Presented by Arpita Maity Introduction Behaviourism or the behaviourist approach lays stress on the role of environmental stimuli in determining the way we act. Learning — changes in behaviour because of experiences (excluding changes due to fatigue, injury or drug effects)- is at the centre of this approach. Contemporary behaviourists (often called S - R psychologists) view environmental factors as stimuli, and the resultant behaviour, as responses. They attempt to demonstrate that behaviour is controlled by environmental contingencies of external rewards or reinforcements which form links between behavioural responses and their effects (or stimuli) Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), a physiologist by profession,
while working with dogs incidentally came across an interesting learning phenomenon, now called Classical Conditioning. Pavlov found that when a bell was sounded just before a hungry dog was presented with food, after several trials, the dog would salivate simply at the sound of the bell. ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS: The original, naturally occurring stimulus mentioned in the preceding paragraph is called the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). The term unconditioned means “unlearned”. In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, the food is the unconditioned stimulus. UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE: The reflex response to the unconditioned stimulus is called the unconditioned response (UCR) In Pavlov’s experiment, the salivation to the food is the UCR (unconditioned response). CONDITIONED STIMULUS : When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, learning has occurred. The neutral stimulus can now be called a conditioned stimulus (CS). (Unconditioned means “unlearned,” and, as mentioned earlier, conditioned means “learned.”) CONDITIONED STIMULUS : The response that is given to the CS (conditioned stimulus)is not usually quite as strong as the original unconditioned response (UCR), but it is essentially the same response. However, because it comes as a response to the conditioned stimulus (CS), it is called the conditioned response (CR). Classical Conditioning Before Conditioning UCS (food) ———— UCR (salivation) NS (bell) ————————No salivation During Conditioning CS (bell) ———— UCS (food) ———— UCR (salivation) After Conditioning CS(bell) CR(Salivation) Principles of Classical Conditioning Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Discrimination Application of classical conditioning (1) Developing good habits (2) Breaking of bad habits and elimination of conditioned fear (3) Training of the animals (4) Use in Psychotherapy (5) Developing Positive attitudes (6) Teaching alphabets References https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/72486/3/Blo ck-4.pdf https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/8300/1/Unit- 16.pdf https://dspmuranchi.ac.in/pdf/Blog/applications%20of%20cl assical%20conditioning.pdf https://gcwgandhinagar.com/econtent/document/1587181 812CLASSICAL%20CONDITIONING.pdf https://lah.elearningontario.ca/CMS/public/exported_cour ses/HSP3C/exported/HSP3CU02/HSP3CU02/HSP3CU02 A02/_teacher/verywell.com- WhatIsClassicalConditioning.pdf
(Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy) Christopher Erhard (Editor), Tobias Keiling (Editor) - The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology of Agency-Routledge (2020)
(Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy) Christopher Erhard (Editor), Tobias Keiling (Editor) - The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology of Agency-Routledge (2020)
