the
community platform and offer a way for users to support the community.
Sponsored Content
Community platforms can offer sponsored content opportunities to advertisers,

where they pay to have their content featured or promoted within the community.
This can generate revenue for the community platform and for the advertiser.
Overall, monetization opportunities in online communities can provide a way for the
community platform to generate revenue and sustain itself, while also offering
opportunities for advertisers to reach their target audience in a targeted and
engaging way. However, it's important to consider the privacy and ethical
implications of using customer data and to ensure that any monetization strategies
align with the community's values and goals.
3.4 The cloud
3.4.1 Understand the concept, use and impact of cloud storage.
3.4.2 Understand the concept, use and impact of cloud computing.
Cloud Storage
Cloud storage is a service that allows users to store, access, and manage data over
the internet, rather than on local storage devices. This data can be accessed from
any device with an internet connection.
Uses
● Storing and sharing files and documents with others
● Collaborating on projects and documents with others in real-time
● Storing and accessing media files such as photos, videos, and music
● Backing up data to prevent loss in the event of hardware failure or disasters
● Hosting websites and web applications
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a service that provides on-demand access to computing

resources, such as servers, storage, and applications, over the internet. Users can
access these resources without needing to invest in and maintain their own
infrastructure.
Uses:
● Hosting websites and web applications
● Running software applications without needing to install them locally
● Analysing large datasets for research or business purposes
● Running virtual machines for development or testing purposes
● Scaling computing resources up or down based on demand
Impact of Cloud Storage and Cloud Computing
● Provides easy and convenient access to computing resources and data from
anywhere with an internet connection
● Offers cost savings by reducing the need for users to invest in and maintain
their own infrastructure
● Facilitates collaboration and teamwork by allowing multiple users to access

and work on the same files or applications simultaneously
● Enables scalability, allowing organisations to quickly and easily adjust

computing resources based on demand
● Raises security and privacy concerns related to data storage and access over
the internet.
Cloud storage and cloud computing have revolutionised the way individuals and
organisations store, access, and manage data and computing resources. They offer
convenience, cost savings, and scalability, but also raise important security and
privacy concerns that must be carefully considered and addressed.
Topic 4: IT systems
IT systems are pervasive in organisations. They are used for stock control, booking,
asset management, and logistics. These systems operate effectively because they
are designed and planned. An understanding of conventional notation will enable
students to design systems consisting of both hardware and software components.
4.1 Systems design
4.1.1 Understand the concept of an IT system:
Hardware
The physical components of an IT system, such as computers, servers, storage

devices, and networking equipment. Hardware provides the underlying
infrastructure for an IT system to function.
Software
The programs and applications that run on IT system hardware, such as operating
systems, productivity software, database management systems, and security
software. Software is essential for performing various tasks and functions within an
IT system.
Processes
The procedures and workflows that define how an IT system operates and how tasks
are performed within the system. Processes can be automated or manual and can
involve multiple components of the IT system.
People
The individuals who operate and maintain the IT system, including IT professionals,
end-users, and stakeholders. People are essential for ensuring the IT system is
functioning effectively and efficiently.
4.1.2 Understand how to decompose a system into smaller subsystems

and components.
Look at specification point 2.2.3 and question papers
4.1.3 Be able to design IT systems, from individual components and

subsystems, to meet specified requirements. (Symbols are given in
Appendix 7.)
Look at specification point 2.2.3 and question papers
4.1.4 Understand the concept of ‘fitness for purpose’ when evaluating

systems.
● Set of requirements
● Measurable criteria
● Agreement with customer/client
4.2 Dataflow
4.2.1 Understand the concept of and the need for data flow diagrams.
● Creates an overview of the system

● Helps visualise the process/dataflow
● Avoids excessive detail at an early stage
● Can be drawn at different levels of complexity
● Allows top-down expansion
● Easy to explain to non-technical audiences
● Shows the system boundaries
● Shows flow to external entities
4.2.2 Be able to interpret and create data flow diagrams for a given
scenario. (Symbols are given in Appendix 7.)
Data Flow Symbols
Information Flow
Data and Information Flow Diagrams
4.3 Flowcharts
4.3.1 Understand the concept of and the need for flowcharts.
Flowcharts are visual representations of a process or system that use symbols and
diagrams to illustrate the steps involved in completing a task or achieving a goal.
Need for Flowcharts
● Provide a clear and concise overview of a process or system
● Identify potential problems or inefficiencies in a process
● Standardise processes and procedures for consistent results
● Facilitate communication and collaboration among team members
● Aid in training and onboarding new employees
● Serve as a tool for analysis and improvement of a process or system
4.3.2 Be able to interpret and create flowcharts for a given scenario.

(Symbols are given in Appendix 7.)
IGCSE Computer Science
Flowcharts
4.4 Systems
4.4.1 Understand the advantages and disadvantages of IT systems for

individuals and organisations.
Advantages
● Improved efficiency and productivity through automation of tasks
● Greater access to information and communication, enabling collaboration and
knowledge sharing
● Enhanced decision-making capabilities through data analysis and

visualisation
● Increased convenience and flexibility through remote work and mobile

devices
● Potential cost savings through reduced need for physical infrastructure and
streamlined processes
Disadvantages
● Dependence on technology, making individuals and organisations vulnerable

to system failures, cyber attacks, and data breaches
● Potential loss of privacy and security of personal and sensitive data
● Risk of job displacement due to automation and outsourcing of tasks
● Initial and ongoing costs associated with purchasing, implementing, and

maintaining IT systems
● Risk of technology obsolescence, requiring regular updates and upgrades to

remain competitive
4.4.2 Understand how a range of contemporary digital devices, peripheral

devices, storage devices and memory are used in IT systems to meet the
needs of individuals and organisations.
See specification point 2.2.3 and question papers
Topic 5: Data and databases

Our digital world runs on data. Whether it is personal data or institutional data, it
must be organised in such a way that it can be retrieved, manipulated, and
understood to have value. Databases are one way in which data is organised,
retrieved and manipulated.
5.1 Data and information
5.1.1 Understand the difference between data and information.
Data
Refers to raw, unprocessed, and unorganised facts or figures that are collected and
stored by various sources.
Information
Refers to data that has been processed, organised, and analysed in a way that
makes it meaningful, useful, and actionable.
Key differences
● Data is raw and unprocessed, while information is processed and organised.
● Data is not useful on its own, while information provides insights and
knowledge.
● Data is the input for generating information, while information is the output
of data processing.
● Data is usually represented as numbers or text, while information can be

represented in various formats, such as graphs, charts, reports, and
dashboards.
5.1.2 Understand sources of and the difference between structured and

unstructured data.
Sources of data
Data can come from a variety of sources, such as:
● Business transactions, such as sales or inventory records
● Social media interactions, such as tweets or comments
● Web logs, such as website visitor data or clickstream data
● Sensors, such as temperature or location data
● Audio and video recordings, such as surveillance footage or customer service

calls
Structured data
Refers to data that is organised and formatted in a specific way that makes it easy
to search, analyse, and process. Structured data is typically stored in databases or
spreadsheets and can be easily queried and analysed using software tools.
Examples of structured data include:
● Customer names and addresses

● Sales transactions
● Financial data
● Inventory records
Unstructured data
Refers to data that is not organised or formatted in a specific way and is more
difficult to search, analyse, and process. Unstructured data is typically stored in
text-based files, such as emails, social media posts, or documents, and may contain
a mix of text, images, and other multimedia elements. Examples of unstructured
data include:
● Emails and chat logs

● Social media posts and comments
● Images and videos
● Audio recordings
Key differences
● Structured data is organised and formatted, while unstructured data is not.
● Structured data is easier to analyse and process, while unstructured data

requires more advanced tools and techniques.
● Structured data is typically generated by internal systems and processes,

while unstructured data is often generated by external sources.
● Structured data is more easily stored and managed, while unstructured data
requires more storage capacity and management resources.
5.1.3 Understand the value to organisations of extracting meaningful

information from data.
Extracting meaningful information from data helps organisations
● make better decisions

● improve efficiency
● enhance customer experience
● gain competitive advantage
● increase revenue
● mitigate risks
● foster collaboration.
5.2 Structured data
5.2.1 Understand why databases are used to structure data
Data organisation
Databases provide a structured way to store and organise data, making it easier to
find and retrieve information.
Data integration
Databases can integrate data from multiple sources and applications, providing a
unified view of data that can be accessed by multiple users.
Data security
Databases offer built-in security features to protect sensitive data from
unauthorised access and data breaches.
Data consistency
Databases can enforce data consistency and integrity rules, ensuring that data is
accurate, complete, and up-to-date.
Data scalability
Databases can handle large volumes of data and can scale to meet the needs of
growing organisations.
Data accessibility
Databases can provide fast and efficient access to data, even for complex queries
or large datasets.
5.2.2 Understand the structure of a relational database
Tables
A relational database consists of one or more tables, which are used to organise and
store data. Each table represents a collection of related data that has a unique
name.
Fields
Each table contains fields, which are used to store individual pieces of data. A field
represents a single category of data, such as a name, date, or amount.
Records
A record is a collection of related fields that describe a single instance of the data
being stored. Each record represents a unique entry in the database.
Primary keys
A primary key is a unique identifier for each record in a table. It is used to ensure
that each record can be uniquely identified and to enforce data integrity
constraints.
Foreign keys
A foreign key is a field in one table that refers to the primary key of another table. It
is used to create relationships between tables and to enforce referential integrity
constraints.
Composite keys
A composite key is a combination of two or more fields that together uniquely
identify a record in a table. It is used when a single field cannot uniquely identify a
record.
Relational Databases and Key Fields
The structure of a relational database is designed to ensure that data is organised,

stored, and accessed efficiently and accurately. By using tables, fields, records,
primary keys, foreign keys, and composite keys, relational databases can represent
complex data relationships and enforce data integrity constraints, making them an
effective tool for managing and analysing large volumes of data.
5.2.3 Understand the concept of entities and the relationships between

them:
Entities
An entity is a distinct object or concept that is represented in a database. Each

entity has attributes that describe the characteristics of the entity, such as name,
address, or age.
One-to-one relationship
A one-to-one relationship is a type of relationship between two entities where each

entity in the relationship can be associated with only one instance of the other
entity.
One-to-many relationship
A one-to-many relationship is a type of relationship between two entities where one

entity can be associated with many instances of the other entity, but the other
entity can be associated with only one instance of the first entity.
Many-to-many relationship
A many-to-many relationship is a type of relationship between two entities where
each instance of one entity can be associated with many instances of the other
entity, and vice versa.
5.2.4 Be able to interpret and create entity relationship diagrams for a

given scenario. (Symbols are given in Appendix 7.)
See above and question papers
5.3 Structured query language (SQL)
5.3.1 Understand how and why SQL is used to manipulate data and data
structures.
● used to manage and manipulate data in relational databases
● create and modify the structure of a database, including tables, fields, and
relationships between tables.
● insert, update, and delete data in a database.
● query data in a database to retrieve specific information based on certain

criteria.
● create views, which are virtual tables that are based on the result of a SQL
statement.
● create and manage user accounts and permissions for accessing a database.
5.3.2 Know how to select and use appropriate SQL commands, features
and functions to manipulate data:
Sure, here's a brief explanation of how to select and use appropriate SQL
commands, features, and functions to manipulate data.
Perform queries and subqueries
● Use the SELECT statement to retrieve data from one or more tables.
● Use the WHERE clause to filter data based on specific criteria.
● Use the GROUP BY clause to group data based on specific columns.
● Use the HAVING clause to filter groups based on specific criteria.
● Use the ORDER BY clause to sort data based on specific columns.
● Use subqueries to retrieve data from nested queries.
Example:
SELECT column1, column2

FROM table1
WHERE column1 = 'value'
GROUP BY column2
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
ORDER BY column2 ASC;
Create tables using appropriate data types
● Use the CREATE TABLE statement to create a new table.
● Use the appropriate data types for each column, such as VARCHAR, INT,
DATE, etc.
Example:
CREATE TABLE table1 (

column1 VARCHAR(50),
column2 INT,
column3 DATE
);
Populate tables/insert, amend, delete
● Use the INSERT INTO statement to add new records to a table.
● Use the UPDATE statement to modify existing records in a table.
● Use the DELETE statement to remove records from a table.
Example:
INSERT INTO table1 (column1, column2, column3)

VALUES ('value1', 123, '2023-05-06');
UPDATE table1
SET column1 = 'new_value'
WHERE column2 = 123;
DELETE FROM table1

WHERE column2 = 123;
Link tables(UNION, JOIN)
● Use the UNION operator to combine the results of two or more SELECT
statements into a single result set.
● Use the JOIN clause to combine data from two or more tables based on a
common column.
Example:

FROM table1
UNION
FROM table2;
SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2

FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.id = table2.table1_id;
5. Use wildcards(% and _):
● Use the % wildcard to match any sequence of characters.

● Use the _ wildcard to match any single character.
Example:
SELECT column1
FROM table1
WHERE column1 LIKE 'value%';
SELECT column1
FROM table1
WHERE column1 LIKE 'v_lue';
Group, order, count
● Use the GROUP BY clause to group data based on specific columns.
● Use the ORDER BY clause to sort data based on specific columns.
● Use the COUNT function to count the number of records in a table or group.
Example:
SELECT column1, COUNT(*) AS count

FROM table1
GROUP BY column1
ORDER BY count DESC;
Topic 6: Wider issues
The pervasive use of technology has an impact, not just for individuals, but also for
the environment and society as a whole. The ability to make judgements about
technology is underpinned by an understanding of the moral and ethical issues and
the legal frameworks that are part of our lives.
6.1 Environmental
6.1.1 Understand the environmental impact of construction, use and

disposal of information technology equipment.
Construction
● Extraction of raw materials required for the manufacturing process can lead
to land and water pollution, deforestation, and soil erosion.
● Energy-intensive manufacturing processes require significant amounts of

electricity and generate greenhouse gas emissions.
● Manufacturing of certain components of IT equipment requires the use of
hazardous chemicals, which can have negative impacts on both the
environment and human health.
Use
● IT equipment consumes significant amounts of energy during its use, which

can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.
● Overuse and inefficient use of IT equipment can lead to unnecessary energy

consumption, which can increase energy costs and exacerbate the
environmental impact.
Disposal
● Improper disposal of IT equipment can result in e-waste, which can

contaminate soil and water sources and pose a threat to human health.
● E-waste contains hazardous chemicals that can release toxic substances into
the environment when not disposed of properly.
● Landfills and incineration of e-waste can result in the emission of toxic gases
and contribute to air pollution and climate change.
6.1.2 Understand the positive impact that information technology makes

on environmental monitoring (including smart houses and smart cities)
and efficient use of resources.
Environmental Monitoring
● IT solutions can help monitor air quality, water quality, and weather
conditions, providing valuable data for environmental research and decision-
making.
● Smart sensors and remote monitoring technologies can detect and track
changes in the environment, allowing for more efficient and timely responses
to environmental issues.
● Advanced analytics and machine learning algorithms can analyse data

collected from environmental sensors and provide insights for environmental
management and policy-making.
Efficient Use of Resources
● IT solutions can help optimise resource usage, such as energy and water,
through real-time monitoring and control.
● Smart home technologies can adjust heating, cooling, and lighting based on
occupancy and weather conditions, reducing energy waste and saving money
on utility bills.
● Smart city solutions can optimise traffic flow and public transportation
systems, reducing congestion and carbon emissions.
● Cloud computing and virtualization technologies can reduce the energy

consumption of data centres and IT infrastructure, leading to significant
energy savings.
6.2 Legal, moral and ethical
6.2.1 Understand the legal issues associated with the use of information
technology systems:
Data Protection
● Organisations must comply with data protection laws that regulate the
collection, storage, and use of personal data.
● Personal data must be processed lawfully, fairly, and transparently, with

appropriate security measures in place to protect against unauthorised
access, loss, or theft.
● Individuals have the right to access their personal data, request that it be
corrected or deleted, and object to its use for certain purposes.
Copyright
● Copyright laws protect the rights of creators of original works, including

software, music, videos, and written content.
● The use or distribution of copyrighted material without permission or proper

attribution is illegal and can result in legal action.
● Fair use exemptions allow for limited use of copyrighted material for certain
purposes, such as criticism, commentary, or education.
Computer Misuse
● Computer misuse laws prohibit unauthorised access, modification, or damage

to computer systems, networks, or data.
● Hacking, malware, and phishing attacks are examples of computer misuse

that can result in criminal charges and penalties.
● Penetration testing and ethical hacking are legal ways to test the security of
computer systems with permission and under specific conditions.
Intellectual Property
● Intellectual property laws protect the rights of creators of new inventions,

designs, or processes, including patents, trademarks, and trade secrets.
● Organisations must respect the intellectual property rights of others and
obtain appropriate licences or permissions to use patented technology or
trademarks.
● Trade secret theft or misappropriation can result in legal action and

damages.
6.2.2 Understand the moral and ethical issues associated with the use of
information technology systems:
Privacy
● IT systems can collect and store personal data, raising concerns about
privacy and the potential misuse of personal information.
● Organisations must ensure that personal data is collected and used in a

transparent, lawful, and ethical manner.
● Individuals have the right to control their personal data and be informed
about how it is used, shared, and protected.
Inclusion
● IT systems should be designed to be accessible to everyone, regardless of

their race, gender, age, ability, or socioeconomic status.
● Organisations must ensure that their IT systems do not discriminate against

any group or individual and promote equal opportunities for all.
● Inclusive design can improve the user experience and increase the adoption
and effectiveness of IT systems.
Civil Liberties
● The use of IT systems can raise concerns about civil liberties, such as
freedom of speech, assembly, and association.
● Organisations must ensure that their IT systems do not infringe on civil

liberties and promote democratic values and principles.
● Government surveillance and censorship of online content are examples of

civil liberties issues related to the use of IT systems.
Access
● IT systems should be accessible to everyone, regardless of their location,

infrastructure, or financial resources.
● Organisations must ensure that their IT systems are available to all users and
do not exclude any group or individual.
● Digital divide, net neutrality, and access to education and healthcare are
examples of access issues related to the use of IT systems.
Accessibility
● IT systems should be designed to be accessible to people with disabilities,

such as visual, hearing, or mobility impairments.
● Organisations must ensure that their IT systems are compliant with

accessibility standards and guidelines, such as the Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines (WCAG).
● Assistive technologies, such as screen readers and voice recognition

software, can improve accessibility and usability for people with disabilities.
Expression
● The use of IT systems can facilitate the expression of diverse views and
opinions, promoting freedom of expression and democracy.
● Organisations must ensure that their IT systems do not suppress or censor

legitimate expressions of opinion and promote pluralism and tolerance.
● Hate speech, cyberbullying, and online harassment are examples of

expression issues related to the use of IT systems.
Association
● The use of IT systems can facilitate the formation of social groups and
communities, promoting social cohesion and mutual support.
● Organisations must ensure that their IT systems do not exclude or

discriminate against any group or individual and promote inclusivity and
diversity.
● Online radicalization, hate groups, and online fraud are examples of

association issues related to the use of IT systems.
6.3 Society
6.3.1 Understand the impact of ubiquitous wireless access:
Smart Cities
● Ubiquitous wireless access enables the creation of smart cities, where IT

systems are used to manage urban infrastructure and services.
● Smart cities can improve the efficiency and sustainability of energy,

transportation, and waste management systems.
● Smart city applications, such as traffic management, smart grids, and
intelligent building systems, rely on ubiquitous wireless access to collect and
analyse data in real-time.
Location Awareness
● Ubiquitous wireless access enables location awareness, where IT systems can

track and analyse the location of people and objects in real-time.
● Location awareness can improve the efficiency and safety of transportation

systems, emergency response, and supply chain management.
● Location-based applications, such as GPS navigation, location-based

advertising, and geofencing, rely on ubiquitous wireless access to provide
accurate and reliable location data.

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International A Levels

1.3 Unit content

Topicwise Question papers, Mark schemes and

What students need to learn

1.1.1 Understand the features and functions of contemporary digital

● Portability is a key feature of many contemporary digital devices, especially

● Wearable computers, such as smartwatches, are becoming increasingly

● Microprocessors/single board computers are often used for embedded

● High performance is important for devices that need to process large

● Network-attached storage (NAS) is a type of storage that can be accessed by

● The design of the user interface is an important consideration for

● Some devices, such as biometric scanners and barcode readers, provide

● Connectivity is important for allowing devices to share data and resources.

● Devices such as printers and scanners often have multiple connectivity

● Some devices, such as microprocessors/single board computers (Raspberry

● Energy consumption is an important point to consider for manufacturers, as it

● Some devices, such as smart thermostats, are designed to be energy-

● Some devices, such as computers and microprocessors/single board

● Network-attached storage (NAS) can be expanded by adding additional hard

● Other devices, such as printers and scanners, can be expanded by adding

● Security is an important consideration for many digital devices, especially

RAM (Random Access Memory)

- Fast, quickly accessible

ROM (Read Only Memory):

- ARM architecture is SoC (System on Chip) (Snapdragon, Apple M1)

Optical Hard Drives:

Solid State Drives:

Removable Solid State (SSID) Cards - SD Cards:

Network Attached Storage (NAS):

● HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface): capable of transmitting audio

● Ethernet: a wired network technology that can transmit data at speeds of up

● Thunderbolt: a high-speed interface developed by Intel that can transfer data

Global Positioning System (GPS)

allows devices to determine their location and track movements, enabling

enables devices to recognise and authenticate users based on physical

enables devices to become smaller and more portable, while maintaining or

Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

● RFID stands for radio-frequency identification, and it uses radio waves to

● It is used in a variety of applications, such as inventory management, supply

● RFID tags can be attached to a wide range of objects, including products,

● In retail, RFID can be used to track inventory in real-time, reducing out-of-

● In healthcare, RFID can be used to track medical equipment and supplies,

● In access control, RFID can be used to grant or restrict access to buildings,

Near-field communication (NFC):

enables devices to exchange data wirelessly over short distances, enabling

How NFC Works:

● NFC (Near Field Communication) is a wireless communication technology that

● NFC uses magnetic field induction to transmit data between devices.

● NFC operates at a frequency of 13.56 MHz and has a range of about 4

● NFC works by modulating a magnetic field to transmit data between two

● NFC is commonly used for contactless payments, allowing users to make

● NFC is used in access control systems to allow users to gain entry to a

● NFC tags can be used to provide information to users, such as directions or

● NFC can be used in healthcare systems to manage patient information and

Quick response (QR) code:

How QR Codes Work:

● QR codes (Quick Response codes) are two-dimensional barcodes that can be

● QR codes are made up of black and white squares arranged in a specific

● QR codes can contain various types of information, such as website

● commonly used in marketing and advertising to provide additional