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Lecture Note #1_PEC-CS701E

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29 views19 pages

Lecture Note #1_PEC-CS701E

Uploaded by

halderriya56732
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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PEC-CS701E

Introduction to
Machine Learning
Subhas Halder
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
What is Machine Learning?
“Learning is any process by which a system
improves performance from experience.”
- Herbert Simon

Definition by Tom Mitchell (1998):


Machine Learning is the study of algorithms that
• improve their performance P
• at some task T
• with experience E.
A well-defined learning task is given by <P, T, E>.
What is Machine Learning
• Machine learning is an application of artificial
intelligence that involves algorithms and data
that automatically analyse and make decision
by itself without human intervention.
• It describes how computer perform tasks on
their own by previous experiences.
• Therefore we can say in machine language
artificial intelligence is generated on the basis
of experience.
Traditional Programming Vs ML
Why Machine Learning?
• Develop systems that can automatically adapt and customize
themselves to individual users.
– Personalized news or mail filter
• Discover new knowledge from large databases (data
mining).
– Market basket analysis (e.g. diapers and beer)
• Ability to mimic human and replace certain monotonous
tasks - which require some intelligence.
• like recognizing handwritten characters
• Develop systems that are too difficult/expensive to construct
manually because they require specific detailed skills or
knowledge tuned to a specific task (knowledge engineering
bottleneck).
• 4
When Do We Use Machine Learning?
ML is used when:
• Human expertise does not exist (navigating on Mars)
• Humans can’t explain their expertise (speech recognition)
• Models must be customized (personalized medicine)
• Models are based on huge amounts of data (genomics)

Learning isn’t always useful:


• There is no need to “learn” to calculate payroll
The Learning Process
Defining the Learning Task
Improve on task T, with respect to
performance metric P, based on experience E
T: Playing checkers
P: Percentage of games won against an arbitrary opponent
E: Playing practice games against itself

T: Recognizing hand-written words


P: Percentage of words correctly classified
E: Database of human-labeled images of handwritten words

T: Driving on four-lane highways using vision sensors


P: Average distance traveled before a human-judged error
E: A sequence of images and steering commands recorded while
observing a human driver.

T: Categorize email messages as spam or legitimate.


P: Percentage of email messages correctly classified.
E: Database of emails, some with human-given labels
Some examples of tasks that are best
solved by using a learning algorithm
• Recognizing patterns:
– Facial identities or facial expressions
– Handwritten or spoken words
– Medical images
• Generating patterns:
– Generating images or motion sequences
• Recognizing anomalies:
– Unusual credit card transactions
– Unusual patterns of sensor readings in a nuclear power
plant
• Prediction:
– Future stock prices or currency exchange rates
State of the Art
Applications of
Machine Learning
Autonomous Cars
Autonomous Car Sensors
Sample Applications
•Web search
• Computational biology
• Finance
• E-commerce
• Space exploration
• Robotics
• Information extraction
• Social networks
• Debugging software
ML Applications
Learning Algorithms
Some of the machine learning algorithms are:

• Neural Networks
• Random Forests
• Decision trees
• Genetic algorithm
• Radial basis function
• Sigmoid
Types of Machine Learning
There are three types of machine learning
– Supervised learning
– Unsupervised learning
– Reinforcement learning
Real Time Examples for ML
• TRAFFIC PREDICTION
• VIRTUAL PERSONAL ASSISTANT
• ONLINE TRANSPORTATION
• SOCIAL MEDIA SERVICES
• EMAIL SPAM FILTERING
• PRODUCT RECOMMENDATION
• ONLINE FRAUD DETECTION
Best Programming Languages for ML
Some of the best and most commonly used machine learning programs are

• Python,
• java,
• C,
• C++,
• Shell,
• R,
• JavaScript,
• Scala,
• Shell,
• Julia

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