llanita
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A RESEARCH STUDY
A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
present to
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Fonollera, Lloyd G.
Suod, Troy
GRADE 12 TVL
Research adviser
Date of Completion
Decision making among Senior High School Students is a complex process influenced by various
factors. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of these influences to support
informed and positive choices for students future endeavors. Drawing on empirical research a
theoretical frameworks, the study explores the impact of personal preferences, peer influence,
family, expectations, and academic interest in decision making. By examining the interplay of
attention, memory, thinking, emotion, and sentiment, the study sheds light on the mechanisms
shaping strategic decision making abilities. Recognizing the critical stage of academic and
personal development, this research underscores the long lasting impact of decision making on
students future trajectories. Insight gained from this study can inform educators, parents, and
policy maker about the challenges and opportunities students face in navigating their education
and career paths. Ultimately, enhancing students decision making skills not only promotes
academic success but also prepares them for the complexities of real world challenges they will
encounter in life.
Acknowledgement
The researcher wishes to express their deepest gratitude and sincere appreciation to the following
people have generously given advice and assistance needed in the realization of this study.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of
this research. Special thanks to our research teacher Mrs. Reina Mae M. Ablir for here invaluable
guidance and support. We would like to thanks Mrs. Winda Obedencio for approving our
research title. Also we would like to thanks Mrs. Katrin Ann Cabalida, and Mrs. Maricon
We extend our sincere appreciation to the selected students who actively participated in this
research project. Their dedication, hard work, and contributions significantly enriched the outcome
of our study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
Title Page………………………………………………………………………………………………………..i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………....ii
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………………….iii
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………………………iv
Chapter 1
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………..1
Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………………………………….2
Chapter 2
Related Literature…………………………………………………………………………………………7
Related Studies…………………………………………………………………………………………….8
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………………………9
Definition of Terms………………………………………………………………………………………10
Chapter 3 Methodology
Research Design…………………………………………………………………………………………..13
Research Environment…………………………………………………………………………………13
Research Respondents……………………………………………………………………………….14
Research Instrument……………………………………………………………………………………15
Research Procedure…………………………………………………………………………………...15
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
References………………………………………………………………………………………………….25
Appendices………………………………………………………………………………………………….29
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
There are several important factors that influence decision - making. These includes past
individual differences, including age and socioeconomic status, and a belief in personal relevance
(Atienza & Rodelas, 2015). The empirical results reveal that strategic decision - making abilities
are affected by five factors. Attention, memory, thinking, emotion, and sentiment, and whose
influence mechanism and degrees are varied (Feng, Han, Zheng, & Kamran, 2022)
Decision - making among senior High School students is influenced by various factors.
These includes personal preferences, peer influence, family expectations, and academic interest.
Understanding these factors is crucial for supporting students in making informed and positive
choices for their future endeavors. Decision - making is simply the process of making a choice.
Understanding what influence their decision like, what the students personally wants, what their
friends think, what their family expect, and how they enjoy studying, helps them make choices
The purpose of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the varied factors
that influence decision - making among Senior High Students. Decision - making during critical
stage of academic and personal development can have profound and long - lasting impact on
students future. By examining these influencing factors, the study aims to provide valuable insight
that can inform educators, parents, and policymaker about the challenges and opportunities
students face in making crucial decision about their education career path. The ability to make
sound choices also helps the community to know who belongs to low SES.. More over, this
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research helps students to motivate, overcome challenges,and achieve remarkable
accomplishment.
academic performance.
UTILITY THEORY
(McCann,2020)
(Shukla, 2022)
According to alijoyo (2021) that decision - making Theory is a theory of how rational
individuals should behave under risk and uncertainty. The theory suggests that decision - making
means the adoption and application of rational choice for the management of a private, business,
or government organization in an efficient manner. The theorist argued that making a decision is
choosing between alternative courses of action. It can even mean choosing between action and non
- action.
To support the study risk management and decision - making theory is being used. Students make
choices when there's doubt or risk involved. It suggests that decision should based on what students
think. Making a decision could mean picking between different actions or even deciding whether
to act at all. So it's all about how students make a smart choices to help achieve their goal.
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As Shukla (2022) said in the Subjected Expected Utility Theory that it is an approach in
which decision are taken under risk, allowing for the subjected evaluation of variables under
different options and the associated probabilities decision are choices between different alternative
and their probabilities. When the decision maker chooses an alternative with a high certainty of
the outcome, there is still a risk of letting go of another best outcome. A good decision is based on
process, not on outcome. Expected Utility refers to the fact that the value of any commodity is
different for one person than another due to external condition. The decision maker should take a
decision of only after evaluating every factors and piece of information available to them.
The theory of subjected utility theory is connected to the study because it means that
students have their own choices and beliefs about the chances of different outcomes. So when
students make decisions they consider the option based on what they think might happen and how
much they value those outcome. It says that when someone make decisions, they think about the
different options and how likely they are to happened. Even if they are pretty sure about one option
there's still a chance they might miss out on something better. So, it's not just about picking the
best outcome, but also about thinking carefully about all the factors and information available to
them.
making, which is often used to computationally simulate decision - making processes. Specifically,
this decision model thinks of everything in probabilistic terms and proposes that a decision be
made based on estimating the probability of a successful outcome. This probability (i, e. posterior)
is informed by the probabilities seen in past experiences (I , e. prior) and new evidence (I , e. ,
likehood) For instance, when meteorologist estimate the probability of a hurricane passing a certain
region(posterior) , they consider historical data(prior) and newly collected data(likehood). Since
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the worlds is constantly changing and generating new information, probability estimations of the
event (posterior) need to take into account the new evidence (i. e., Bayesian updating). Even though
this style of thinking rounds, mathematical, and less intuitive, it is useful in a world that is shifting
rapidly and without warning. It helps us think about decision in probabilistic, mathematical terms
Bayesian Decision Theory is connected to the study because this is like making choices by
guessing the chance of success. It suggests evaluating the chance of things going well by
considering past experiences and new information. It is easy to make a decision if they learn from
The study generally aims to learn about the factors influencing the decision making among Senior
1. What are the common factors in decision making that students experience?
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study must be conducted to find out the factors influencing the decision making to the Senior
High Students in Sibulan National High School S.Y. 2023-2024. It is also the way to help in
determining whether the factors influencing the decision making all affect the students studies.
The study will benefit the students from understanding and navigating the factors influencing
decision making, and how they decide things. Awareness of these factors allows students to make
more informed decision about their education and future. Understanding how personal values, peer
influence, and family expectations play a role empower student to align their choices with their
aspiration.
This study will benefit the out of school youth by understanding the thing that influence how they
make choices. Knowing about their own values, what friends might think, and how family can
help, empowers them to make smart decision about going back to school or finding other paths. It
also helps them learn important skills for making good choices in different parts of life.
Understanding these factors gives out of school youths the tools to make wise choices, grow
This study will benefit the parents by understanding what influences their children choices.
Knowing about factors like friends, personal values and academic goals helps parents guide their
children in making informed decisions about education and future paths. Understanding these
influences allow parents to provide support to their children need and aspirations.
This study will benefits the teachers by understanding the factors that influence students choices.
Knowing about things like academic goals, peer influence, and family expectations help teachers
guide students in making informed decisions about their education and future plans. Understanding
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these influence enables teachers to offer support that align with students aspirations fostering a
This study will benefit the community by understanding the factors that shape the decisions of
individuals within them. Knowing about influences like expectations allows communities to
provide targeted support and resources. Understanding these factors enables community leaders
and members to create programs and initiatives that align with the aspirations of residents,
This study will benefits the school administrator by understanding the factors that influence
students decision making process. Being aware of influences such as academic goals, peer
dynamics, and family expectations allows administrators to create a school environment that
This study will benefits the researcher by understanding the factors that influence it. They study
things like personal values, peer influence, and family expectations, gaining valuable insights. This
knowledge allows researchers to suggest targeted support and interventions that match the needs
The aim purpose of this study is to know the factors influencing selected 145 Senior High Students
The researcher provided 8 items in the questionnaires to answer regarding the effect of factors
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CHAPTER 2
Decision making is logical decision making requires understanding the problem and
systems that are more precise, resulting in better decision making. It is a dynamic process
influenced by many forces, including the organizational environment, knowledge, skills, and
motivation. Dimension or indicators of decision making are personalities and decision making
skills (Mahaputra 2022). People often make life choices that will affect their future, However,
research on decision making focuses more on abstract dilemmas than on decision making (Savioni
et.bal, N.D)
Making decision is a great skills one can have. Decision making is an action taken to achieve
something desirable. It is usually taken in two Conditions either one desire for best or one want to
get safe from the worst. But not limited to only these conditions. Decision making involve different
factors i, e. risk analysis, emotions attached to it, knowledge, skills and experiences. Decision
making is not easy task to do. There are some key steps that need to be considered, with proper
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Decision making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values
and preferences of the decision maker. Making a decision implies that there are alternative choice
be considered, and in such as case we want not only to identify as many of these alternatives as
RELATED STUDY
The results of the study indicates that students involvement onto disciplinary issues make
them grow into responsible adults who accepts the consequences of their own decisions and actions,
an aspect revealed by reviewed literature. The findings of this study have important implications
The findings from these interviews suggest that the decision-making process for
conventions i,e influenced by a interviews. The study revealed that the relationships between the
conventions bureaus and convention centers were very important. The interviews confirmed the
findings of pervious studies regarding the key success components for a convention, but also
pointed to emerging friends in the convention sector that will impact upon success in the future.
In spite of much work that has been conducted in the area of strategic decision making especially
during the 1990's are still know little about strategic decision making processes. Results showed
that researches on contextual factors affection strategic decision making process are either limited
or have produced contradictory results, especially studies relating decisions Familiarity, magnitude
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of impact, organizational size, firms performance diversity, cognitive conflict, and managers need
for achievement to strategic decision making process. Thus, the study of strategic
decision making- process remains very important and much more empirical research is required
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Positive Factors
- Responsible adults
- Motivation
Decision - Making
Negative factors
- Emotions attached
- Past experiences
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There are several factors that can influence the decision making. The negative factors can affect
future emotion attached, past experiences, and risk they can cause negative outcome. But there are
also positive factors such as it can make them grow into responsible adults, achieve something
desirable get safe from the worst, and motivation that can conquer the negative factors. So that, it
DEFINITION OF TERM
Decision making: You choose what should be done or which is the best or various possible actions
Influence: The power to have an important effect on someone or something if someone else. They
Escalation: Is an increase or growth. When there’s an that things have become much more stained
between them.
Impact: The force or impression or one this on another a significant or major effect.
Policy makers: Is someone who creates ideas and plans, especially those carried out by a business
or government.
Alternative: A person or thing that replaces another, and can get or be used instead of therm.
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Commodity: A commodity is any useful or valuable thing, especially something that is bought
and sold.
Computationally: Add to word list in a wat that involves the computers some of the work can be
done computationally.
Historical data: data collected about past events and circumstances pertaining to a particular subject
explain, understand, observe or forecast the earths atmospheric phenomena and / or how the
Posterior: Comes from the latin word posters, meaning coming after. Posterior is often used as a
technical term in biology and medicine to refer to the back side or things, and is the opposite of
Dimension: A non- negative extended real number that is a measure of the complexity or the
system.
Desirable: Coveted designed in demand sought after greatly designed. Delectable sexually
Disciplinary issue: Means an infraction of safety or conduct standard or not meeting work
performance expectation.
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Heterogeneity: Is a work that signifies diversity. A classroom consisting of people from lots of
Dynamism: Expressing approval of the fact that they one full of energy or full of new and exciting
ideas
Hostility: Is unfriendly or aggressive behavior towards people or ideas. The age- old hostility
towards all things English. [It to/ towards] Christabel looked at on with open hostility
Independence: The state of wanting or being able to do things for yourself and make your own
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CHAPTER 3
Methodology
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researcher will used survey research design in helping to describe and explore variable to get
a better understanding on how factors influencing the decision making among students. A thorough
In gathering the data the researcher will be using simple random sampling since the respondents
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
This study was conducted at public High School of Poblacion Sibulan Negros Oriental. The name
of school is Sibulan National High School . Sibulan is well known as the home of Yag-yag. It is
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Sibulan National High School will be the location of this study. This school has a total population
of 1460 students and 48 teachers and staff form Junior High to senior High. The school has two
campus the main campus and the second campus. The main campus is where all the students from
grade 9, grade 10 and Senior High are also include and the second campus is where grade 7, grade
RESEARCH REPSONDENTS
The respondents of our study are selected Senior High Students in Sibulan National High School.
There were 145 respondents of this study, 30 selected students in TVL 11, 44 selected students in
HUMSS 11 , 32 selected students in TVL 12, and 39 selected students in HUMSS 12.
14
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
227
𝑛=
1 + (227)(0.05)2
227
𝑛=
1 + (227)(0.0025)
227
𝑛=
1.5675
𝑛 = 144.81 ≈ 𝟏𝟒𝟓
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
When the data needed for the study were available, the researcher made us of survey questionnaire
Before the researcher gather all the data and result the researcher informed Dr. luisito Divinagracia
(Principal II) asking permission to conduct a survey in his School. Moreover, the researcher made
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and improvement to the survey questionnaire to suit in the school. There were 8 items in our survey
questionnaire to be distributed in selected 145 Senior High School Students. The permission was
principal to conduct survey. After which, the researcher made use of survey questionnaire to gather
CHAPTER 4
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
RESPONSIBLE ACHIEVE MOTIVATION EMOTIONS PAST EXPERIENCE
ADULTS SOMETHING ATTACHED
DESIRABLE
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There are common factors in decision making that students experience. 52 of the respondents
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
being responsible adults achieve something in life motivation is a driving
force behind effective
decision
The graph shows that positive factors can help students make a right decision. Being responsible
adults, 14% or 20 respondents answered strongly agree, 49% or 71 respondents answered agree,
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29% or 42 respondents answered neutral, 6% or 9 of the respondents answered disagree, 2% or 3
respondents answered strongly agree, 51% or 74 respondents answered agree, 34% or 50 of the
answered strongly disagree. Motivation is a driving force behind effective decision, 28% or 40
respondents answered neutral, 2% or 3 of the respondents answered disagree, and none of the
145
145
145
Conclusion
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
decision making can affect emotion attached in 18 experiences influence
past
emotion decision making decision making
The graph shows that negative factors can lead the students to choose wrong decision. Decision
agree, 27% or 39 respondents answered strongly agree. Emotion attached in decision making,
respondents answered strongly agree. Past experiences influence the decision making 1% or 1
145
145
145
19
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
All factors influence
decision making
The graph shows that all factors can influence the students make a decision, 1% or 1 respondent
strongly agree.
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Conclusion
After a careful and thorough analysis of the data, its evident that the majority of the respondents
answered motivation, achieve something desirable, and being a responsible adults. This are the
common factors that students experience when making a decision. Students agreed that positive
factors can influence them choose a right decision. Also, they agree that negative factors can lead
Therefore, all those factors can affect students make a decision its either positive or negative, but
they agreed that positive factors can influence them when choosing a right decision
Recommendations
The researchers would like to recommend to students from understanding and navigating the
factors influencing decision making and how they decide things. Awareness of factors allow
students to make more informed decision about their education and future. Understanding how
personal values, peer influence, and family expectations play a role in power student to align their
The researcher would like to recommend to out of school youth by understanding the things that
influence how they make choices. Knowing about their own values, what friends might think, and
how family can help, empowers them to make smart decision about going back to school or finding
other path. It also helps them learn important skills for making good choices in different part of
life. Understanding these factors gives out of school youth the tools to make wise choices, grow
21
The researcher would like to recommend to the parents by understanding what influence their
children choices. Parents can guide their children in making informed decision about education
and future paths. Understanding these influence allow parents to provide support to their children
The researchers would like to recommend to teachers by knowing about things like academic
goals, peer influence, and family expectations help teachers guide student and making informed
decisions about their education and future plans. Understanding these influence enables teachers
to offer support that align with the student aspiration fostering a positive learning environment
The researcher can recommend to school administrators that they consider the various factors
administrators can implement targeted interventions and support systems to help students make
more informed and responsible decisions. This could involve providing counseling services,
supportive school environment that encourages open communication and autonomy. Additionally,
administrators can collaborate with teachers and parents to ensure a holistic approach to addressing
the needs of senior high students and empowering them to make choices that positively impact
The researcher can recommend to the community.By recognizing and addressing these influences,
the community can provide support systems and resources to assist students in making informed
decisions. Community initiatives such as workshops, mentorship programs, and peer support
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groups can help students develop critical thinking skills and navigate the complexities of decision-
making.
The researcher could recommend to future researchers that they explore a range of factors
influencing decision-making among students. These factors may include personal values, social
influences, future researchers can contribute to a deeper understanding of how students make
Reference
management-and-decision-making-theory
https://www.ipl.com
Dietrich (2010). Decision Making: factors that influence decision making, Heuristic, and decision
outcomes. https://www.inquiresjournal.com
23
Feng, J., Han, P., Zheng, W., & Kamran, A. (2022). Identifying the factors affecting strategic
Fülöp (2005). Introduction to decision making methods. BDEI - 3 workshop, Washington, pp. 1 -
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Jago, L., and Deery, M. (2005) Relationship and factors influencing convention decision - making.
https://dinastires.org/JLPH/article/view/a5/88
Mati,A., Gatumu, J., Chandi, J., (2016). Students involvement in decision making and their
https://www.google.com/url?sa=&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=
Nooraie (2012). Factors influencing strategiv decision makinh processes. International journal of
Savioni , L., Triberti, S ., Durosini, l ., & Pravettons, G., (2022). How to make big decisions: A
https://doi.org/10.1007/512144-022-02792-x
making#:text=the%20main%20decision%20making%20theories,the%20organizations%2
0growth%20will%20be
24
Teng(2022). How people make decisions:Tools,theories, and key concept. Bayesian decision
theory. https://actiondeloitte,com/insight/2443/how-people-make-decision-tools-theories-
and-key-concept.
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APPENDICES
1.What are the common factors in decision making that students experience
__ Responsible Adults
__ Achieve something Desirable
__Motivation
__Emotions Attached
__ past experiences
1 2 3 4 5
Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree
2. .Did I achieve something in my life
3 Decision-making can affect my
emotion
4.Motivation is a driving force behind
effective decision
5. The influence of emotion attached in
my decision
6. Did my past experiences influence
my decision- making
7. . These factors influence my decision
8. Through those factors it can help me
to make a right decision.
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