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(a) What is the function of a CRT?


A Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is a display device that functions by projecting electron beams
onto a phosphorescent screen to create images. Key functions include:
1. Electron Beam Generation: Electrons are emitted from the cathode (electron gun) and
accelerated toward the screen.
2. Beam Control: Magnetic or electrostatic deflection controls the direction of the beam to
reach specific screen locations.
3. Phosphor Excitation: The electron beam strikes the phosphor-coated screen, causing it to
emit light and create an image.
4. Refreshing the Image: The beam scans the screen continuously (raster scanning) to
refresh the image at a rate that prevents flickering (e.g., 60 Hz).
CRTs are used in older TVs, monitors, and oscilloscopes.

(b) Two Differences Between Random Scan and Raster Scan Display Systems
| Aspect | Random Scan | Raster Scan |
|----------------|------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| Drawing Method | Draws images by directly tracing the shapes using lines. | Images are
created as a grid of pixels. |
| Image Storage | Uses a display buffer to store drawing commands. | Stores the entire
frame as pixel data in the frame buffer. |
| Usage | Best suited for vector graphics. | Best suited for bitmap graphics.
|
| Flickering | Less flickering due to selective drawing. | More flickering as the entire
screen is redrawn. |

(c) Define Bit Map, Pixel Map, and Resolution


- Bitmap: A bitmap is a data structure used to store images as an array of binary values.
Each bit represents a pixel, and its value determines whether the pixel is on (white) or off
(black).
- Pixel Map: A pixel map (pixmap) extends a bitmap by allowing more bits per pixel,
enabling the representation of colors and shades. For example, 24 bits per pixel can
represent 16 million colors.
- Resolution: Resolution refers to the number of pixels in an image, typically described as
width × height (e.g., 1280 × 1024). Higher resolution means better image detail and clarity.

(d) What is Interlacing?


Interlacing is a technique used in display systems where the screen is refreshed in two
passes:
1. First Pass: Draws the odd-numbered lines of the image.
2. Second Pass: Fills in the even-numbered lines.
This method reduces the bandwidth required for transmission and prevents flickering in
low-refresh-rate displays. However, it may cause visual artifacts in fast-moving images.

(e) Specify First Order Parametric Continuity Condition for Two Curves
First-order parametric continuity (C1 continuity) ensures that two curves join smoothly
without sharp edges or breaks. It requires:
1. The endpoints of the curves to be identical (P1(t=1) = P2(t=0)).
2. The tangents of the curves at the joining point to be continuous (P'1(t=1) = P'2(t=0)).
This condition is essential in computer-aided design and animation to create smooth
transitions.

(f) Chart Classifying the Various Projections


Projections are classified as follows:
| Type | Subtypes | Characteristics |
|------------------|---------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|
| Parallel | Orthographic, Oblique | Lines remain parallel; used for
engineering drawings. |
| Perspective | Single Point, Two Point, Three Point | Lines converge at vanishing
points; mimics human vision. |

(g) List Various Input Devices Used in Interactive Graphics


1. Mouse: Used for pointing, clicking, and dragging objects.
2. Keyboard: Allows text input and command shortcuts.
3. Joystick: Provides directional control in games and simulations.
4. Touchscreen: Enables direct interaction by touching the display.
5. Graphics Tablet: Used for drawing with a stylus.
6. Trackball: A stationary device for cursor movement.
7. Light Pen: Detects screen positions when touched to the display.
8. VR Controllers: For interacting in virtual reality environments.

(h) Raster System with Resolution of 1280 × 1024


To calculate the frame buffer size:
1. 24 bits per pixel:
- Total pixels: 1280 × 1024 = 1,310,720
- Bits required: 1,310,720 × 24 = 31,457,280 bits
- Bytes required: 31,457,280 / 8 = 3,932,160 bytes (approx. 3.93 MB)
2. 12 bits per pixel:
- Bits required: 1,310,720 × 12 = 15,728,640 bits
- Bytes required: 15,728,640 / 8 = 1,966,080 bytes (approx. 1.97 MB)

(i) What is an Octree?


An octree is a hierarchical structure that divides a 3D space into eight regions (octants) at
each level. Applications include:
1. Rendering Optimization: Reduces the amount of data processed by focusing on visible
regions.
2. Collision Detection: Efficiently determines interactions between objects in 3D space.
3. 3D Modeling: Represents complex objects using simple divisions.

(j) Two Advantages of LCD Displays Over Plasma Displays


1. Lower Power Consumption: LCDs consume less electricity compared to plasma displays,
making them more energy-efficient.
2. Longer Lifespan: LCDs last longer as they do not suffer from burn-in issues like plasma
screens.

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