TLE MAJORSHIP REVIEW

WITH COACH JOHN DEXTER SUBOSA

NOVEMBER 19, 2022
1. What electrical quality
pushes electrons to move?
a. voltage
b. current
c. resistance
d. Impedance
• Electricity is a secondary energy source.

Electricity is the flow of electrical

power or charge in conductors.
Electricity is both a basic part of nature
and one of the most widely used forms
of energy.
• The electricity that we use is a secondary energy source
because it is produced by converting primary sources of
energy such as coal, natural gas, nuclear energy, solar
energy, and wind energy, into electrical power. Electricity
is also referred to as an energy carrier, which means it
can be converted to other forms of energy such as
mechanical energy or heat. Primary energy sources are
renewable or nonrenewable energy, but the electricity we
use is neither renewable nor nonrenewable.
electron theory
At the center of an atom is the nucleus. The nucleus is
made up of particles called protons and neutrons. Electrons
revolve around the nucleus in shells. The protons and
electrons of an atom are attracted to each other and each
carries an electrical charge. Protons have a positive charge
and electrons have a negative charge. The positive charge
of the protons is equal to the negative charge of the
electrons, making the atom balanced when they have an
equal number of protons and electrons.
• The electrons in the shell closest to the nucleus have a
strong attraction to the protons. Sometimes the electrons
in an atom’s outermost shells do not have a strong
attraction to the protons and can be pushed out of their
orbits causing them to shift from one atom to another.
These shifting electrons are electricity.
Who first discovered
electricity about 3000
years ago?
•The Greeks first
discovered electricity
about 3000 years ago.
•ELECTRICITY came
from the word
"elektron", which
means????
• Amber
-is the yellow, fossilised rock you find in
tree sap. The Greeks found that if they
rubbed amber against wool, lightweight
objects (such as straw or feathers) would
stick to it. This form of electricity is known
as "_________" electricity.
STATIC ELECTRICITY- is the result of an
imbalance between negative and positive
charges in an object. These charges can
build up on the surface of an object until
they find a way to be released or
discharged. One way to discharge them is
through a circuit.
kinds of electricity:
•static
•current
TYPES OF ELECTRICITY

•In direct current (DC), the

electric charge (current) only
flows in one direction.
 DIRECT CURRENT

• Direct current is
produced by batteries,
fuel cells, rectifiers,
and generators with
commutators.
SOURCES OF ENERGY
• Coal produces around 64% of the
world's electricity, with the remainder
coming from water, gas, nuclear and
green sources. Most developed
countries rely heavily on coal for
power.
WHAT IS VOLTAGE?

• Voltage is the pressure from an electrical

circuit's power source that pushes
charged electrons (current) through a
conducting loop, enabling them to do
work such as illuminating a light. In brief,
voltage = pressure, and it is measured in
volts (V) or joules/coulomb.
• The volt is named in honour of
the Italian physicist Alessandro
Volta (1745–1827), who invented
the voltaic pile, possibly the first
chemical battery.
WHAT IS VOLTAGE?

• Voltage, also known as electric

pressure, electric tension,
electromotive force, push or
(electric) potential difference, is
the difference in electric potential
between two points.
• A voltmeter can be used to measure the voltage between
two points in a system.
•How does
ELECTRICITY get to
your home?
• Electricity is always there when you flick a
switch or plug something in, but electricity has
to travel a long way to get to your home. It is
fed through cables, which are either hung
from poles or run underground. It is initially
sent at very high voltages but this decreases
as it gets closer to you, making it safe to use.
STEPS:

• 1. inside the power plant, coal, oil or gas is burned in a

big boiler to create steam. If the plant is hydro-electric,
water is used.
• 2. the steam is used to spin a big fan, known as a turbine.
The turbine turns a big magnet inside a generator – like
an electric motor that works in reverse - to create an
electrical current.
• 3. the electricity is sent through a transformer to make it
the right voltage. This gives the electricity enough
pressure to travel long distances.
• 4. big high-voltage transmission lines carry the
electricity to your city or suburb.
• 5. it passes through sub-stations, where the voltage
is lowered to make it safe to use in our homes.
• 6. it travels through smaller power lines to your
house.
• 7. it passes through an electricity meter that
measures how much your family uses.
• 8. the electricity goes to the switchboard in your
home, where it is divided into different circuits for
each area of your house.
• 9. the electricity travels through wires inside the
walls to outlets and switches all over your house.
• 10. you can use the electricity to switch on lights,
watch TV, listen to music and cook dinner!
• Benjamin Franklin demonstrated that lightning is
electricity. Thomas Edison invented the first long-lasting
incandescent light bulb.
• Before 1879, direct current (DC) electricity was used in
arc lights for outdoor lighting. In the late 1800s, Nikola
Tesla pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of
alternating current (AC) electricity, which reduced the cost
of transmitting electricity over long distances. Tesla's
inventions brought electricity into homes to power indoor
lighting and into factories to power industrial machines.
CURRENT

• Electric current also referred to as amperage is the

amount of electric charge flowing per second within a
conductor.
• The symbol for current is 'I' because, it denotes the
'intensity' of the flow of electrons through a closed path.
TYPES OF ELECTRICITY

Electric charge in alternating current

(AC), on the other hand, changes
direction periodically. The voltage in AC
circuits also periodically reverses
because the current changes direction.
Alternating Current (AC)

• Alternating current describes the

flow of charge that changes direction
periodically. As a result, the voltage
level also reverses along with the
current. AC is used to deliver power to
houses, office buildings, etc.
AC REPRESENTATION: sinusoidal or sine wave
Important terms to be able to define:
• wavelength - the distance between
crests or trough
• amplitude - the height of the wave
from average or zero to peak
• crest - the top of the wave
• trough - the bottom of the wave
• elevation - the wave height from the
trough to the crest
Alternating Current (AC)
Alternating Current (AC)

• AC can be produced using a

device called an alternator. This
device is a special type of
electrical generator designed to
produce alternating current.
RESISTANCE:
• Resistance is a measure of the opposition
to current flow in an electrical circuit.
Resistance is measured in ohms,
symbolized by the Greek letter omega (Ω).
Ohms are named after Georg Simon Ohm
(1784-1854), a German physicist who
studied the relationship between voltage,
current and resistance.
RESISTANCE:

All materials resist current flow to some degree. They fall

into one of two broad categories:

• Conductors: Materials that offer very little resistance

where electrons can move easily. Examples: silver,
copper, gold and aluminum.
• Insulators: Materials that present high resistance and
restrict the flow of electrons. Examples: Rubber, paper,
glass, wood and plastic.
RESISTANCE:

• The higher the resistance, the lower the current flow.

If abnormally high, one possible cause (among many)
could be damaged conductors due to burning or corrosion.
All conductors give off some degree of heat, so
overheating is an issue often associated with resistance.

• The lower the resistance, the higher the current flow.

Possible causes: insulators damaged by moisture or
overheating.
Ohm's Law states that the
current is directly
proportional to the voltage
and inversely proportional to
the resistance.
OHMS LAW:

Accordingly, troubleshooting
technicians often determine
resistance by taking voltage
and current measurements
and applying Ohm's Law:
• E=IxR
• I=V/R
• R=V/I
2. Part of electric circuit w/c converts electrical energy
into another form to do work
a. load
b. POWER source
c. PATH
d. SWITCH
PARTS OF A CIRCUIT:

Every circuit is comprised of three major components:

• a conductive "path," such as wire, or printed etches on a
circuit board;
• a "source" of electrical power, such as a battery or
household wall outlet, and,
• a "load" that needs electrical power to operate, such as a
lamp.
3. voltage found in a capacitor
a. working voltage
b. blow-up voltage
c. potential voltage
d. operating voltage
4. change mechanical energy into electrical
energy?
A. Generator
B. Dynamo
c. wet cell
d. motor
• Generator is the source of
electrical energy in which
mechanical energy gets
converted to electrical
energy based on the
principle of Faraday's law
of electromagnetic
Induction.
5. For an electron with angular quantum
number ℓ=2, the magnetic quantum number n
can have ______?
A. Only one value
B. One of the five possible values
C. One of the two possible values
D. An infinite number of value
n=2ℓ+1
n=2(2)+1
n=5

(-2,-1,0,1,2)
6. paano papalitan ang busted fuse?
a. Choose the same type but with different rating
b. Replace it with the same type and size
c. Choose any quality and certified fuse
d. Choose the highest rating fuse
7. If you want to set up the electrical system in your house,
what should be done first?
A. Make the wiring plan
B. Set up the electrical plan
c. make a wiring schedule
d. make the details of the wiring system
8. Unit for potential difference?
A. Joules
B. Watts
C. Volts
D. Coulomb
9. type of circuit is used In house wiring installation
A. Series-parallel
B. Series
C. Parallel
D. Octopus
parallel - series
parallel series circuits:

Remember PeSi
-in dealing with Electrical Qualities: Current, Voltage and Resistance

In Parallel Circuit, Total Voltage (E) is constant.

In Series Circuit, Total Current (I) is constant.
The rest of Electrical Qualities, e-aadd lang para makuha ang total,
except Resistance in Parallel na we treat special using 3 formulas.
resistance in parallel (3 formulas)

first formula:
Total Resistance=R/n

example: determine the total resistance in a circuit having

4 resistances/loads/bulbs with 16 ohms each.
solution: Total Resistance=R/n
Rtotal=16/4 = 4 ohms or 4R
resistance in parallel (3 formulas)

second formula:
Total Resistance=(R1xR2)/(R1+R2)
example: determine the total resistance in a circuit
with R1 (4 ohms) and R2 (2 ohms).
solution: Total Resistance=(R1xR2) =4x2 =8 =1.33R
(R1+R2) 4+2 6
resistance in parallel (3 formulas)

3rd formula:
10. increases the current capacity of the cells

A. Increase the voltage

B. Decrease the kilowatt hour
C. Connect the cells in parallel
D. Connect the resistors in parallel
Connecting a battery in • Wiring batteries together in
parallel is when you connect parallel has the effect of
two or more batteries doubling capacity while
together to increase the keeping the voltage the
amp-hour capacity. With a same. For example; 2 x
parallel battery connection 12V 120Ah batteries wired
the capacity will increase, in parallel will give you
however the battery voltage only 12V, but increases
will remain the same. capacity to 240Ah.
 Wiring batteries together in parallel has
the effect of doubling capacity while keeping
the voltage the same.

• For example; 2 x 12V 120Ah batteries wired

in parallel will give you only 12V, but
increases capacity to 240Ah.
11.For joining wires in a junction or a pull box,
which kind of joint is appropriate to use?

A. Western union short tie

B. Pigtail splice
C. Rat tail
D. Duplex wire
Western union short tie
-This method can be used where
the cable may be subject to
loading stress. The wrapping
pattern design causes the join to
tighten as the conductors pull
against each other. This is the
most widely used splice or joint in
interior wiring installation to extend
the length of wire from one point
to another.
A rat-tail splice, also known as a twist splice or a
pig-tail splice, is a very basic electrical splice that
can be done with both solid and stranded wire. It is
made by taking two or more bare wires and wrapping
them together symmetrically around the common
axis of both wires. The bare splice can be insulated
with electrical tape or other means.

Because it is not very strong, the splice is not meant

to connect wires that will be pulled or stressed.
Rather, it is intended for wires that are protected
inside an enclosure or junction box.
• Duplex Wire Splice --- Used in conduit systems wherein
duplex wires are used. It is done by making two western
union small-tie splices adjoining together side by side
using electrical tape.
12. Which is an electric charge with a surplus of
electrons?

a. Negative charge
b. Positive charge
c. Neutral
d. positron
13. the number of complete cycles per second is
expressed in this unit known as:
a. frequency
b. hertz
c. amplitude
d. Crest
14. a busted bulb is usually a result of
a. short circuit
b. open circuit
c. close circuit
d. grounded circuit
15.Which presents the rise and fall of alternating
current and voltages?
a. Graph
b. Sine wave/sinusoidal wave
c. Fluctuation
d. Cycle
16. An electrical device that converts AC to DC
(with the aid of tryristors)?

a. Converter
b. Rectifier
c. Inverter
d. Inductor
A rectifier is a special type of diode and an
electronic component that converts alternating
current (AC) into direct current (DC). This is an
important process, as alternating current is able to
reverse direction periodically, while direct current
consistently flows in a single direction, making it
simple to control.
An inductor, also called a
coil, choke, or reactor, is a
passive two-terminal
electrical component that
stores energy in a magnetic
field when electric current
flows through it. An inductor
typically consists of an
insulated wire wound into a
coil.
• Inductors react against changes in current by
dropping voltage in the polarity necessary to
oppose the change.
17. A type of rectifier which uses two diodes
connected at both ends of the coil and center tap
set to ground is called_____

a. Half-Wave Rectifier
b. Full-Wave Bridge Type
c. full-Wave Rectifier
d. None of the above
Half wave rectifiers
• Half wave rectifiers convert one half cycle
on the AC input into pulsating DC output.
This allows half cycle of the AC input while
blocking the other half cycle. The half cycle
can be either positive or negative. It is the
simplest rectifier as only one single diode
is used. Figure 1 (below) shows a positive
half wave rectifier whereas a negative half
wave rectifier would show the diode being
reverse biased (facing the opposite way).
Due to the pulsating nature of the direct
current, ripple factor is high. This means
that half wave rectifiers are not considered
to be efficient and they often need filters to
reduce ripple factor.
 Full wave rectifier

• Full wave rectifier using two

diodes: current flow. This
electronic circuit design for a
full wave rectifier operates so
that the two diodes are
connected to a single load
resistance and then each
diode taking it in turn to
supply current to the load,
one for each half of the cycle.
Bridge Rectifiers

Bridge rectifiers are widely used in power supplies to

supply direct current voltage to the components. They
use four or more diodes and a load resistor (see figure
3 below).
18. It is usually use to step-up or step-down AC
voltage at the input of the circuit.

a. Ripples
b. Transformer
c. Regulator
d. None of the above
19. Two resistances having 4 ohms each are
connected in series. The voltage is 6 volts in
each resistor. What is the total voltage?
a. 1.2 v
b. 2.4 v
c. 12 v
d. 22 v
19. Two resistances having PeSi
4 ohms each are connected
in series. The voltage is 6 in Series circuit, Current (I)
volts in each resistor. What lang constant. the rest, e-
is the total voltage? aadd lng to get the total.
a. 1.2 v
b. 2.4 v Voltage (E) total=V1+V2
=6+6 volts
c. 12 v
=12 volts
d. 22 v
20. four resistors having resistances of 200
ohms each are connected in parallel. what
is the total resistance?
a. 50 ohms
b. 0.50 ohms
c. 150 ohms
d. 200 ohms
 PeSi
20. four resistors having in Parallel circuit, Voltage(E)
resistances of 200 ohms lang constant. the rest, e-
each are connected in aadd lng to get the total.
parallel. what is the total (except resistances in
resistance? parallel)
a. 50 ohms
b. 0.50 ohms Use formula #1:
Resistance(R) total=R/n
c. 150 ohms =200R/4
d. 200 ohms =50R or 50 ohms
21. Three loads:10 ohms, 1 ohm and 2 ohms are
connected in parallel. solve for the total resistance.
a. 0.63 ohms
b. 63 ohms
c. 630 ohms
d. 6300 ohms
21. Three loads:10 ohms, 1 ohm and 2 ohms are
connected in parallel. solve for the total resistance.
a. 0.63 ohms
b. 63 ohms
c. 630 ohms
d. 6300 ohms
22. It is the simplest solid state device Used as
rectifier.
a. transistor
b. diode
c. resistor
d. capacitor
22. It is the simplest solid
state device Used as rectifier.
a. transistor
b. diode
c. resistor
d. capacitor
resistor

•A resistor is a passive non-

polarized two-terminal
electrical component that
implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element.
resistor
• A resistor is an electrical
component that limits or
regulates the flow of electrical
current in an electronic circuit.
Resistors can also be used to
provide a specific voltage for
an active device such as a
transistor.
capacitor

• capacitor, device for storing

electrical energy, consisting of
two conductors in close
proximity and insulated from
each other. A simple example of
such a storage device is the
parallel-plate capacitor.
transistor
A transistor can act as a switch or gate for electronic signals,
opening and closing an electronic gate many times per second. It
ensures the circuit is on if the current is flowing and switched off if
it isn't. Transistors are used in complex switching circuits that
comprise all modern telecommunications systems.
23. wiring specifically used for lighting fixtures?
a. awg#12
b. awg#14
c. awg#8
d. awg#18
• AWG means american
wire guage
24. It is a kind of diagram
where all information, it's
symbol and design are
emphasize.
A.electricity
B. schematic diagram
C. wiring diagram
D. pictorial diagram
24. It is a kind of diagram
where all information, it's
symbol and design are
emphasize.
A.electricity
B. schematic diagram
C. wiring diagram
D. pictorial diagram
wiring diagram

A wiring diagram is a
simplified conventional
pictorial representation of
an electrical circuit. It
shows the components of
the circuit as simplified
shapes, and the power
and signal connections
between the devices.
25. determine the Power REMEMBER:
(Watts) for a current of 30A
and a Voltage of 220V PIE FIGHTER PETER
P=IE P=I2R P=E2/R
A. 6.6kw
B. 0.66kw
C. 66kw
D. 0.07kw
25. determine the Power REMEMBER:
(Watts) for a current of 30A
and a Voltage of 220V PIE FIGHTER PETER
P=? P=IE P=I2R P=E2/R
I=30A
E=220V
P=IE
P=30X220
P=6,600W or 6.6kW
26. A standard 220V AC has
a frequency of_______.
A.45Hz
B.30Hz
C.50Hz
D.60Hz
27. Name the three leads of a common transistor:
A. Collector Bias Omitter
B. Base Collector Case
C. Emitter Collector Bias
D. Collector Base Emitter
28. What is the maximum load capacity of 15 A
circuit breaker protecting a branch circuits that
supplies a continuous load?
A.15A B.10A C.12A D.14A
28. What is the maximum load capacity of 15 A
circuit breaker protecting a branch circuits that
supplies a continuous load?
A.15A B.10A C.12A D.14A

80% maximum allowable factor

15A x 0.80=12A
29.The unit of electrical power is the watt and kilowatt. In order
for electricity to function, we must have sufficient voltage or
pressure and ampere or current. How are you going to translate
this other words?
a. Watts (W) equals energy (E) times resistance (R)
b. Watts (W) equals ampere (I) divided by watts (W) or W = I/
c. Watts (W) equals volt (E) times amperes or W = E x I
d. Watts equals (W) equals current © divided by resistance ®
30. What is an electrical material where the
termination of wires from different electrical
components are being made and connected?
a. Panel board
b. Junction box
c. Utility box
d. Safety box
junction box

A junction box is an
electrical enclosure that
houses one or more wiring
connections. The box
protects the connections,
which usually contain
vulnerable points such as
wire splices, from
environmental conditions
and accidental contact.
UTILITY BOX
-a box that houses electrical
sockets, switches, or other fixtures,
also known as an electrical box
What is a panel board?
A panelboard is a component of an
electrical distribution system which
divides an electrical power feed into
branch circuits, while providing a
protective circuit breaker or fuse for
each circuit, in a common enclosure.
A panelboard services to protect
branch circuits from overloads and
short circuits.