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    14_ Digestion and Absorption

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    Farah Regina

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    14_ Digestion and Absorption

    Uploaded by

    Farah Regina
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    14_ Digestion and Absorption

    Uploaded by

    Farah Regina

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    NUTRITION

    AND FOOD
    SAFETY
    VCF3083
    DIGESTIVE &
    ABSORPTION
    SYSTEM

    Dr. Mohd Yusof Bin Kamaruzaman


    yusof.kamar@ftv.upsi.edu.my
    CONTENT
    •What are the meanings of:
    • Digestion
    • Absorption
    • Enzymes

    •Digestive and absorption organs


    • Structure
    • Functions

    •The process of digestion and absorption of food


    •The function of the enzyme involved and the experimental example of
    identifying the enzyme
    •Health problems related to the digestive system and absorption
    THE MEANING OF:

    Digestion Absorption Enzyme


    • The process of • The process of • Proteins in the body
    breaking down moving nutrients that speed up the
    food into individual from the rate of chemical
    molecules small gastrointestinal (GI) reactions but are
    enough to be tract into the not altered in the
    absorbed through bloodstream. process.
    the intestinal wall • Breakdown the
    either mechanically substances into
    or chemically. smaller compounds
    through the
    Hydrolysis process
    (breaking apart by
    water).
    DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
    The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other
    organs that aid in digestion.
    GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube
    from the mouth to the anus, consisting of the following:
    The processes of digestion, absorption, and elimination occur in the GI
    tract, the organs of which work together to process foods.
     A 23-foot-long muscular tube comprised of the organs of the digestive tract.
     Mouth
     Esophagus
     Stomach
     Small intestine
     Large intestine (includes the colon and rectum)
     Anus
    DIGESTION AND
    ABSORPTION
    INGESTION – MOUTH
    AND ESOPHAGUS
    •Food begins to enter body
    through mouth
    • Chew
    • Breakdown food into smaller pieces. When mixed
    with saliva, the lump of chewed food is called bolus
    • Saliva
    • Contain amylase
    • Enzyme to breakdown amylose
    • Swallow
    • Bolus moves rapidly from mouth to the stomach
    through esophagus
    • Peristalsis
    • Waves of muscular contractions in transporting
    food along the length of the GI tract
    • Sphincters
    • Circular bands of muscle fibers that surround the
    entrance or exit of a hollow body structure, act
    as valves to control the flow of food
    JOURNEY OF FOOD – STOMACH
    •The bolus enters the stomach through the
    esophageal sphincter, also called the
    cardiac sphincter
    •The stomach works to continue mixing food
    with GI secretions and produces the
    semiliquid chyme.
    • The stomach has an extra layer of muscles.
    These diagonal muscles, along with the circular
    and longitudinal muscles, contract and relax to
    mix food completely. The bolus of food is
    ground to a size of less than 2 mm in diameter
    to easily pass into the small intestine.
    •The stomach normally empties in one to
    four hours
    • Depending on the types and amounts of food
    eaten.
    • Carbohydrates speed through the stomach in
    the shortest time, followed by protein and fat.
    • Higher fat content of a meal, the longer it will take
    to leave the stomach.
    JOURNEY OF FOOD – STOMACH
    •Nutrient digestion in stomach
    • Hydrochloric acid (gastric acid) - pH 2
    • Acidic environment kills many pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria that may have been
    ingested and also aids in the digestion of protein.
    • Mucus secreted by the stomach cells coats the stomach lining, protecting these cells from
    damage by the strong gastric juice
    • In protein digestion
    • It demolishes unfolding them into linear chains – increasing their vulnerability to attacking enzymes
    • It promotes the breakdown of proteins by converting pepsinogen, an enzyme precursor, to pepsin, its
    active form
    • Pepsin then begins breaking the links in protein chains, cutting dietary proteins into smaller and smaller
    pieces

    •Nutrient absorption in stomach


    • Very little absorption has occurred.
    • The stomach absorbs weak acids, such as alcohol and aspirin, and only a few fat-soluble compounds.
    Chyme moves on to the small intestine, the digestive and absorptive workhorse of the gut.
    JOURNEY OF FOOD –
    SMALL INTESTINE
    •The small intestine completes the
    digestion of protein, fat, and nearly
    all carbohydrates, and it absorbs
    most nutrients.
    •Small intestine is a tube
    approximately 3 meters long (about
    10 feet), divided into three parts:
    1. Duodenum (the first 25 to 30
    centimeters — 10 to 12 inches)
    2. Jejunum (about 120 centimeters —
    about 4 feet)
    3. Ileum (about 150 centimeters —
    about 5 feet)
    JOURNEY OF FOOD – SMALL INTESTINE
    •Nutrient digestion in small intestine
    • In the duodenum, bicarbonate from the pancreas neutralizes the acidic chyme
    from the stomach
    • Enzymes of the small intestine need a more neutral environment to work effectively.
    • The presence of fat in the duodenum stimulates the release of stored bile by the
    gallbladder.
    • Lipids ordinarily do not mix with water, but bile acts as an emulsifier.
    • Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes works together for better digestion process
    • Making smaller protein, carbohydrate, and lipid compounds ready for absorption.
    • Vitamins, minerals, and cholesterol, are not digested and generally are absorbed unchanged.
    • More than 90 percent of ingested carbohydrate, fat, and protein gets absorbed
    •Nutrient absorption in small intestine
    • Interior surface of the small intestine is wrinkled into folds, tripling the absorptive
    surface area.
    • Villi - fingerlike projections
    • Each cell lining the surface of each villus is covered with a “brush border” containing as many as
    1,000 hair-like projections called microvilli.
    JOURNEY OF FOOD –
    SMALL INTESTINE
    •Nutrients trapped in the folds
    and projections of the intestinal
    wall and absorbed through the
    microvilli into the lining cells.
    • Approximately 85% of the water
    absorption by the gut takes place in the
    jejunum and ileum
    • Each villus contains blood vessels (veins,
    arteries, and capillaries) and a lymph
    vessel (known as a lacteal) that transport
    nutrients to other parts of your body.
    •Water-soluble nutrients are
    absorbed directly into the
    bloodstream.
    •Fat-soluble lipid compounds are
    absorbed into the lymph
    JOURNEY OF FOOD – LARGE INTESTINE
    •5-foot-long tube includes:
    • Cecum
    • Colon
    • Rectum

    •18 to 24 hours are required for material to travel its length


    •Nutrient digestion in large intestine
    • Colon’s large population of bacteria digests:
    • Small amounts of fiber
    • Several vitamins
    • Short-chain fatty acids
    • Various gases—can contribute to flatulence
    • Other than bacterial action, no further digestion occurs in the large intestine
    JOURNEY OF FOOD –
    LARGE INTESTINE
    •Nutrient absorption in large
    intestine
    • Nutrient absorption is minimal, limited to:
    • Water, sodium, chloride, potassium,
    and some of the vitamin K produced by
    intestinal bacteria
    • Dehydrates the watery chyme, removing
    and absorbing most of the fluid
    • Approximately 1,000 milliliters of
    material that enters the large intestine,
    only about 150 milliliters remain for
    elimination as feces
    • Roughly 60% solid matter (e.g., dietary
    fiber, bacteria, digestive secretions) and
    40% water
    • In the rectum, strong muscles hold back the
    waste until it is time to defecate.
    • The rectal muscles then relax, and the
    anal sphincter opens to allow passage
    of the stool out the anal canal
    NUTRIENT ABSORPTION SUMMARY
    GI DISORDERS
    END OF TOPIC

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