laries • On Feb.

28 1974, PM Aklilu Habte-Wold was replaced by Endalkachew Mekonnin, who

was an Oxford-educated member of the aristocracy to gain the support of officers within the
army, PM Endalkachew promised reforms like constitutional reform included highly educated &
progressive ministers into his cabinet On March 8, the Confederation of Ethiopia Labor
Unions(CELU)staged a successful general strike Con.t… • On April 20 by about 100,000Muslim
residents & their Christian sympathizers held major popular demonstration in Addis Ababa
demanding religious equality • The coordinating committee of soldiers and Non- Commissioned
Officers (NCOs)set up in February were joined by officers, such as Colonel Alem Zewd
Tessema of the Airborne Brigade & its leader with the involvement of Endalkachew, the
committee arrested Aklilu and hundreds of other high-ranking officials of the regime • Noticing
the growing power of the Committee &series of demonstrations & strikes, Lt. General Abiy
Abebe(Minister of Defense), set up National Security Commission to restore order & respect for
the authority of the government Con.t… • Students were the leading opponents against the
Endalkachew cabinet by staging their own demonstrations encouraging other society to join
revolutionary tide • The 1974 struggle was eventually hijacked by the soldiers • The Derg
(committee) was officially formed on June 28,1974 when it held its first meeting at the
headquarters on the Fourth Division in Addis Ababa Derg- Coordinating Committee of
representatives from military units of armed Forces the Police and territorial Army Con.t… •
Derg excluded military officers above the rank on major suspected that they were supporters of
old regime • Initially, the key figures of Derg were Chairman- Major Mengistu Haile-Mariam on
Third Division of Hararghe Vice-chairman-Major Atnafu Abate of Fourth Division of Addis
Ababa • For some of the Derg exercised power parallel with the Endalkachew’s cabinet& the
emperor made up in a dual state, trying to keep a balance between the two(Derg &old regime) •
The Derg imprisoned Endalkachew & replace him by Lej Mikael Emiru as PM on August 1,1974
& Con.t… • Derg defined its ideology & declared its motto“Ethiopia Tikdem”(“Ethiopia
First”)“Yaleminim Dem”(“Without any bloodshed”) • The Initial Measures of the Derg
Launched strong propaganda campaign against the regime &the widespread corruption of
government functionaries Nationalized Anbessa Bus Company and the St. George Brewery. •
More than 50% of their share was owned by emperor& the imperial family • British
documentary film disclosed the hidden horrors of the Wollo famine • On September 12,Emperor
Haile-Selassie I was deposed and detained at the Fourth Division headquarters& Derg declared
itself the PMAC. • Lieutenant General Aman Mikael Andom & Mengistu Haile Mariam were
appointed to be its chairman &vice-chairman respectively Con.t…. • Groups that opposed what
was to become a military government (PMAC) were civilian revolutionaries under CELU calling
for provisional people’s government the University teachers’ group known as Forum the students
Sections of the military Army Engineers Corps • First Division (the former Bodyguard) Army
Aviation • The Measures of PMAC against the Opposition imprisoned the CELU & Forum
group leaders Violently crashed militant group within the Army Engineering Corps Exaternal
relation with Ethiopia during Old regime • Buried in the Sands of the Ogaden”: The Horn of
Africa and SALT II, 1977–1979 • In the summer of 1977, Somalia, a poverty -stricken country in
the Horn of Africa, invaded its equally poor neighbor, Ethiopia, in hopes of conquering the
Ogaden • Desert region, which was populated by ethnic Somalis. • What began as a local conflict
in a far-flung region of the world grew into a Cold War hotspot as the United States and the
Soviet Union took sides. • Map of the Ogaden region. (Central Intelligence Agency) • The
United States had supported the long-ruling Emperor Haile Selassie in Ethiopia. • The Emperor
enjoyed great status as an international statesman, but ultimately failed to deliver basic services
to his impoverished people. Con.t…. • Several famines in the 1960s and early 1970s finally
brought about a revolution in 1973 that upended the formerly feudal societal structure. • The
revolution was originally led by urbanites such as laborers, students, and taxi drivers, but soon a
group of mid-level Army officers filled the leadership void and eventually arrested and deposed
Haile Selassie in September 1974. • The ideological direction of the revolution was not clear at
first, and the United States attempted to maintain relations with the new leadership. • However,
after Mengistu Haile Miriam had his rivals killed and became the dominant leader of Ethiopia,
the revolution took a communist turn, and he reached out to the Soviet Union to replace U.S.
military aid. • The Soviet Union agreed to fund its new ally and hoped that Ethiopia and Somalia
could form a communist federation. Con.t… • In Somalia, Mohammed Siad Barre had seized
power in a coup in 1969 and had declared Somalia a socialist republic. • The Soviet Union and
Somalia had then signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in 1974. • However, Siad Barre
had designs on the Ogaden region of Ethiopia and resented the growing closeness between
Ethiopia and the Soviet Union. • In response, the Somali dictator reached out to the United States
in hopes of securing military aid and eventually expelled the Soviets from the country. • The
Soviets chose to support Addis Ababa, keeping the bigger prize in the zero sum game of the Cold
War. • The United States was actively considering aid to Mogadishu when Somalia invaded
Ethiopia, completing the total flip in the alliances. Con.t… • Siad Barre wanted to take advantage
of Ethiopia’s fragmented society when he invaded. • The leadership in Addis Ababa faced a
long-running rebellion in Eritrea as well as insurgency by the ethnic Somalis in the Ogaden and
Mengistu was still focused on consolidating his own power. • Somalia, therefore, had the upper
hand in the early phase of the war and advanced toward the major Ethiopian cities in the region. •
However, the Soviet Union began a massive airlift that autumn of Soviet military advisors and
supplies, and also Cuban troops to aid the beleaguered Marxist regime, turning the tide of the
war. Con.t… • The United States was alarmed at such a large scale Soviet and Cuban
intervention in Africa. • Since this occurred on the heels of the communist countries’
involvement in Angola, the administration of President Jimmy Carter feared that a pattern was
emerging. • The conflict in the Horn and the Soviet intervention also occurred in an era of
détente between the United States and the Soviet Union. • Détente was a series of agreements
between the two superpowers that were meant to reduce tensions. • For Moscow, détente
represented a chance to be recognized as an equal power to Washington. • Washington, on the
other hand, saw détente as a way to draw the Soviet Union further into the international system
and exercise some influence over Soviet behavior in the Third World. • The United States,
therefore, used the Horn of Africa conflict as a test case for its understanding of détente. Con.t…
• The members of the Carter administration’s National Security Council (NSC) disagreed on an
appropriate response to the Soviet intervention and they divided into two main camps. • In
particular, Carter’s National Security Advisor, Zbigniew Brzezinski, argued that the United
States needed a bold response and that the administration could not let the Soviets get away with
intervention in the Horn or else they would become emboldened elsewhere in Africa. • Another
faction of the NSC, led by Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, argued that the Soviets were just
taking advantage of an opportunity and a hard stance against the Soviets vis-à-vis their Africa
policy would jeopardize progress on more important bilateral relations. Con.t… • While Vance
won the initial arguments and the United States refrained from sending a carrier task force to the
region as Brzezinski proposed, members of the administration continued to raise their concerns
with their Soviet counterparts. • Brzezinski and later Carter himself began to speculate publicly
that the Soviet behavior in the Horn of Africa was undermining Congressional willingness to
ratify a new agreement on the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), the lynchpin of détente.
• Vance, on the other hand, feared that Brzezinski’s rhetoric was what was causing members of
Congress to link the two issues. • The Soviets could not understand why the United States
attached such importance to their intervention in the Horn and made no attempt to come to an
understanding on the issue. Con.t… • The Horn of Africa crisis turned out to be the first in a
series of disagreements between the superpowers over the Third World that occurred during the
Carter years. • Events on the Horn were followed by problems in Zaire, Yemen, Cuba and finally,
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979. • After the invasion, President Carter
withdrew the SALT II treaty from Congressional consideration, leading Brzezinski to claim that
“SALT lies buried in the sands of the Ogaden.” 2. The Rise of Mengistu Haile Mariam (1977) •
In 1977, Mengistu Haile Mariam became the de facto leader of the Derg after a violent power
struggle that included the execution of prominent Derg members. • Mengistu initiated policies
inspired by Marxist-Leninist ideology, which intensified the government’s control over land,
businesses, and resources. • His rule became known for political repression and violence against
opponents. 3. The Red Terror (1977-1978) • The Red Terror campaign was launched by
Mengistu’s government to eliminate opposition, mainly targeting leftist groups such as the
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP). feleke1360@gmai.com • This period saw mass
arrests, torture, and executions, with an estimated tens of thousands of people killed in the
campaign. • The Red Terror was a terrifying genocide that claimed many lives up to 500,000 •
Caused by the overthrowing of Emperor Haile Selassesie by a opposition group • Happened in
1976-1978 , • The communist Mengistu Haile Mariam took control& the government tried to kill
anyone who wasn’t part of their party most Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party EPRP
Classification • This the first step of genocide • The action process of classifying something
according to shared qualities or characteristics • Two side in genocide : communist Regime and
anitterror committee . – Identification » Opposition group • Teachers • students President
Mengistu Haile Mariam -a Derg member People suffered from his rule harmed innocent people
since they politically opposed them Con.t… • Thought the EPRP attempted assassination of him
• Mengistu and the brutal communist regime exceeded the violence committed by political
opposition groups • Symbolization • Symbolization in when symbols or names are given to the
targeted by classification . • People are given labels based on their thoughts and beliefs, as well
as culture and action • The was not a whole lot of symbolization in Red Terror. • But, some
symbols were • In the Ethiopian Red Terror, the group targeted was the opposition to military
regime of Mengistu • This was the symbol of opposition group. Con.t… • MEISON • It was
another party opposed to the military regime • dehumanization • There were alto of death
especially from the EPRP group • Estimated 275,000-367,000 people died of famine • 80,000
people died in concertation camps • Hated speech from Mengistu “ we had to organize people
into urban defense units & rural defense committees and peasants associations to defend the
country • Organization:-Mengistu put the EPRP Label &MEISON on most opposer • He moved
all the opposers out of the large into designated areas • Also, Mengistu chose to, ”treat those
people as bugs” and destroy them Con.t… • Polarization :-separation of groups into opposing
factions • Path to polarization • Separation • Concentration camps, Propaganda ,Death •
Preparation/ Extermination • This party of the genocide started when emperor was overthrown
and Mengistu became the leader • Killing took place in the capital A.A, Gondar, Wollo, Gojjam
& Tegray • The total reactions of these murders were some defectors of the EPRP told inside
information to crush the group 4. The Ethiopian Civil War (1974-1991) • The onset of Civil War
Started as a result of struggle between the EPRP & the Derg &it sallies since September • 1976
when EPRP militants were arrested &executed by the Derg& supporters of the Derg were
assassinated by EPRP squads (groups) • EPRP also attempted to assassinate Mengistu. • As a
response, the Derg attacked EPRP with large-scale arrests and carried out massive search and
destroy campaigns, particularly in the capital • In late 1976,the Derg was ideologically divided
with internal struggles. • Mengistu had eliminated powerful members of the Derg and his
potential rivals of power influence, Major Sisay Habte & Major Kiros Alemayehu. • Other
members of Derg such as Lieutenant Alemayehu Hayle &Captain Moges Wolde-Mikael resented
the dictatorial power of Mengistu & his alliance with Meison and other pro- Derg leftist
organizations Con.t… • The a-Mengistu groups, with the help of the chairperson, Brigadier
General Teferi Benti,successfully re-organized the structure of the Derg that Mengistu
marginalized. • However, eventually, Teferi & other anti-Mengistu Derg members were executed.
• Mengistu Haile- Mariam assumed the chairmanship of the Derg & the post of commander-in-
chief of the armed forces. • He then filled the top positions in the Derg with his loyal supporters.
• Within just a year, the only remaining outstanding Derg member, Lt. Colonel Atnafu Abate,
was charged of impeding (hindering) the revolutionary process and executed. • Then Mengistu
and his civilian left allies unleashed(let lose)what they called the “Red Terror” initially targeting
the EPRP,then EPLF & the TPLF & Meison after its divorce from the Derg. Con.t…. • Ethiopia
endured a long and brutal civil war as various ethnic and political groups, • including the Tigray
People's Liberation Front (TPLF) and the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), fought
against the Derg's authoritarian rule. • The war was marked by widespread destruction and heavy
casualties and continued alongside the broader Cold War dynamics, with the Derg receiving
substantial support from the Soviet Union. • EPRP turned to rural guerrilla war fare as internal
split within it hastened its collapse The Derg and the Somalia Aggression 5. The 1983-1985
Famine • A widespread famine affected Ethiopia from 1983 to 1985. • The worst famine to hit
the country in a century, it affected 7.75 million people (out of Ethiopia's 38–40 million) and left
approximately 300,000 to 1.2 million dead. • 2.5 million people were internally displaced
whereas 410,000 refugees left Ethiopia. • Between 1983 and 1985, a severe famine struck
Ethiopia, primarily affecting the northern regions of Tigray and Wollo. • The famine was
exacerbated by the government’s forced resettlement and military policies. • It is estimated that
hundreds of thousands of people died, and the famine attracted international attention, leading to
global humanitarian efforts, including the famous Live Aid concert organized by Bob Geldof in
1985. Con.t…. • What is a famine? • A food crisis becomes a famine when there’s so little food
in the region that it causes large-scale malnutrition, starvation, and death. • Not all food crises
become famines. • A famine is declared when the following criteria are met: a. At least 20% of
households in a given area face extreme food shortages with limited ability to cope. b. More than
30% of children suffer from acute malnutrition. c. At least two deaths per 10,000 people occur
each day as a result of hunger or a combination of hunger and illness Con.t… • What caused the
1980s Ethiopia famine? • A perfect storm of adverse events led to the Ethiopia famine: recurring
drought, failed harvests, food scarcity, conflict that kept aid from reaching people in occupied
territory, and government policies that relocated families and routed relief to certain areas. •
Where in Ethiopia was the famine located? • The worst effects of drought and deprivation were
in northern Ethiopia, where there were also border conflicts. 6. End of the Derg Regime (1991) •
In 1991, the Derg was overthrown by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
(EPRDF), a coalition of rebel groups led by the TPLF. • Mengistu fled to Zimbabwe, where he
was granted asylum. • This marked the end of nearly two decades of authoritarian rule, leading to
a period of political restructuring and promises of ethnic federalism. 7. Eritrean Independence
(1991-1993) • Th e f a l l o f t h e De r g a l s o l e d t o s i g n i f i c a n t developments in Eritrea.
• T h e E P L F, w h i c h h a d f o u g h t f o r E r i t r e a n independence, gained control of
Eritrea. • After a UN-supervised referendum in 1993, Eritrea officially became independent from
Ethiopia. • Eritrea's independence marked a historic shift, as it had been an Ethiopian province
for over a century. 20 mcq
ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Here are 20 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) based on the text you provided:

1. Who led the military coup that overthrew Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974? a)
General Aman Andom
b) Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam
c) Derg
d) Students and workers
Answer: c) Derg
2. What was the main goal of the Derg initially? a) Establish a democratic government
b) Create a socialist state
c) Restore the monarchy
d) Form a coalition government with the U.S.
Answer: b) Create a socialist state
3. Which event marked the end of the Ethiopian monarchy? a) The Red Terror
b) The overthrow of Haile Selassie
c) The 1983-1985 famine
d) The Soviet intervention
Answer: b) The overthrow of Haile Selassie
4. What was the major cause behind the Soldier Mutiny in Negele Borana in January
1974? a) Poor political leadership
b) Bad living conditions and low salaries
c) Religious inequality
d) Resistance to government reforms
Answer: b) Bad living conditions and low salaries
5. Which organization led the protests against the education reform program in
December 1973? a) Derg
b) CELU
c) Teachers' Association (ETA)
d) EPRP
Answer: c) Teachers' Association (ETA)
6. Which prime minister was appointed by the Derg after the replacement of Aklilu
Habte-Wold in 1974? a) Mengistu Haile Mariam
b) Endalkachew Mekonnin
c) Lej Mikael Emiru
d) Major Mengistu
Answer: b) Endalkachew Mekonnin
7. What was the slogan of the Derg? a) "Ethiopia Tikdem"
b) "Freedom and Justice for All"
c) "No Bloodshed"
d) "Peace, Love, Unity"
Answer: a) "Ethiopia Tikdem"
8. Who was the emperor of Ethiopia before being overthrown in 1974? a) Mengistu
Haile Mariam
b) Emperor Menelik II
c) Haile Selassie
d) Emperor Tewodros II
Answer: c) Haile Selassie
9. Which event caused Ethiopia to align more closely with the Soviet Union? a) The
Somali invasion of Ogaden
b) The Ethiopian famine
c) The rise of the EPRP
d) The assassination of Endalkachew Mekonnin
Answer: a) The Somali invasion of Ogaden
10. What was the primary aim of Mengistu Haile Mariam's policies after he became the
de facto leader in 1977? a) Promote democracy
b) Expand the empire
c) Strengthen Marxist-Leninist ideology
d) Restore the monarchy
Answer: c) Strengthen Marxist-Leninist ideology
11. What was the Red Terror campaign? a) A battle against foreign invaders
b) A campaign to eliminate opposition groups
c) A famine relief effort
d) A peace negotiation with Somalia
Answer: b) A campaign to eliminate opposition groups
12. Which groups were mainly targeted during the Red Terror? a) Students and workers
b) Leftist groups like the EPRP
c) Somali military
d) Royalist supporters
Answer: b) Leftist groups like the EPRP
13. What was the estimated death toll of the Red Terror campaign? a) 50,000
b) 100,000
c) 275,000–367,000
d) 500,000
Answer: c) 275,000–367,000
14. Which region in Ethiopia was the worst hit by the 1983-1985 famine? a) Addis Ababa
b) Wollo and Tigray
c) Eritrea
d) Gondar
Answer: b) Wollo and Tigray
15. Which two major rebel groups fought against the Derg during the Civil War? a)
EPLF and MEISON
b) TPLF and EPLF
 c) EPRP and TPLF
d) TPLF and Derg
Answer: b) TPLF and EPLF
16. What led to the international humanitarian response during the famine of 1983-
1985? a) Ethiopian government aid
b) The global awareness of Ethiopia's poverty
c) The large number of people displaced and dying from hunger
d) The successful efforts of the EPRP
Answer: c) The large number of people displaced and dying from hunger
17. Who was the leader of the Somali government during the Ogaden War? a) Mengistu
Haile Mariam
b) Major Mengistu
c) Mohammed Siad Barre
d) Colonel Andom
Answer: c) Mohammed Siad Barre
18. What was the result of the Ogaden War for Ethiopia? a) Ethiopia was defeated and
lost the region
b) Ethiopia successfully repelled Somalia with Soviet aid
c) Ethiopia signed a peace treaty with Somalia
d) Ethiopia's monarch was restored
Answer: b) Ethiopia successfully repelled Somalia with Soviet aid
19. When did Eritrea officially become independent from Ethiopia? a) 1990
b) 1991
c) 1993
d) 1994
Answer: c) 1993
20. Who replaced Mengistu Haile Mariam after the fall of the Derg regime in 1991? a)
Endalkachew Mekonnin
b) The TPLF-led EPRDF
c) A new military junta
d) A civilian government
Answer: b) The TPLF-led