First Agenda Item: KASHMIR REBELLION

B. General Overview

The insurgency in the Jammu and Kashmir region, also known as the Kashmir insurgency, is
an ongoing separatist militant insurgency against the Indian administration in Jammu and
Kashmir, a territory constituting the southwestern portion of the larger geographical region of
Kashmir, which has been the subject of a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan since
1947.

1. Jammu and Kashmir Region

Ja
mmu and Kashmir, a union territory of India(until October 31, 2019, a state), located in the
northern part of the Indian subcontinent centered on the plains around Jammu to the south and
the Vale of the Kashmir to the north. The union territory is part of the larger region of
Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the
partition of the subcontinent in 1947. Legislation passed in August 2019 set the stage for
downgrading Jammu and Kashmir from statehood to union territory status and splitting off a
part of it, known as the Ladakh Region, into a separate union territory. The change went into
effect on October 31 of that year.

Jammu and Kashmir, formerly one of the largest princely states of India, is bounded to the
east by the Indian union territory of Ladakh, to the south by the Indian states of Himachal
Pradesh and Punjab, to the southwest by Pakistan, and the northwest by the Pakistani-
administered portion of Kashmir. The administrative capitals are Srinagar in summer and
Jammu in winter.

Jammu and Kashmir Region

Determined territories will be determined territories between China, India, and Pakistan

2. Relation Between States

Most of the Member States of the European Union do not support directly Pakistan or India
on

Kashmir issue. They formally recognize the conflict in the Kashmir Region but

repeatedly stress that the conflict must be resolved in both sides’ favor. Even the European
Union took action to get in through solution ideas and support lasting peace. Moreover, the
Arab League stated that the “Kashmir region is not as prominent or significant as its
involvement in other regional issues.”In conclusion, many countries, such as the United States
and the European Union, have expressed their vast concern over human rights.

3. Jammu and Kashmir

The Himalayan region of Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for over
six decades. Since India's partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the nuclear-armed
neighbors have fought two wars over the Muslim-majority territory, which both claim in full
but control in part.

Today, it remains one of the most militarized zones in the world. China administers parts of
the territory. The population of historic Kashmir is divided into about 10 million people in
Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir and 4.5 million in Pakistani-administered Kashmir.
There are 1.8 million people in the Gilgit-Baltistan autonomous territory, which Pakistan
created from northern Kashmir and the two small princely states of Hunza and Nagar in 1970.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1947

The war, also called the First Kashmir War, started in October 1947 when Pakistan feared that
the Maharaja of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu would accede to India. Following
partition, the princely were left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or remain
independent. Jammu and Kashmir, the largest of the princely states, had a majority Muslim
population and a significant fraction of the Hindu population, all ruled by the Hindu Maharaja
Sign. Tribal Islamic forces, with support from the army of Pakistan, attacked and occupied
parts of the princely state, forcing the Maharaja to sign the Instrument of Accession of the
princely state to the Dominion of India to receive Indian military aid. The UN Security
Council passed Resolution 47 on 22 April 1948. The fronts solidified gradually along what
came to be known as the Line Control. A formal cease-fire was declared at 23:59 on the night
of 1 January 1949. India gained control of about two-thirds of the state (Kashmir, Valley,
Jammu, and Ladakh), whereas Pakistan gained roughly a third of Kashmir (Azad, Kashmir,
and Gilgit-Baltistan). The Pakistan-controlled areas are collectively referred to as Pakistan-
administered Kashmir.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

This war started following Pakistan's Operation Gilrat Gilratbar, which was designed to
infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India.
India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on West Pakistan. The seventeen-day
war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of
armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II. The hostilities between the
two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the
Soviet Union and the USA and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. India
had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

This war was unique in the way that it did not involve the
issue of Kashmir but was rather precipitated by the crisis created by the political battle
brewing in erstwhile East Pakistan(now Bangladesh) between Sheikh Mujiber Rahman,
Leader of East Pakistan, and Yahya Khan and Zulfikar Ali Khan, leaders of West Pakistan.
This would culminate in the declaration of Bangladesh's independence from Pakistan's state
system. Following Operation Searchlight and the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities, about 10 million
Bengalis in East Pakistan took refuge in neighboring India. India intervened in the ongoing
Bangladesh liberation movement. After a large-scale pre-emptive strike by Pakistan, full-scale
hostilities between the two countries commenced.

Pakistan attacked at several places along India's western border with Pakistan, but the Indian
army successfully held their positions. The Indian Army quickly responded to the Pakistan
Army's movements in the west and made some initial gains, including capturing around
15,010 square kilometers (5,795 square miles)of Pakistani territory (land gained by India in
Pakistani Kashmir, Pakistani Punjab, and Sindh sectors but gifted it back to Pakistan in the
Simla Agreement of 1972, as a gesture of goodwill). Within two weeks of intense fighting,
Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrendered to the joint command of Indian and Bangladeshi
forces, following which the People’s Republic of Bangladesh was created. The war resulted in
the surrender of more than 90,000 Pakistani Army troops. In the words of one Pakistani
author, "Pakistan lost half its navy, a quarter of its air force, and a third of its army."

Indo-Pakistani War of 1999

Commonly known as the Kargil War, this conflict between the two countries was mostly
limited. In early 1999, Pakistani troops infiltrated the Line of Control(LoC) and occupied
Indian territory, mostly in the Kargil district. India responded by launching a major military
and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani infiltrators. Two months into the conflict,
Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators.
According to the official count, an estimated 75%–80% of the intruded area and nearly all
high ground was back under Indian control. Fearing large-scale escalation in military conflict,
the international community, led by the United States, increased diplomatic pressure on
Pakistan to withdraw forces from remaining Indian territory. The morale of Pakistani forces
after the withdrawal declined as many units of the Northern Light Infantry suffered heavy
casualties. The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers, an issue that
provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas. Pakistan initially did not acknowledge
many of its casualties, but Nawaz Sharif later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed
in the operation and that Pakistan had lost the conflict. By the end of July 1999, organized
hostilities in the Kargil district had ceased. The war was a major military defeat for the
Pakistani Army.

4. Physical and Geographical Properties

The State of Jammu and Kashmir is situated in the extreme north of the Indian Subcontinent,
covering an area of 84,471 square miles. It consists of three Provinces: Frontier Districts, the
Kashmir Province, and the Jammu Province. To the northeast, the State is bordered by Tibet,
to the north by Chinese Turkestan(Sinkiang), and to the northwest by the Soviet Republic of
Turkestan and Afghanistan. To the west, it is bordered by Pakistan, and to its south lie
Pakistan and the Republic of India. Srinagar is the summer, and Jammu is the winter capital
of the State. The two-hundred-mile-long Banihal road links Srinagar and Jammu. Pathankot,
the nearest railway Station in India, is at a distance of seventy-three miles from Jammu.
Climate. -The climatic conditions of the country vary from the arctic cold of the Ladakh
district to the extreme heat of the plains. There is tropical heat in the mountainous tract of
Jammu Province. Kashmir enjoys a very cold externe climate. On the front is Tyco, the
specialist.Extreme cold Dras, Zanskar and Rupshu. The deep, narrow valleys between
Kashmir and Gilgit are hot and damp. Kishtwar and Bhadarwah have a salubrious climate.
Rainfall is scanty in the Frontier areas, including the Gilgit district, but in the rest of the State,
it varies from 30 to 65 inches a year. Reasi and Poonch each have more than 60 inches
annually. The annual rainfall of the Jammu District is nearly 45 inches, and in the case of
Kashmir Valley, it varies from 30 to 35 inches.

5. History of Jammu and Kashmir

The history of Jammu and Kashmir in its regional setting, both before and after Indian
independence in 1947, is given in the article Kashmir. The decision by Hari Singh, the Dogra
maharaja of Kashmir, to sign the Instrument of Accession in October 1947—thus joining
Kashmir to the Indian union—precipitated warfare between India and Pakistan that
culminated in the establishment of the line of control (cease-fire line) in the region in July
1949. The territory that India administered on its side of the line, which contained both
Jammu (the seat of the Dogra dynasty) and the Vale of Kashmir, took on the name Jammu
and Kashmir. However, both India and Pakistan have continued to claim the entire Kashmir
region, and tensions generally have remained high along the line. Fighting has occasionally
broken out between the two sides, notably in 1965. India has also contested China's Presence
in areas that India claimed as part of Hari Singh’s accession. Meanwhile, the process of
formalizing Jammu and Kashmir’s status as a state took several years and was completed only
in 1957.

The pro-India Jammu and Kashmir National Conferences (JKNC) governed the state for most
of the time between accession in 1947 and the 2019 suspension of statehood. Interludes were
mainly filled by the Indian National Conferences (Congress Party)—notably from 1964 to
1975. The state was also administered directly by the central Indian government for brief
periods, although one such occurrence lasted for six years (1990–96). Sheikh Mohammad
Abdullah, the founder of the JKNC, served as the first head of government (called prime
minister until 1965 and then chief minister) until he was dismissed from office by the national
government in 1953 and was imprisoned for 11 years on the grounds that he sought to
separate Jammu and Kashmir from India. Abdullah later returned to government as chief
minister, in office from 1975 to his death in 1982. His son, Farooq Abdullah, also served as
chief minister (1982–84, 1986–90, and 1996–2002), as did Farooq’s son Omar Abdullah
(2009–15).

The passage provides a glimpse into the political history of Jammu and Kashmir, particularly
focusing on the leadership of Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah and the evolution of the political
movements in the region. In 1931, a rebellion broke out against the autocratic government of
Kashmir, demanding a better life and political reforms. Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah emerged
as a dynamic leader during this period and played an important role in organizing the masses
for political struggle. The All-Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, led by Abdullah, later
evolved into the National Conference, which aimed to unite all communities for democratic
rule.

Abdullah faced numerous challenges and sacrifices, including imprisonment, in his fight
against feudalism and for the welfare of the people of Kashmir. In 1947, Kashmir was freed
from autocracy, thanks in part to Abdullah's efforts. Despite the difficulties, Abdullah
accepted the post of Prime Minister in 1948 and guided the state in difficult times. The
National Conference, led by Abdullah, advocates secular democracy, rejects the two-nation
theory, and supports the sovereignty of the Kashmiri people in determining their future.

Their vision is to elevate Kashmir from oppression and poverty to a prosperous, democratic
society and join the global revival of the working masses.

6. India, Pakistan, and Kashmir

India Divided —India was divided into two Dominions—India and Pakistan, on the 15th of
August,1947, and on the same day, power was transferred to the two Dominions. The Indian
States could join either India or Pakşstan or remain independent. By a “State,” India,
however, meant the PEOPLE OF THE STATE, whereas Pakistan took” State” as being
synonymous with the “Ruler of the State “ and relegated the State’s people to a secondary and
meaningless role.

Kashmir and the two Dominions. — On the 12th August, 1947

the then Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir sent almost identically worded telegrams to
Delhi and Karachi suggesting that successor Governments Would enter into stand-still
agreements with both the Dominions on the basis of the administrative prior to the transfer of
power by the British authórities. While the Government of India, in their reply to the
Maharaja, required people's representatives to associate themselves with this request end to be
sent to Delhi fully authorized to discuss these matters, ° the Government of Pakistan, in a
telegram on the 6th of Kashmir Government, arrangements in force August replied that they
accepted the then existing arrangements.

Pakistan's Blockade.- Between August 15 and October

22, supplies of salt, sugar, cloth, petrol, foodgrains, etc., lying within the territories of
Pakistan and allotted to and paid for by the State Government were blocked by Pakistan
authorities from being released for motor import into the State. Most of the vehicles that
carried mail, goods, and passengers to Rawalpindi from Srinagar during these two months
were detained and confiscated. This State of siege culminated in a full-scale invasion of the
State on October 22, 1947.

Sheikh Abdullah's attitude. - When the political situation was growing from bad to worse
Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, was released from prison on the 29th September, 1947, after an
incarceration of sixteen months on a charge of sedition a painful reality which faced him after
his release was the vivisection of India which brought in its wake the allied problem of
accession. He was anxious that the ultimate decision should rest with the people of Jammu
and Kashmir State.

He said: —"On the question of accession to either of the two Dominions, I want the people of
the State to exercise their right of decision. Freedom first and accession afterwards."The stand
that Sheikh Abdullah took at the time was that the people of the State must achieve their own
freedom from autocracy before they were called upon to accede to either of the Dominions.
On the 5th of October, 1947, he publicly declared 一" Stater was bypassed and the Maharaja
decares

accession to India or Pakistan, I will raise the banner of revolt and launch a do-or-die
struggle."

Invasion. -As has already been said, Pakistan had imposed an economic blockade and with-
held essential supplies already paid for. Owing to this economic strangulation, lakhs of people
had to go without salt and other essential commodities. Soon after, in the early hours of the
22nd of October,1947, hordes of heavily armed bands driven in motor trucks poured across
the State borders and started loot, arson, and rape.

The raiders plundered Muzaffarabad and captured Domel on 23rd October. They entered
Baramulla on the 26th of October and committed untold atrocities. Hundreds were cut down
in cold blood. Houses were looted and burnt, and many women were carried off. With the
occupation of Baramulla by raiders and their onward march, Srinagar itself was threatened.

Accession. - As a measure of defense against Pakistan's invasion, Kashmir asked for help
from India. No military help could be forthcoming without the State having joined the

Indian Dominion. Accession, therefore, was applied for. For any other

Government’ Maharaja's request for accession was enough. But that was not the case with
India.

True to their democratic ideals and traditions, the Indian leaders consulted the people of the
State through their beloved leader Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah; the leader had associated
himself with the request for accession.

The Indian Government accepted the accession provisionally subject to its ratification by the
people themselves at a later date when the State would be cleared of raiders. Immediately
after this, the Indian troops rushed to the rescue of people, and Srinagar and the whole of the
southern district of Kashmir were saved from massacre and arson. Indian Army gave proof of
its supreme valor, preventing Srinagar from being overrun by the marauders. This was also
possible because the people of Kashmir rallied around their leaders and worked tirelessly to
preserve internal peace.

7. Release of Jammu and Kashmir Rebellion

The main reasons for the Jammu and Kashmir Rebellion referred to below are consequences
of socio-political and economic conditions. Feudalism and Authotrive Administration: Until
1931, there had been a feudal and authoritative system in Jammu and Kashmir, and society
was tortured and repressed under these conditions. Second, Financial hardships and indigenes
that society has been exposed to were some of the background effects of rebellion. Income
inequality and miserable life conditions created great dissatisfaction among the public. Third,
Political pressure and discrimination in Jammu and Kashmir; in these regions, the majority
were Muslims; however, an Elite Hindu minority was taking place in the administration. This
resulted in the restriction of political representation and rights of Muslims. Fourth Social
Injustice Social injustice and discrimination were felt, especially among Muslim
communities. This caused unrest and discontent among the people. Fifth, Human Rights
Violations: Under authoritarian rule, human rights violations and arbitrary detentions were
frequent. This situation fueled anger and protest movements among the public.

8. Jammu and Kashmir National Conferences

Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (JKNC) is a regional political party in the union
territory of Jammu and Kashmir in northwestern India. In October 1932, the All Jammu and
Kashmir Muslim Conference, the forerunner of the JKNC, was founded in Srinagar by Sheikh
Muhammad Abdullah. The party has taken a clear stance that the disputed territory of Jammu
and Kashmir is an integral part of India but has advocated autonomy for Kashmiris. His
justification for this position is that autonomous status would be in line with the original
agreement made when Jammu and Kashmir joined the Indian Union in the early 1950s. JKCN
has supported trade between Jammu and Kashmir and parts of the Pakistan-administered
Kashmir region, and in 2005, supported the reopening of a road link between Srinagar (now
the summer capital of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir) and Muzaffarabad (in Azad
Kashmir).

The initial and peak leadership of the JKNC has resumed within the Abdullah family since the
party's founding. Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah served as president until 1981, after which his
son Farooq Abdullah took his place. Farooq's son Omar Abdullah became president in 2002,
however handed over the power to his father again when he became the chief minister of the
state in 2009.

In 1947, when India gained independence from Britain, Sheikh Abdullah served as the Prime
Minister of Kashmir. The state's first elections were held in September 1951, and JKNC won
all 75 seats. Sheikh Abdullah remained the chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir until August
1953, when the Indian government detained him on allegations of conspiracy and removed
him from the post of prime minister in 1953. Although he was acquitted of the charges in
1964, he was detained again and remained in detention from 1965 to 1968 on the same
charges.
In 1965, JKNC merged with India International Conferences (Congress Party) and became the
Jammu and Kashmir branch of the Congress. However, after Sheikh Abdullah was allowed to
return to power, which happened in February 1975, the Plebiscite Front, a splinter faction then
controlled by the JKNC, took the name of the original JKNC.

Farooq Abdullah's era as president of JKNC became known for failure to deliver on election
promises and mismanagement, and in the 2002 assembly elections, JKNC's strength fell to 28
seats, and it lost power. In the Vale of Kashmir, where the JKNC has long been strong, the
party could win only 18 seats. The Congress Party formed a coalition government with the
Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party (PDP). Although the JKNC again won only
28 seats in the 2008 state assembly elections, the Congress agreed to join a coalition
government led by Omar Abdullah as chief minister (the government took office in January
2009). However, in the 2014 state contests, JKNC managed to win only 15 seats, and
Abdullah resigned from the chief minister's post. PDP won the most seats and formed a
coalition government with the Bharatiya Janata Party. JKNC has had a limited presence at the
national political level. The party ran for and won a seat in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of
the Indian parliament) in 1967 and returned to the chamber often with three members in the
1970s and '80s. After several years without party representation, the JKNC began picking up
two to four seats per election with the 1998 elections. The party was a member of the
Bharatiya Janata Party National Democratic Alliance coalition government from 1999-2003.
Farooq Abdullah was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1980 and served there for two years. When
he was elected to parliament for a second term in 2009, the JKNC joined the ruling Congress-
led United Progressive Alliance coalition. Farooq Abdullah became the first person to become
a member of the party by being appointed as the Minister of Renewable Energy. However,
after the landslide victory of the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections and
subsequent elections, he left office in late May along with other members of the UPA
government. Farooq Abdullah was returned to the Lok Sabha in an election held in 2017.
However, his membership in the parliamentary body did not offer much opportunity to block
or criticize the Bharatiya Janata Party's decision to revoke Jammu and Kashmir's autonomy
and statehood in 2019 and its subsequent detention of leaders under martial law. The leaders
were released in 2020 but continued to report restrictions on their movements.

9. Human Rights

There are types of human rights abuses, and unfortunately, in Jammu and Kashmir, it varies.
To begin with, allegations of excessive use of force by Indian security forces, arbitrary
executions, enforced disappearances, arbitrary detentions, and arrests. These actions were
often carried out in the context of counterinsurgency operations and maintaining public order.
Second, human rights abuses of communication, restrictions, internet shutdowns, and
restrictions on freedom of expression and press freedom have frequently occurred in the
region, especially during periods of tension or unrest. The third type of human rights abuse is
torture, ill-treatment, and abuse of detainees, which have been reported and documented by
human rights organizations. Fourth, human rights abuse is allegations of arbitrary detention
that have been made under various security laws (e.g., the Armed Forces (Special Powers)
Act and the Public Security Act). These detentions are often not carried out in accordance
with adequate legal rights or due process. Fifth, human rights abuse is restrictions on peaceful
protests, demonstrations, and political gatherings that have resulted in security forces using
excessive force to disperse protesters. Last but not least, human rights abuse, especially
regarding women. Incidents of gender-based violence, particularly sexual violence and
harassment, have been reported in conflict-affected areas. It should be noted that the situation
in Jammu and Kashmir is extremely complex and has multiple stakeholders and perspectives.
The Indian government has denied or downplayed allegations of human rights violations and
described the security measures as part of combating insurgency and cross-border terrorism.
Human rights organizations and the international community demand independent
investigations into alleged human rights violations and that perpetrators be held accountable.
However, making meaningful progress to address human rights concerns in Jammu and
Kashmir remains a significant challenge amid ongoing political tensions and security
concerns. Indian security forces have alleged excessive use of force, arbitrary executions,
enforced disappearances, arbitrary detentions, and arrests. Takes place. These actions were
often carried out in the context of counterinsurgency operations and maintaining public order.

10. Agriculture

The majority of the public in Jammu and Kashmir strives for agricultural activities regarding
the climate conditions in the region, and the products gained by the public are raised on
terraced slopes. The gained products are Rice, the staple crop, corn, millet, pulses(legumes
such as peas, beans, and lentils), cotton and tobacco, and last but not least, wheat and barley.
In addition to spring, there are many temperate climate fruits and vegetables grown in areas
adjacent to nearby markets or in rich organic soils. Silk cultivation (silk production) is also
common. Large orchards in the Kashmir Valley produce fruits such as apples, pears, peaches,
walnuts, almonds, and cherries, which are the union territory's major exports. In addition, the
lake edges of the valley are especially suitable for agriculture, and vegetables and flowers are
grown intensively in swamp areas or artificial floating gardens. Lakes and rivers also provide
fish and water chestnuts.

11. Resources

The union territory comprises limited mineral and fossil fuel resources, and the majority of
these resources are concentrated in the Jammu region. Small reserves of natural gas are found
near Jammu state, and bauxite and gypsum deposits are found near Udhampur. Besides the
other minerals, limestone, coal, zinc, and copper are found. The pressure of population on
land is apparent everywhere, and all available resources are utilized. All the major cities and
towns have electricity and hydroelectricity available. furthermore, thermal power plants
provide great power based on local raw materials for industrial development. The main power
plants are located at Chineni and Salal, as well as on the upper and lower sides of the Jhelum
River. Jammu and Kashmir have major hydropower generation potential along the Chenab
River in the southwest of the union, and they also include the Indus, Jhelum, and Ravi river
basins. Although until the beginning of the 21st century, only a relatively small part of this
potential was exploited, by the late 2010s, many projects were in the planning or completion
phase and were known to aim to significantly increase the union's energy production capacity.

11. Tourism

Although facilities for visitors to Jammu and Kashmir have improved considerably since the
late 20th century, the union territory’s potential in the tourist sector has remained generally
untapped. In addition to historical and religious sites, visitor destinations include the snow-
sports center at Gulmarg In the northern Pir Panjal Prinaki of Srinagar and the union
territory’s many lakes and rivers. Jammu and Kashmir are home to several valleys, such as the
Kashmir Valley, Chenab Valley, Sindh Valley, and Lidder Valley. Some major tourist
attractions in Jammu and Kashmir are Srinagar, which has its renowned Dal Lake and Mughal
Gardens, Gulmarg Pahalgam, Bhaderwah Patnitop, and Jammu. Every year, thousands of
Hindu pilgrims visit the holy shrines of Vaishno Devi and Amarnath, which has had a
significant impact on the state's economy. Kashmir Valley is one of the top tourist
destinations in India. Gulmarg, one of the most popular ski resort destinations in India, is also
home to the world's highest green golf course. Tourism has declined in the past thirty years.
Jammu and Kashmir also have flower gardens and apple orchards. It attracts tourists for its
handicrafts and the Kashmiri shawls.

12. Social Structure

Human Rights Watch reported that Indian authorities continue to restrict fundamental rights
even three years after Jammu and Kashmir's special autonomy was revoked. The costs of
repressive policies and the failure to eliminate corruption by the security forces have led to
increased insecurity among Kashmiris.

On August 5, 2019, the Indian government revoked the constitutional autonomy of Jammu
and Kashmir and divided the state into two regions under federal administration. This action
was accompanied by serious programs of human rights violations, including arbitrary
detentions, a complete communications ban, and severe restrictions on freedom of movement
and peaceful assembly. Although it has released many detainees and restarted the internet, it
has officially intensified pressure on the media and civil society groups, often using anti-
terrorism laws. Meenakshi Ganguly, associate director of Human Rights Watch South Asia,
said the normal appearance of Indians is that they are more focused. Maintaining fundamental
rights and accountability. The government must end attacks on fundamental freedoms and
protect at-risk minority groups. Authorities used the Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act to
carry out raids and arbitrary arrests on terrorism charges against journalists, activists, and
political leaders without any evidence or meaningful judicial review. And allegations of
terrorism. Many prominent Kashmiris were prevented from traveling without explanation.

Since August 2019, militants have killed at least 118 civilians, including 21 from minority
Hindu and Sikh communities. In November 2021, authorities arrested prominent Kashmiri
human rights activist Khurram Parvez on politically motivated charges under the draconian
Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA). Despite calls from UN experts for his release,
the government continues to use UAPA to restrict fundamental freedoms. Journalists in
Kashmir face increasing harassment by security forces, including raids and arbitrary arrests on
terrorism charges. Indian authorities have shut down the internet more frequently in Kashmir
than anywhere else in the world, mostly to suppress protests and block access to information.

Since August 2019, at least 35 journalists in Kashmir have been subjected to police
interrogation, raids, threats, physical attacks, restrictions on movement, or trumped-up
charges for reporting. In June 2020, the government announced a new media policy that
makes it easier to censor news in the region. In 2022, journalists Fahad Shah, Aasif Sultan,
and Sajad Gul were re-arrested under the Public Safety Act after they were released
separately. Security forces have been involved in a number of abuses, including harassment,
arbitrary detentions, and extrajudicial killings. UN experts expressed concern about repressive
measures against local people liability has been established for alleged extrajudicial killings
or past abuses by security forces, partly due to the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act
(AFSPA), which provides armed forces personnel with effective immunity from prosecution
in civilian courts. Human rights groups have called for this law to be repealed. Hundreds of
thousands of Kashmiris, mostly Hindus known as Pandit, were displaced from the Muslim-
majority Kashmir Valley following attacks by militant groups in 1989-90.

The government could not provide the necessary support for the safe return of these people.
Despite the government's claims, the Kashmir Pandit Sangharsh Samiti expressed concern
over their safety and alleged that the government was preventing them from shifting. Human
Rights Watch has criticized Indian authorities for prioritizing the image of progress over
addressing human rights concerns in Kashmir.

Ganguly emphasized that Indian authorities must ensure accountability for violations by
security forces and end policies that violate the fundamental rights of the Kashmiri people.

13. Refugee Crises

The issue of conflict-induced migration, particularly concerning the Kashmiri Pandits,

presents a complex and multifaceted challenge. According to the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), by the end of 2021, approximately 89.3 million
people were forcibly displaced worldwide due to various factors such as persecution,
violence, conflict, human rights violations, or events seriously disturbing human order.
Among them, 53.2 million are internally displaced, and 27.1 million are refugees. Factors
contributing to conflict-induced migration include violence, war, environmental degradation,
poverty, terrorism, identity politics, and economic uncertainty. Despite the significant impact
on individuals who are left behind or choose to stay, migration and displacement are often
examined mainly from the perspective of host-country integration.

In the case of the Kashmiri Pandits, their migration and displacement are rooted in the
historical background of the Kashmir conflict. Following the partition of India and Pakistan
by the British Empire, the princely states of British India had the option to accede to either
India or Pakistan. However, the situation in Kashmir differed due to its unique demographics
and political dynamics. Despite being a Muslim-majority state ruled by a Hindu king,
Maharaja Hari Singh, Kashmir initially chose to remain independent to avoid potential
discontent among its Muslim and non-Muslim populations. However, unrest and protests in
some regions prompted Pakistani tribesmen and militia to invade Kashmir, leading Maharaja
Hari Singh to seek India's assistance, ultimately resulting in Kashmir's accession to India and
the first Indo-Pak war in 1948.

The conflict in Kashmir escalated in the late 1980s with the emergence of insurgency and
mass protests against Indian rule. This insurgency period witnessed significant human rights
violations and mass displacement, particularly affecting the Kashmiri Pandit community.
Many Kashmiri Pandits migrated from the valley to other parts of India due to threats and
violence, but some chose to remain despite the challenges. Presently, around 808 Kashmiri
Pandit families continue to reside in the region, facing social, religious, and psychological
challenges as a minority group.

The experiences of non-migrant Kashmiri Pandits highlight the severe social and
psychological impacts of conflict-induced displacement. The insurgency victimized the
community, leading to their mass migration and leaving behind only a small number of
families. This phenomenon has caused significant social and psychological trauma to non-
migrant Kashmiri Pandits, whose unique cultural identity and way of life have been
profoundly affected.
In summary, the plight of non-migrant Kashmiri Pandits underscores the complexities and
long-lasting effects of conflict-induced migration. Their experiences shed light on the
challenges faced by those who choose to stay in conflict-affected regions, highlighting the
importance of understanding and addressing their needs and experiences in conflict resolution
and post-conflict reconstruction efforts.

14. Education

Education is one of the most important tools for developing countries and young generations.
It helps to lessen the challenges and difficulties in life. Social and Knowledge skills gained
throughout the education period enable each and every single person to be confident about
their life. It opens various

doors to the opportunities of achieving better prospects in life, so it promotes career growth. It
brings a feeling of equality among all people in the society and promotes the growth and
development of the

country. However, due to civil wars and disagreements in the Jammu and Kashmir region, the
majority of the public lag behind in the right to education and are taught by teachers of their
ethnicity, language, and deen. According to the New Survey Of the National Static Office
(NSO), only 8.4% and 2.8% of males & females, respectively, graduate every year in
Kashmir. Unfortunately, there are deep-seated reasons that prevent students from pursuing
education. Due to constant fighting with the neighboring country Pakistan, something or the
other is happening, because of which there is a shutdown & curfew that prevents students
from going to their respective schools & colleges.

15. Raising Awareness

Awareness-raising campaigns are vital to promote unity and change knowledge and attitudes,
especially about violence. In the context of the conflict in Jammu and Kashmir, their main
focus is on addressing the rights of refugees and providing practical recommendations
through the United Nations General Assembly Committee. These campaigns must effectively
leverage a variety of platforms, such as events, posters, websites, documentaries, and media.
Inclusivity and accessibility are vital to ensure the participation of all interested parties. By
promoting dialogue and understanding, these initiatives strive to provide support and provide
sustainable solutions to the challenges faced by the people of Jammu and Kashmir.

C. Timeline of Key Events

The Kashmir Conflict remains a complex and unresolved conflict, with its roots firmly
entrenched in historical disputes and territorial claims. The involvement of diverse militant
groups, ideological differences, and human rights violations have exacerbated the situation.
Despite international efforts, a lasting peace agreement has proved elusive. Continued
dialogue, diplomacy, and international pressure are crucial to mitigating violence and finding
a sustainable solution to this protracted conflict.

1947-1982

i- Independence From Colonial Rule

Following their independence from colonial rule, India and Pakistan engaged in a conflict
over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. The war resulted in India gaining control over
the southern region of the state. Although there were sporadic instances of violence, an
organized insurgency movement could not emerge.

ii-Legislative Elections and Political Instability

In 1951, the first legislative elections were conducted in Jammu and Kashmir, and Sheikh
Abdullah's secular party emerged victorious without any opposition. Abdullah played a
pivotal role in the state's accession to India. However, Abdullah's relationship with the central
government fluctuated, leading to his dismissal and subsequent reappointment on multiple
occasions. This period was marked by political instability and a power struggle, prompting the
imposition of the President's rule by the Federal Government at various intervals.

1982-2004

The Political Turmoil and Violence

The period spanning from 1982 to 2004 witnessed an era of profound political unrest and
violence in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Following the demise of Sheikh
Abdullah, the reins of power were assumed by his son, Farooq Abdullah, who ascended to the
position of Chief Minister. However, his administration was unceremoniously overthrown
with the instrumental support of G. M. Shah. Allegations of electoral manipulation in the
1987 elections and the subsequent rise of armed insurgencies, fueled by widespread
discontent, led to a maelstrom of violence and destabilized the region.

Pakistan's purported backing of insurgent

organizations further intensified the volatility,
triggering a prolonged cycle of violence and
counterinsurgency operations carried out by the
Indian government. Amidst this tumultuous period,
a plethora of militant groups, including the Jammu
Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), materialized and
established a presence in the region, advocating for
the establishment of an Islamic state. The Indian
army embarked on a series of operations to quell
the insurgency, resulting in clashes and casualties
on both sides. Nevertheless, the fundamental
political grievances and issues remained unaddressed, perpetuating the tensions in Jammu and
Kashmir.

ii- Cultural Changes

The increasing influence of militant groups in Kashmir has resulted in the implementation of
various restrictions and prohibitions, including the banning of cinema halls. Several militant
organizations, including Al-Baqr, the People's League, Wahdat-e-Islam, and Allah Tigers,
have played a significant role in enforcing these measures. Beyond the ban on cinema houses,
these groups have also imposed restrictions on the sale and consumption of cigarettes, as well
as limitations on the activities and movement of Kashmiri women. The imposition of such
restrictions reflects the growing influence of militant groups in the region and their attempts
to establish a conservative social and cultural order.

2004-2011

i- Shift in Pakistani Policy

Beginning in 2004, Pakistan pivoted away from supporting insurgents in the disputed
Kashmir region. This shift occurred after militant groups linked to Kashmir made two
assassination attempts on Pakistani President General Pervez Musharraf. Musharraf's
successor, Asif Ali Zardari, maintained this policy, labeling Kashmiri insurgents as
"terrorists." However, the extent to which Pakistan's intelligence agency, the Inter-Services
Intelligence (ISI), which allegedly provided aid and direction to the insurgency, has adhered
to Pakistan's commitment to cease support for the Kashmiri insurgency remains uncertain.
Despite the insurgency's transition from an externally supported phenomenon to one primarily
driven by domestic factors, the Indian government has continued to deploy significant
military forces to the region. This presence has sparked widespread protests from the local
population.

ii- Changing Dynamics in Conflict

Hizbul Mujahideen, once a formidable presence in Kashmiri militancy, is gradually losing

ground, with its leadership and members being eliminated by security forces on a regular
basis. While sporadic incidents of grenade attacks and sniper fire targeting security forces
occur, the situation is largely under control and relatively peaceful. In 2012, Kashmir
experienced a record influx of tourists, including Amarnath pilgrims. Additionally, on August
3, 2012, Abu Hanzalah, a senior commander of the militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba
responsible for numerous attacks on civilians and security forces, was killed in an encounter
with security forces in Kupwara district, north Kashmir.

2012-Present

In the years following 2014, the Kashmir

insurgency witnessed a surge in recruitment,
with at least 70 young Kashmiris joining the
insurgency, many of whom joined the Lashkar-
e-Taiba (LeT). Despite attempts by Pakistan to
curb militant activity in Kashmir, infiltration
continued, albeit hampered by public protests
along the Line of Control. Violence escalated
after the killing of Hizbul Mujahideen militant
Burhan Wani in 2016, leading to major attacks
such as the 2016 Uri attack and the 2019
Pulwama attack. The revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status in 2019 prompted an
intensification of the Indian Army's counterinsurgency operations, resulting in the declaration
of some districts as militancy-free zones. However, militant activities persisted, evidenced by
incidents like the drone attack at Jammu Airport in 2021 and a significant increase in Indian
soldier casualties in early 2022 compared to the previous year.

Key Dates
1846 - Creation of the princely state of Kashmir.

1947-8 - The Maharaja of Kashmir signs a treaty of accession with India after a Pakistani
tribal army attacks. War breaks out between India and Pakistan over the region.

1949 - Kashmir is partitioned between India and Pakistan, with a ceasefire line agreed.

1962 - China defeats India in a brief war in a dispute over the Aksai Chin border area.

1965 - The second Indo-Pakistan war over Kashmir ends in a ceasefire.

Rise of Kashmiri nationalism: The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front is founded with the aim
of forming an independent state through the reunification of Indian-administered and
Pakistan-administered Kashmir.

1972 - Simla Agreement: India and Pakistan formalize the ceasefire line as the Line of
Control as part of a new resolve to negotiate differences after their war, which ended in
Bangladesh splitting from Pakistan.

1980-90s - Kashmir insurgency: Discontent over Indian rule leads to armed resistance, mass
protests, and a rise in Pakistan-backed militant groups. Ten of thousands of people are killed.

1999 - India and Pakistan engage in a brief conflict after militants cross the Line of Control
into the Indian-administered district of Kargil.

2008 - India and Pakistan open trade routes across the Line of Control for the first time in six
decades.

2010 - Anti-India protests in Indian-administered Kashmir in which over 100 youths are
killed.

2015 - Political watershed: Elections in Jammu and Kashmir see India's ruling Hindu
nationalist BJP party emerge as a major political player in the region for the first time when it
forms part of a coalition government with the regional Muslim People's Democratic Party.

2019 - The Indian government strips Jammu and Kashmir state of the special status that gave
it significant autonomy.

D. Major Parties Involved

1. India

The dispute between India and Pakistan over the

Jammu and Kashmir region dates back to the partition
of British India in 1947. The Indian Independence Act
gave regions like Jammu and Kashmir the option of
joining either India or Pakistan. Maharaja Hari Singh
initially opted for independence, but following an invasion by tribal militias backed by
Pakistan, he sought military assistance from India, which led to the region's annexation to
India.
India maintains that Jammu and Kashmir is an integral part of its territory and rejects any
attempt to change its status through external attack or internal uprising. Despite this, the
Indian government proposed peace solutions that emphasized bilateral negotiations and
peaceful means, as stated in the 1972 Simla Agreement.

However, human rights violations in the region remain a persistent concern. The Indian
government's rejection of recent UN reports on human rights in Kashmir demonstrates its
reluctance to address these issues. Reports highlighted deaths and injuries affecting civilians,
protesters, and militants in clashes between security forces and protesters. Communication
blackouts, internet restrictions, pressure on press freedom, and arbitrary detentions have
increased concerns about restriction of access to information and violation of fundamental
rights.

Security operations, including home raids and arbitrary detentions, have come under criticism,
with allegations of torture and mistreatment of detainees. Legal challenges make it difficult to
prosecute military personnel for human rights violations, leading to a culture of impunity.
Children were also affected by detention reports, trials in military courts, and violations of
their rights to education and health.

Despite efforts to address socio-economic inequalities through development projects, the

situation in Jammu and Kashmir remains complex. The continuation of human rights
violations undermines efforts towards lasting peace and stability in the region and underlines
the urgent need for meaningful dialogue and respect for fundamental rights.

2. Pakistan

In 1947, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir

became a substantial topic between India and Pakistan.
Pakistan claimed the region due to its majority of
Muslims, while India insisted on the princely state's
accession to India. This disagreement led to the first
Indo-Pakistani war in 1947-48 and subsequent conflicts
over the control of Kashmir.

Since the first conflict (1947-48), Pakistan has had no

change in the stance of Kashmir. Pakistan, which has
stood by Kashmiris from the prior, stated that it will
move forward with the decision taken by the United Nations and that it is pro-peace.
According to several human rights organizations, thousands of people have been killed and
tortured in the conflict since 1989 by both countries (Pakistan-India). The banning of political
parties in Kashmir and the persecution of their leaders reflects a blatant disregard for
democratic norms and international human rights law. The Indian government's decision to
declare the Kashmiri freedom group an "unlawful association" and subsequently ban it for
five years under anti-terrorism legislation sparked criticism for suppressing dissent. The
recent killing of three Kashmiri civilians in the custody of the Indian army has further
increased tensions. The Pakistani military condemned these actions as reprehensible human
rights violations. Residents of Poonch district allege that civilians were abducted, tortured,
and killed by the Indian army. The Indian military has ordered a court of inquiry into the
deaths, while concerns remain about the wider impact of the situation on human rights and
civil liberties in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. Urgent calls were made for India
to lift restrictions on banned political parties and release all political prisoners to uphold
democratic principles and respect for human rights.

3. China

China is also a party in the Kashmir conflict. China’s

dissatisfaction arises from Ladakh’s change of status.
The Foreign Ministry’s spokesman commented that:

China is always opposed to India’s inclusion of the

Chinese territory in the western sector of the China-
India boundary into its administrative jurisdiction. This
firm and consistent position remains unchanged.
Recently India has continued to undermine China’s
territorial sovereignty by unilaterally changing its
domestic law. Such practice is unacceptable and will
not come into force.

China and India have a territorial dispute over the Aksai Chin region, which is officially
administered by India as a part of the union of Ladakh. China requires its administration to be
part of its Xinjiang region. The territorial disputes drive the tension between India and China
to another level.

China’s have yet to do infrastructure projects,such as the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

(CPEC) under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI),pass through the regions which are also
claimed by India,including the parts administered by Pakistan (Azad Kashmir.These projects
are opposed by India and viewed them as a risk of its sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The concerns of China's layout to logic due to its potential impact on regional stability. China
has expressed its support for peaceful negotiations and resolutions of the Kashmir dispute
between India and Pakistan by emphasizing the mandatory actions that enhance the tension.

China’s relationship with India and Pakistan constitutes its approach to Kashmir. China has
sought to maintain good relations with India and Pakistan while pursuing its own political
interests. However, the relationship between Pakistan and China is one of close ties,
particularly under the context of CPEC and broader economic cooperation, which has
implications for its stance on Kashmir.

4. United Kingdom(UK)

The United Kingdom’s involvement over dispute

between India and Pakistan dates back to the colonial
era when India subcontinent was under British
rule.The partition of British India in 1947
occurred,which led to the creation of India and
Pakistan,resulted divisons to some regions such as
Jammu,Kashmir and Ladakh. The United Kingdom
played a role in the partition,and has not lost its interest in the region’s stability.

As a member of the United Nations and a supporter of international law and human rights,
The United Kingdom calls upon long-lasting peace and peaceful resolutions between India
and Pakistan. It also supported seeking lasting solutions through bilateral negotiations.

The UK has expressed concern about human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir, calling
for transparent investigations and respect for rights. It emphasizes the need for peace and
stability in South Asia by supporting dialogue between India and Pakistan for a peaceful
solution. Engaging in multilateral efforts, the UK advocates for conflict resolution within
international organizations aimed at promoting dialogue and addressing tensions in the region.

5. Afghanistan

Afghanistan is bordered by the Jammu and Kashmir region,

particularly with Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan.

The security situation in Afghanistan and its relations with

Pakistan have implications for regional stability and security
dynamics in the Kashmir region.

Afghanistan shares the same cultural, historical, and

religious ties with the Pakistan population, which dates back
centuries and has fostered a sense of solidarity and empathy
with the Kashmiri citizens.

Afghanistan is a supporter of the right to self-determination for the people of Jammu and
Kashmir. It has echoed calls for peaceful solutions of the Kashmir region and disputes
between India and Pakistan in line with United Nations resolutions and international law,and
respect to wishes of Kashmiri people. There may be spillover effects on Afghanistan's
security situation, including the presence of militant groups and cross-border tensions.

Afghanistan calls for international support for a peaceful resolution of the Kashmir issue,
emphasizing dialogue and mediation. Expressing alarm over human rights violations in
Jammu and Kashmir, he called for transparent investigations and for India and Pakistan to
adhere to human rights principles.

6. Russian Federation

The Russian Federation has maintained close

relations with India dating back to the Soviet era.

The foremost reason the Russian Federation is one of

India's supporters is that India is a key strategic
partner in the region. Russia also has a history of
engagement with Pakistan, albeit to a lesser extent.

Russia advocates for lasting peace and peaceful

negotiations on the Jammu and Kashmir issue
through bilateral dialogue between India and
Pakistan.
Russia shares concerns with India over cross-border terrorism emanating from Pakistan-
administered Kashmir. It views militant groups operating in the region as a threat to regional
security and stability, particularly in the context of the broader fight against terrorism and
extremism. Russia is strengthening relations with both India and Pakistan, prioritizing
stability in South Asia. It participates in multilateral forums such as the UN and SCO to
advocate peaceful solutions to regional issues, including Jammu and Kashmir. Additionally,
Russia supports economic cooperation to increase stability and prosperity in the region.

7. United States

The United States sees South Asia, which

includes India and Pakistan, as strategically
vital to regional stability. It mediates disputes
such as Kashmir, acknowledging Pakistan's
concerns while respecting India's bilateral
stance. The United States prioritizes stopping
cross-border terrorism, especially in Pakistan-
administered Kashmir, and calls on Pakistan to
take decisive

action against terrorist groups to prevent further

instability in the region.

The United States expresses concern about human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir
and calls for transparent investigations and compliance with human rights principles.

It maintains diplomatic relations with India and Pakistan by promoting dialogue and
cooperation to resolve disputes peacefully. Participating in multilateral forums such as the
UN, the United States advocates peaceful solutions to the Kashmir issue. Additionally, it aims
to promote stability and prosperity in the region by supporting economic development and
investment in South Asia, including Jammu and Kashmir.

8. European Union

The European Union consists of 27 countries:

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, and Sweden.

The European Union has not been directly involved

in the issue, but it has called upon both India and
Pakistan. It stressed the importance of bilateral
diplomatic efforts and a peaceful, lasting resolution
in the Jammu and Kashmir region. Some parties in the European Union have been directly
involved or have expressed opposition to the issue of Jammu and Kashmir, such as the
Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Sweden.
The common point among these voices is the call for action against human rights violations in
the Jammu and Kashmir region.

9. Organization of Islamic Cooperation

Pakistan is one of the member states in the

Organization of Islamic Cooperation involved in
Jammu and Kashmir due to Muslim-majority in
the region Jammu and Kashmir.

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

expresses serious concern over the recent
decision of the Supreme Court of India
upholding the unilateral actions of the Indian
government on 5 August 2019 regarding the
special status of Jammu and Kashmir. The
Organization of Islamic Cooperation calls for the cancellation of all illegal measures taken
since then and emphasizes the importance of preserving the internationally recognized
disputed status of the region. Moreover, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation reiterates its
unwavering solidarity with the people of Jammu and Kashmir in their legitimate quest for
self-determination. It calls on the international community to redouble efforts to resolve the
long-standing Jammu and Kashmir issue in accordance with relevant United Nations Security
Council resolutions. It has also urged India to allow international observers to visit the region
to assess the human rights situation.

10. United Nations

In 1947, India and Pakistan went to war over

Kashmir. During the war, it was India that first
took the Kashmir dispute to the United Nations
on 1 January 1948. The following year, on 1
January 1949, the UN helped enforce a ceasefire
between the two countries. The ceasefire line is
called the Line of Control. UN-appointed
independent human rights experts have called for
urgent action in India’s Jammu and Kashmir
amid concerns about ongoing abuses against
civilians there.

Following the outbreak of the Kashmir conflict

in October 1947, when Pakistan-backed tribal militias invaded Kashmir and prompted the
Maharaja of Kashmir to seek military assistance from India, India brought the issue to the
attention of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The UNSC passed Resolution 47 in
April 1948, calling for an immediate ceasefire, the withdrawal of Pakistani forces from the
region, and a plebiscite to determine the future status of Jammu and Kashmir.

Despite the passage of Resolution 47, the plebiscite never took place due to disagreements
between India and Pakistan over the prerequisites. The United Nations Military Observer
Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) was established in January 1949 to monitor the
ceasefire line established by the Karachi Agreement and report violations.
In the 1950s-1960s, efforts to resolve the Kashmir dispute continued with various proposals
and diplomatic initiatives. However, no significant progress was made, and tensions between
India and Pakistan remained high. Following the 1971 India-Pakistan war, the Shimla
Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan. It was emphasized in the agreement that
all disputes, including Kashmir, should be resolved through bilateral negotiations. In 1989, an
insurgency broke out in Indian-administered Kashmir, leading to increased tensions and
human rights violations. The United Nations continued to express concern about the situation
in Kashmir and periodically called for dialogue and peaceful resolution of the conflict. The
UN Secretary-General's reports on human rights issues in Kashmir and various UN bodies,
including the Human Rights Council, have discussed the situation. In August 2019, India
revoked the special autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir, leading to renewed tensions in
the region. The United Nations emphasized the need to respect human rights and international
humanitarian law and called on India and Pakistan to exercise restraint and resolve their
differences through dialogue.

E. Previous Attempts to Resolve Issue

● United Nations Security Council Resolution 47 (1948)

The United Nations Security Council adopted this resolution paper on April 21, 1948.
Resolution 47 (1948) of the United Nations (UN) called for both countries India and Pakistan
a ceasefire in the Jammu and Kashmir dispute. It urged both countries to withdraw their
forces from the Jammu and Kashmir region and called for a plebiscite under UN supervision
to determine its future status of.

▪︎You can find the resolution via:http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/47

● United Nations Security Council Resolution 80 (1950)

The United Nations Security Council adopted the resolution on March 14, 1950. United
Nations Resolution 80 (1950) itinerant t to call for a plebiscite to determine the future of the
Jammu and Kashmir region. The adopted resolution emphasizes the significance of
ascertaining the will of the people of the region through freedom and impartial vote under the
auspices of the United Nations. The resolution reaffirmed its commitment to the principles of
self-determination and called on India and Pakistan to cooperate with the UN Commission on
India and Pakistan to facilitate the plebiscite process. Resolution 80 underlined the
international community's interest in resolving the Kashmir dispute peacefully and in
accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter.

▪︎You can find the resolution via:http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/80

● United Nations Security Council Resolution 91 (1951).

The United Nations Security Council adopted the resolution on March 14, 1950. The adopted
resolution called for a plebiscite to determine the faith of citizens in Jammu and Kashmir. The
highlight of this resolution is the importance of resolving the dispute in accordance with the
will of citizens and the principles of the United Nations Charter. Resolution 91 urges India
and Pakistan to cooperate with the United Nations Commission for their next step to create
conditions conducive to the holding of a free and fair plebiscite.
▪︎You can find the resolution 91 via:http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/91

● United Nations Security Council Resolution 122 (1957)

The United Nations Security Council adopted the resolution on January 14, 1950. Adopted
Resolution 122 (1957) urges India and Pakistan to forbear themselves from taking any
unilateral actions that may aggravate tensions in the Jammu-Kashmir region. It remarks the
need for both parties to cooperate with the United Nations Representative for India and
Pakistan. In addition, Resolution 122 stresses the importance of respecting the ceasefire line
established by the Karachi Agreement and urges for peace and stability to remain in the
Jammu-Kashmir region. Consequently, it underlines the international community’s
commitment to preventing escalation and promoting dialogue between member states such as
India and Pakistan.

▪︎You can find the resolution 122 via:http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/122

● United Nations Security Council Resolution 209 (1965)

The United Nations Security Council adopted the resolution on September 4, 1965. Adopted
Resolution 209 during the Indo-Pakistani War in 1965 called for an immediate ceasefire and
withdrawal of both countries' militaries to pre-war positions. This resolution stressed the
importance of resolving disputes peacefully and urged both India and Pakistan to cooperate
with the United Nations and other relevant bodies to achieve a lasting settlement. Moreover,
Resolution 209 underscored the need to respect the principles of the United Nations Charter
and forbearing actions that could enhance tensions more. It demonstrated the international
community's commitment to restoring peace and stability in the region amidst the conflict.

▪︎You can find the resolution 209 via:http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/209

● United Nations Security Council Resolution 307 (1971)

The United Nations Security Council adopted the resolution on December 21, 1971. Adopted
resolution during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 claimed for a ceasefire and withdrawal of
troops to pre-war positions. It also stressed the importance of a peaceful settlement of all
disputes, including the one over Kashmir. Resolution 307 underscores the requirement for
respecting the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence of all nations in the
region.

▪︎You can find the resolution 307 via:http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/307

● Simla Agreement

The Simla agreement, also written as the Shimla agreement, was a peace agreement between
India and Pakistan signed in Shimla on 2 July 1972. It was signed following the 1971 Indo-
Pakistani War, which started after India intervened in East Pakistan. The official purpose of
the agreement was stated as follows: to serve as a way for both countries to "put an end to the
conflict and confrontation that have hitherto damaged their relations" and to devise steps for
further normalization of India-Pakistan relations, as well as to determine the principles that
should guide their respective relations. This peace agreement includes the main points that
concern both India and Pakistan. Line of Control (LoC), where both India and Pakistan have
agreed to abide by the ceasefire line established after the 1971 war, known as the Line of
Control, preventing any change in the status quo accordingly. The Simla Agreement draws
attention to the importance of resolving the issue through bilateral negotiations. The treaty
calls on India and Pakistan to resolve all troubling issues, including the Kashmir dispute,
through peaceful negotiations and dialogue. Additionally, this peace agreement envisaged
comprehensive talks between India and Pakistan to normalize bilateral relations and promote
cooperation in various fields, including trade and culture. And humanitarian issues. Finally,
both countries promised to respect each other's sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political
independence.

▪︎You can find the Simla Agreement via:

https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/
ip_simla_07021972.pdf

F. Bibliography

“Kashmir Profile.” BBC News, 4 Jan. 2012. www.bbc.com,

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11693674.

Behind the Kashmir Conflict - Summary (Human Rights Watch Report, July 1999).
https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/summary.htm.

Turkish President’s Kashmir Remarks “Global

Warning.”https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkish-presidents-kashmir-remarks-global-
warning/1594232.

“Education In Kashmir Has Been Disrupted, Why?” The Times of India. The Economic
Times - The Times of India,
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/sakonsablog/education-in-kashmir-has-been-
disrupted-why-32742/.

Kashmiri Women’s Resilience in the Face of Constant Suffering.

https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/kashmiri-womens-resilience-in-face-of-constant-
suffering/2507129.

https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1399834

Behind the Kashmir Conflict - Summary (Human Rights Watch Report, July 1999).
https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/summary.htm.

“Pakistan: Civilians Killed in Kashmir in Indian Cross-Border Fire.” Voice of America, 24

June 2023, https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-civilians-killed-in-kashmir-in-indian-cross-
border-fire-/7151330.html