Maths-X

MATHEMATICS / X / 2024-25/RO-BENGALURU
CHAPTER 1- REAL NUMBERS
KEY POINTS
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 Recalling the definition of prime number, composite number, rational number and irrational
number
 Fundamental theorem of arithmetic: Every composite number can be expressed as a product
of primes and this factorization is unique.
 Let p be a prime number. If p divides a2, then p divides a, where a is a positive integer.
 For any 2 positive integers a and b, HCF (a,b) × LCM (a,b) = a × b
 Proving the irrationality of √2, √3, etc using the method of contradiction
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 1 MARK)

1. The sum of a rational and irrational number is always…………..
(a) Rational (b) irrational (c) 0 (d) 1
2. LCM of the numbers ‘x’ and ‘y’ where y is a multiple of ‘x’ is given by
(a) X (b) y (c) xy (d) x+y
3. If two positive integers A and B can be expressed as A = xy3 and B = xy2; x, y being prime
numbers, the HCF (A, B) is …………….
(a) Xy (b) xy2 (c) xy3 (d) x2y
4. Express 98 as product of prime factors
(a) 7×22 (b) 72×22 (c) 72×2 (d) 7×23
5. If HCF (16, y) = 8 and LCM (16, y) = 48, then the value of y is……….
(a) 24 (b) 16 (c) 8 (d) 48
6. The exponent of 2 in the prime factorisation of 144, is
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 3
7. The LCM of two numbers is 1200. Which of the following cannot be their HCF?
(a) 600 (b) 400 (c) 200 (d) 500
8. The HCF of 12, 21, 15 are

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 12 (d) 15
9. The LCM and HCF of two rational numbers are equal, then the numbers must be
(a) Prime (b) co-prime (c) composite (d) equal
10. The ratio of LCM and HCF of the least composite number and the least prime number is
(a) 1:2 (b) 2:1 (c) 1:3 (d) 3:1
SHORT ANSWER TYPE- I QUESTIONS(EACH CARRIES 2 MARKS)
1. Express each number as a product of its prime factors:

a) 280 b) 156
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2. Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657).

3. Given that √3 is irrational, prove that 2 - 5√3 is irrational.
4. Check whether 8n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
5. Find HCF and LCM of 252 and 244 and verify that HCF × LCM = Product of the two given
numbers
6. Given that √2 is irrational, prove that is an irrational number.
√
7. X and y are two positive numbers greater than 21
The H C F of x and y is 21 and their L C M is 210 find x and y .
8. If the HCF of 136 and 344 is expressible in the form 344 × 2 - 136 × q , then find the value of q.
9. Explain why (21 × 15 × 11 ×17 × 2 + 2 × 17) is a composite number?
10. In a marathon, three athletes step off together and their steps measure 54 cm, 60 cm, and 48 cm,
respectively. What is the minimum distance each should walk so that each can cover the same
distance in complete steps?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE- II QUESTIONS(EACH CARRIES 3 MARKS)
1. Given √5 is irrational, prove that 3+2√5 is irrational.
Let 3+2√5 be rational
3+2√5 = p/q, where p and q are coprime
√5 = (p-3)/ 2q
Given √5 is irrational
Since p/q is rational, (p-3)/ 2q is rational.
A contradiction
2. Find the LCM and HCF of 120 and 84 and verify its relation with the two
Numbers.
3. Find the largest number which when divided by 615 and 963 leaves a
remainder 6 in each case
4. Find the least length of rope which can be cut into whole numbers of pieces of length 45cms,75cms
and 81 cms .
5. Prove that √7 is an irrational, using the method of contradiction
LONG ANSWER TYPE (EACH CARRIES 5 MARKS)
1. The length, breadth, and height of a room are 8 m 50 cm, 6 m 25 cm and 4 m 75 cm respectively.
Find the length of the longest rode that can measure the dimensions of the room exactly
2. The local bus services has 2 lines of buses that start together at 8 A.M .Buses on line A leave after
every 15 minutes while buses on line B leave after every 20 mins .In a day how many times do
both line A and B leave together between 8 A.M and 11 A.M ?
3. Six bells commence tolling together and toll at intervals of 2,4,6,8,10,12 minutes respectively .in
30 minutes how many times do they toll together excluding the beginning ?
CASE STUDY(1+1+2 =4 MARKS)
1. A mathematical exhibition was conducted in the school. Ramya made the following factor tree for
the exhibition with a few blanks and asked the students to complete it.
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Observe the factor tree and answer the following questions.
a)Find the exponent of y.

b) Express 7200 as the product of its prime factors
c) Find the value of x+y+z
2. There is a circular path around a sports field. Kamal takes 32 minutes to drove one round of the
field while Rahul takes 24 minutes to do the same. Suppose they start at the same point and go in
the same direction.
1. After how many minutes do they meet at the
starting point again?
2. How many rounds should Kamal complete to
meet Rahul again?
3. Find the HCF of 32 and 24.
3. A college conducts a seminar for various subjects. The number of participants for English ,Maths
and Sceince are 60,84 and 108 respectively.
Every room has to accommodate equal number
of participants.
1. Find the maximum number of participants in
each room.
2. How many rooms are required?
3. Find the LCM of 60,84 and 108
ASSERTION AND REASON
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of

reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
(A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
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1. Assertion: The HCF of two numbers is 15 and their product is 2250. Then their LCM is 150.
Reason: If a, b are two positive integers, then HCF x LCM=a x b.
2. Assertion:7n ends with the digit zero, where n is any natural number.
Reason: Any number ends with digit zero, if its prime factor is of the form 2 𝑚 x 5𝑛, where m and n
are natural numbers.
3. Assertion: HCF of 126 and 65 numbers is 1.
Reason: 126 and 65 are coprime numbers.
4. Assertion: √289 is an irrational number.
Reason: Square root of any prime number is an irrational number.
5. Assertion: (5 x 8 x 11 + 8) is a composite number.
Reason: A composite number has factors one, itself and any other natural number.
6. Assertion: (3-√7) is an irrational number.
Reason: The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational number is irrational.
7. Assertion: 27, 28 and 29 are co-prime numbers.
Reason: Consecutive numbers are co-prime numbers.
8. Assertion: LCM (85,95)=5.
Reason: LCM is the lowest common multiple of two numbers
9. Assertion: HCF (p, q)= x5y3 if p = x5y2, q = x3y3, where x, y are prime numbers .
Reason: HCF of two prime numbers is 1.
10. Assertion: LCM (25,35,45)=1575 and HCF(25,35,45)=5.
Reason: LCM(a, b, c) X HCF(a, b, c)= a x b x c where a , b and c are three positive integers
ANSWERE KEY
MCQS
1.
B- irrational
2. B-Y
3. B – XY2
4. C - 72×2
5. A – 24
6. A–4
7. D – 500
8. A-3
9. D- EQUAL
10. B – 2:1
SHORT ANSWER TYPE- I QUESTIONS (2MARKS)
1. 1(a) - 23 X5X7
1(b) - 22X3X13
2. 22338
7. 42 AND 105
8. 5
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9. 34 X 3466 X 1
10 2160
SHORT ANSWER TYPE- II QUESTIONS(3 MARKS)
1.
3. 87
4. 2025
LONG ANSWER TYPE (5 MARKS EACH)
1.
Length of the longest rod = 25 cm
2. 2.
3. 15
CASE STUDY (1+1+2 =4 MARKS)
1. a) y = 3
Exponent = 1
(b) 7200 = 25 × 32 × 52
(c) x + y+ z = 24 + 3 + 8 = 35
2. (a) LCM of 32 and 24 = 96
(b) 96 / 32 = 3 min
(c) HCF = 8
3. (a) HCF = 12
(b) total number of participants = 252
Number of rooms = 252 / 12 = 21
(c) LCM = 3780
1-a
2-d
3-a
4-d
5-a
6-a
7-c
8-d
9-d
10-c
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CHAPTER 2- POLYNOMIALS
MIND MAP
KEY POINTS
 “Polynomial” comes from the word ‘Poly’ (Meaning Many) and ‘nomial’ (in this case
meaning Term)-so it means many terms.
 A polynomial is made up of terms that are only added, subtracted or multiplied.
 Degree – The highest power of the variable in the polynomial is called the degree of
polynomial. Example: 3x3 + 4, here degree is 3.
 Polynomials of degrees 1 is called linear polynomial.eg 2x +3
 Polynomials of degrees 2 is quadratic polynomial.eg 3x2 – 4x - 7
 Polynomials of degrees 3 is cubic polynomial.eg x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1
 A quadratic polynomial in x with real coefficients is of the form ax² + bx + c, where a, b,
c are real numbers with a ≠ 0.
 For Quadratic Polynomial: If α and β are the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c,
then,
Sum of zeroes =α + β = − = -coefficient of x /coefficient of x2
Product of zeroes = αβ = = constant term / coefficient of x2
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SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. The quadratic polynomial, the sum of whose zeroes is -5 and their product is 6, is
a) 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6 b) 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6
c) 𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 6 d) −𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6
Sol: Option (a) is correct.
Let α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
α+β= - 5
αβ = 6
We know,
𝑥 − ( α+β)𝑥 + αβ = 𝑥 − (-5)𝑥 + 6
= 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c, c≠0 are equal, then
(a) c and b have opposite signs
(b) c and a have opposite signs
(c) c and b have same signs
(d) c and a have same signs
2. A quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are -3 and -4, is
(a) x²- x + 12 (b) x² + 7x + 12
(c) x² - 7x + 12 (d) 2x² + 2x – 24
3. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + (a + 1) x + b are 2 and -3, then

(a) a = -7, b = -1 (b) a = 5, b = -1
(c) a = 2, b = -6 (d) a – 0, b = -6
4. The number of polynomials having zeroes as -2 and 5 is

(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) more than 3
5. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 9x + 18 are

(a) both positive (b) both negative
(c) one positive and one negative (d) both equal
6. The number of zeroes that polynomial f(x) = (x – 2)2 + 4 can have is:
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(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 0 (d) 3
7. Graph of a quadratic polynomial is a
(a) straight line (b) circle
(c) parabola (d) ellipse
8. Zeroes of a polynomial can be determined graphically. Number of zeroes of a polynomial is
equal to number of points where the graph of polynomial
(a) intersects y-axis (b) intersects x-axis
(c) intersects y-axis or intersects x-axis (d) none of these
9. If graph of a polynomial does not intersects the x-axis but intersects y-axis in one point, then
number of zeroes of the polynomial is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 0 or 1 (d) none of these
10. A polynomial of degree n has
(a) only 1 zero (b) exactly n zeroes
(c) atmost n zeroes (d) more than n zeroes
SHORT ANSWER TYPE- I QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 2 MARKS)
SOLVED EXAMPLE
1. If the product of the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x2 – 2x – (𝑘 − 10) is 1, then find the value
of k.
Solution:
p(x) = x2 – 2x – (𝑘 − 10)
Here a = 1, b = -2, c = – (𝑘 − 10)

Product of the zeroes, (α x β) = 1 …[Given]
⇒ =1
⇒ – (𝑘 − 10) = 1
⇒ k2 – 10 = - 1
⇒ k2 = -1 + 10 = 9
⇒ k = ±3
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Find a quadratic polynomial if its zeroes are 0, √5.
2. Find the value of “x” in the polynomial 2a2 + 2xa + 5a - 10 if (a + x) is one of its factors.
3. How many zeros does the polynomial (x – 9)2 – 4 have? Also, find its zeroes.
4. If the sum of zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3x2 – kx + 6 is 3, then find the value of k.
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5. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = (k2 – 14) x2 – 2x – 12 is 1, then find the
value of k.
6. Form a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 3 + √𝟐 and 3 – √𝟐.
7. 𝟏
Find the quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of zeroes are √𝟐 and respectively.
𝟑
2
8. If one zero of the polynomial 5z + 13z – p is reciprocal of the other, then find p.
9. Find the quadratic polynomial, the sum of whose zeroes is 8 and their product is 12. Hence,
find the zeroes of the polynomial.
10. Write the number of zeroes and what are the zeroes of the
polynomial whose graph is given in the figure.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE- II QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 3 MARKS)

SOLVED EXAMPLE
1. p(x) = ax²-8x+3, where a is a non-zero real number. One zero of p(x) is 3 times the other zero.
(i) find the value of a.
(ii) what is the shape of the graph of p(x)?
Sol:
p(x) = ax²-8x+3
Here , a = a, b = -8 and c=3
Let zeroes be α and 3α
α + 3α = -b/a = 8/a
4 α = 8/a or α = 2/a …………………(i)
α x 3α = c/a = 3
α² = 1
α=±1
Therefore a = 2 0r -2
The shape of the graph will be a parabola
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial (𝑎 + 1)𝑥 + (2𝑎 + 3)𝑥 + (3𝑎 + 4) is −1, then find
the product of the zeroes.
2. If the sum of square of the zeroes of the polynomial 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 45 is equal to 135 , find the
value of p.
3. If one of the zero of the polynomial 3𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 2𝑘 + 1 is seven times the other, find the value
of ‘k’.
4. If the zeroes of p(𝑥) =2𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 3 are
±√
,where k is a real number. Find ‘k’.
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5. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are zeroes of the polynomial 𝑥 − 17𝑥 + 72, find a polynomial whose zeroes are
−2𝛼 and −2𝛽.
LONG ANSWER TYPE (EACH CARRIES 5 MARKS)
SOLVED EXAMPLE
1. If α and β are zeroes of x2 + 7x + 12, then find the value of + – 2αβ.Also find a quadratic
polynomial whose zeroes are 2α+β and α+2β
Sol: p(x)= x2 + 7x + 12
α+β= -b/a= -7
αβ = c/a = 12
+ – 2αβ = – 2αβ = − 2(12) = -295/12
2α+β + α+2β = 3α+3β = 3(α+β) = -21

(2α+β) x (α+2β) = 2𝛼 + 4αβ + αβ + 2𝛽
=2(𝛼 + 𝛽 ) + 5 αβ
=2 [ (𝛼 + 𝛽) − 2𝛼𝛽] + 5𝛼𝛽
=2[49-24]+60
=110
Polynomial will be x2 + -Sx + P
= x2 -21x + 110
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of the polynomial p(x)=2𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 𝑘 satisfying the relation, 𝛼 +
𝛽 + 𝛼𝛽 = , then find the value of ‘k’.
2. If one zero of the polynomial p(x)=2𝑥 − 4𝑘𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 7 is the negative of other find the zeroes
of 𝑥 − 𝑘𝑥 − 1. Verify the relation between the zeroes and coefficient of the polynomial
3. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are zeroes of the polynomial 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 12, such that 𝛼 > 𝛽.Verify the relation
between the zeroes and coefficient of the polynomial. If is one of the zeroes of the polynomial
𝑘𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 3, find the value of ‘k’.
CASE STUDY (1+1+2 =4 MARKS)
SOLVED EXAMPLE
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1. Basketball and soccer are played with a

spherical ball. Even though an athlete
dribbles the ball in both sports, a basketball
player uses his hands and a soccer player
uses his feet. The projectile (path traced) of
soccer ball and basketball are in the form of
parabola representing quadratic polynomial.
If 𝑦 = − 𝑥 +represents the path traced
where y-axis represents the height of the ball
in metres and x -axis represents the time in
minutes ,answer the following questions.?
(i) Write the zeroes of the given graph.

(ii) At what time was the ball at the highest
position?
(iii) (a).What will be the height of the ball when
x= ½ seconds?
OR
(b). At what time , the height of the ball was 4m?
Sol: (i) Zeroes are 0, 4
(ii) At 2 min
(iii)(a)Height y =− +4 = − +2=
(b) 4 =−𝑥 + 4𝑥
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4 =0
(𝑥 -2) (𝑥 -2)=0
𝑥 =2
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
2. A ball is thrown in the air so that t seconds after it is thrown, its height ‘h’ meters above its
starting point is given by the polynomial ℎ = 25𝑡 −
5𝑡 .
Observe the graph of the polynomial and answer the
following questions:
(i) Write zeroes of the given polynomial.
(ii) Find the maximum height achieved by ball.
(iii) (a) After throwing upward, how much time did

the ball take to reach the height of 30m?
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OR
(b) Find the two different values of t when the height of the ball was 20m.
2. Pankaj's father gave him some money to buy

avocado from the market at the rate of p(x) =
x2 - 24x + 128. Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of
p(x) and 𝛼 > 𝛽
Based on the above information, answer the
following questions.
(i) Find the value of (𝛼 + 𝛽) .
(ii) Find the zeroes of p(x).
(iii)(a) Form a polynomial whose zeroes

are (𝛼+2) and (𝛽-1)
OR
(b) If 𝛽 is one of the zero of the polynomials 𝑘𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 12, find the value of ‘k’.
3. In a pool at an aquarium, a dolphin jumps out of the

water travelling at 20 cm per second. Its height above
water level after t seconds is given by h = 20t - 16t².
Based on the given graph, answer the following
questions :
(i) Find zeroes of polynomial p(t) = 20t - 16t²
(ii) What would be the value of h at t= 3/2 ?
(iii) (a)How much distance did the dolphin cover
before hitting the water level again?
OR
(b)After jumping out of water, at what time will the
dolphin be at a height of 4cm?
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
assertion (A).
SOLVED EXAMPLE
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Que 1 Assertion: If 3 -√5 is one zero of the quadratic polynomials then other zero will be 3 -
√5.
Reason: Irrational zeroes(roots)always occur in pairs.
Ans: (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Assertion: P(x) = x2+3x-2 is a polynomial of degree 2.
Reason: The highest power of x in the polynomial P(x) is the degree of the polynomial.
2. Assertion: x2+4x+5 has two zeroes.
Reason: A quadratic polynomial can have at the most two zeroes.
3. Assertion: The polynomial p(x) = 5x – is a linear polynomial.
Reason: The general form of linear polynomial is ax+b.
4. Assertion: The graph of a polynomial intersect x-axis at 3 points and y-axis at 1 point, the
polynomial has 3 zeroes.
Reason: The number of zeroes that a polynomial p(x) can have are the number of times
polynomial intersect y axis.
5. Assertion: The sum and product of the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial are −14 and 14
respectively. Then the quadratic polynomial is 4x2+x+1
Reason: The quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of zeroes are given is k{x 2- (Sum of
zeroes) x+ product of zeroes}.
6. Assertion: If the sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2-2kx+8 is 2 then value of k is
1.
Reason: Sum of zeroes of a quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c is -b/a.
7. Assertion: Degree of zero polynomial is not defined.
Reason: Degree of a non-zero constant polynomial is 0.
8. Assertion: P(x) = 4x3-x2+5x4+3x-2 is a polynomial of degree 3.
Reason: The highest power of x in the polynomial P(x) is the degree of the polynomial.
9. Assertion: (2 − √3) is one zero of the quadratic polynomial then other zero will be (2 + √3) .
Reason: Irrational zeroes (roots) always occurs in pairs.
10. Assertion: 3𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 3 has equal zeroes.
Reason: The quadratic polynomial has a degree of 2.
ANSWERE KEY ( POLYNOMIALS)

MCQS
1. (d) c and a have the same sign
2. (b) x² + 7x + 12
3. (d) a = 0, b = -6
4. (d) more than 3
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5. (b) both negative
6. (b) 2
7. (c) parabola
8. (b) intersects x-axis

9. (a) 0
10. ( c) at most n zeroes

SHORT ANSWER TYPE- I QUESTIONS (2MARKS)
1. 𝑥 − √5 𝑥
2. 2
3. 2 zeroes are 7 and 11
4. 9
5. ±4
6. 𝑥 −6𝑥+7
7. 3𝑥 − 3√ 2 𝑥 + 1
8. -5
9. 𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 12 zeroes are 6 and 2
10 3 zeroes are -2 , 0 and 2
SHORT ANSWER TYPE- II QUESTIONS(3 MARKS)

1. 2
2. ±15
3. .
4. 15
5. 𝑥 + 34𝑥 + 288
LONG ANSWER TYPE (5 MARKS EACH)
1. 2
2. 2 and -
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3. 𝛼 = 3 , 𝛽 = −4, k = 12
CASE STUDY(1+1+2 =4 MARKS)

1.
(i)0,5
(ii) 31.25 units
(iii) a. 3,2
OR
(iii) b. 4,1
2.
(i) 576
(ii) 16, 8
(iii) a. 𝑥 − 25𝑥 + 126
OR
(iii) b.
3. (i) , 0
(ii) -6
(iii)a t=0 ,t=
OR
(iii) b. , 1

1. (a)
2. (a)
3. (a)
4. (c)
5. (d)
6. (a)
7. (a)
8. (d)
9. (a)
10. (b)
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CHAPTER 3 - PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
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KEY POINTS
1) General form of a pair of linear equations in two variables is given by
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
2) Graph of a linear equation (in one or two variables) is always a straight line
3) Graphical Method : The graph of a pair of linear equations in two variables is
represented by two lines.
(i) If the lines intersect at a point, then that point gives the unique solution of the two
equations. In this case, the pair of equations is consistent.
(ii) If the lines coincide, then there are infinitely many solutions — each point on the line
being a solution. In this case, the pair of equations is dependent (consistent).
(iii) If the lines are parallel, then the pair of equations has no solution. In this case, the pair
of equations is inconsistent.
4) Algebraic Methods : The following methods for finding the solution(s) of a pair of
linear equations :
(i) Substitution Method
(ii) Elimination Method
5) If a pair of linear equations is given by a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0,
then the following situations can arise :
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1. The pair of equations x= -m and y = n graphically represents lines which are:
(a) parallel (b) intersecting at (n , -m) (c) coincident (d) intersecting at (-m , n)
2. For what value k, do the equations 2x – y + 3 = 0 and 6x – ky + 9 = 0 represent coincident
lines?
(a) 2 (b) – 2 (c) 3 (d) -3
3. The value of k for which the pair of equations kx =y+2 and 6x=2y+3 has infinitely many
solutions,
(a) is k = 3 (b) does not exist (c) is k-3 (d) is k = 4
4. One of the equations of a pair of inconsistent linear equations is 2x – 3y = - 5. The second
equation can be:
(a) 4x - 6y = -10 (b) 4x – 6y + 6 =0 (c) 6x – 9y +15 = 0 (d) 8x – 12y +20 = 0
5. In the given figure, graphs of two linear equations are shown. The pair of these linear
equations is:
(a) Consistent with unique solution.

(b) Consistent with infinitely many solutions.
(c) Inconsistent.
(d) Inconsistent but can be made consistent by extending these
lines.
6. For what value of k the given pair of linear equations have no solution
5x+2y-7=0 and 2x+ky +1 =0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7. The area of the triangle formed by the line + =1 with the coordinate axis is:
² ²
(a) a²b² (b) a²b² (c) ab (d) 2a²b²
8. If bx + ay = a² + b² and ax- by = 0, then the value of (x-y) is:

(a) a-b (b) a² +b² (c) a²-b² (d) b-a
9. The pair of linear equations 2x+ky -3 = 0, 6x + y +7=0 have unique solution if
(a) k = (b) k ≠ (c) k = (d) k ≠
10. If a pair of linear equations is consistent, then the lines are:

(a) Intersecting or coincident (b) Always coincident
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(c) Always intersecting (d) Parallel

SHORT ANSWER TYPE I QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 2 MARKS)
11. Solve the pair of equations x = 0 and y = - 7 graphically.
12. The angles of a triangle are x+5, y -5 and 30°. The difference between the two angles x+5 and
y-5 is 40°. Find x and y.
13. Find the value of k for which the following pair of linear equations have infinitely many solutions:
2x+3y=7 and (k−1) x+(k+2) y=3k.
14. In a box, total number of Rs. 2 coins and Rs. 5 coins is 20. If total coins amount to Rs. 76, find
the number of coins of each denomination.
15. Twice the perimeter of a rectangular garden whose length is 8m more than its width is 72m.
Find the dimensions of the garden.
16. The sum of two numbers is 49. The greater number exceeds thrice the smaller number by 1.
Find the larger number.
17. Ram can row downstream 40km in 4 hours and upstream 8km in 4 hours. What will be
the speed of rowing in still water?
18. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 14. If 18 is subtracted from the number, the
digits are reversed. Find the number.
19. Mala has some goats and hens in her shed. Upon counting, Mala found that the total number of
legs is 112 and the total number of heads in 40. Find the number of hens in her shed.
20. The age of father is 22 years more than his son. In three years, the father’s age will be twice that of
his son. Find the present age of his son.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE II QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 3 MARKS)
21. If 51x+49y=150 and 49x+51y=50 then obtain the value of x−y : x+y
22. A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the train would have been 6 km/h
faster, it would have taken 4 hours less than the scheduled time. And, if the train were slower
by 6 km/hr; it would have taken 6 hours more than the scheduled time. Find the length of the
journey.
23. If 2x + y = 23 and 4x – y = 19, find the values of 5y – 2x and ( y/x )– 2.
24. Find the values of x and y in the following rectangle
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25. Solve the following pairs of equation
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 5 MARKS)

26. Draw the graph of 2x + y = 6 and 2x – y + 2 = 0. Shade the region bounded by these lines and
x-axis. Find the area of the shaded region.
27. The age of the father is twice the sum of the ages of his two children. After 20 years, his age
will be equal to the sum of the ages of his children. Find the age of the father.
28. There are some students in the two examination halls A and B. To make the number of
students equal in each hall, 10 students are sent from A to B. But if 20 students are sent from B
to A, the number of students in A becomes double the number of students in B. Find the
number of students in the two halls.
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 4 MARKS )
29. Dipesh bought 3 notebooks and 2 pens for Rs. 80.
Lokesh also bought the same types of notebooks
and pens as Dipesh. He paid Rs.110 for 4
notebooks and 3 pens
i) Let the cost of one notebook be Rs.x and that of pen be Rs.y. Then form a pair of linear
equations for Rs.80 and Rs.110.
ii) What is the exact cost of each notebook?
iii)What is the exact cost of each pen?
(OR)
iii)What is the total cost if they will purchase the same type of 15 notebooks and 12 pens?
30. A test consists of ‘True’ or ‘False’ questions. One mark is awarded for every correct answer
while ¼ mark is deducted for every wrong answer. A student knew answers to some of the
questions. Rest of the questions he attempted by guessing. He answered 120 questions and got
90 marks.
i)If answer to all questions he attempted by guessing were wrong, then how many
33 | P a g e
questions did he answer correctly?

ii) How many questions did he guess?
iii) If answer to all questions he attempted by guessing were wrong and answered 80 correctly,
then how many marks he got?
(OR)
iii) If answer to all questions he attempted by guessing were wrong, then how many questions
answered correctly to score 95 marks?
31. From Bengaluru bus stand, if Riddhima buys 2 tickets to Malleswaram and 3 tickets to
Yeswanthpur, then the total cost is Rs 46; but if she buys 3 tickets to Malleswaram and 5
tickets to Yeswanthpur, then the total cost is Rs 74.
Consider the fares from Bengaluru to Malleswaram and from Bengaluru to Yeswanthpur as
Rs.x and Rs. y respectively, then answer the following questions.
i)Write the linear equation in two variables for the 1st situation.
ii)Form the linear equation in two variables for the 2nd situation.
iii) Find the fare from Bengaluru to Malleswaram.
(OR)
iii) Find the fare from Bengaluru to Yeswanthpur.
ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 1 MARK)
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
32. Assertion (A): The area of the rectangle formed by the lines representing x=5, y= 7 with the
coordinate axis is 35 sq. units
Reason (R): The system of equations x=5, y=7 is consistent with a unique solution.
33. Assertion (A): Point P (2, -1) is the point on the line 3x + 2y = 4.
Reason (R): The distance of point P (2, -1) from x-axis is 2 units.
34. Assertion (A): If the lines given by 6x + 2ky = -2, 4x + 5y - 1 = 0 are parallel, then the
value of k is
Reason (R): For parallel lines a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2
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35. Assertion (A): If the lines intersect at a point, then that point gives the unique solution of
the two equations.
Reason (R): The pair of linear equation given by a1x+ b1y+ c1=0 and a2x +b2y +c2=0
where
a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2 , in this case, the pair of linear equations are consistent.
36. Assertion (A): The graph of the linear equations 4x+y=12 and 4x-2y=4 represents a pair of
intersecting lines.
Reason (R): The graph of linear equations a1x+b1y+c1=0 and a2x+b2y+c2=0 represents a pair
of intersecting lines if a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2
37. Assertion (A): The angles of cyclic quadrilaterals ABCD are: A = (6x+10)0, B=(5x)0,
C= (x+y)° and D=(3y-10)°. The value of x and y is 20° and 30°
Reason (R): In cyclic quadrilaterals, the sum of the opposite angles is 180°.
38. Assertion (A): The lines represented by the pair of linear equations 8x- 3y =0 and 4x - 3y
= 8 intersect each other.
Reason (R): The pair of linear equations 6x - 5y = 0 and 3x - 3y = 8 are inconsistent.
39. Assertion (A): If two lines are parallel; then the pair of equations have infinite solutions.
Reason (R): The pair of linear equation representing parallel line is inconsistent.
40. Assertion (A): If the lines coincide, then there are infinitely many solutions for the given
pair of equation.
Reason (R): The pair of linear equations representing coincident lines are inconsistent.
41. Assertion (A): The graphical representation of a pair of equations 4x + 3y – 1 = 5 and
12x + 9y = 15 will be parallel lines.
Reason (R): If the given pair of equations have no solution. That means, the lines
representing the given pair of equations are parallel to each other.
ANSWER KEY
MCQs (1 MARK EACH)

1. d
2. c
3. b
4. b
35 | P a g e
5. a
6. c
7. b
8. d
9. d
10. a
SHORT ANSWER TYPE I QUESTION (2 MARKS EACH)
11. Drawing correct graph
Solution is x = 0 and y = -7
12. x=90° and y=60°
13. k=7
14. Rs. 2 = 8 coins and Rs. 5 = 12 coins
15. Length is 13m and width is 5m
16. Larger number is 37.
17. Speed of boat = 6 km/hr
18. Number is 86
19. 24 hens
20. 19 years
SHORT ANSWER TYPE II QUESTION (3 MARKS EACH)
21. 25 : 1
22. 720
23. x = 7 and y = 9
5y – 2x = 5 x 9 – 2 x 7 = 45 – 14 = 31
24. x=1, y=4

25. x = 6 and y = 8 .
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS EACH)
26. x = 1, y = 4 is the solution of the given system of equations.
Area of ∆ = (1/2 )× 4 × 4 = 8 sq. units.
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27. Father’s age is 40 years.

28. 100 students are in hall A and 80 students are in hall B.
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTION (4 MARKS EACH)
29. i)3x+2y = 80 , 4x+3y = 110
ii) Rs 20
iii) Rs 10
(OR)
iii) Rs 420
30. Let the no of questions whose answer is known to the student x and questions attempted by
guessing be y
x + y =120 and x- y =90 and solving these two we get x=96 and y= 24
i) He answered 96 questions correctly.

ii)He attempted 24 questions by guessing.
iii)Marks = 80- of 40 =70
(OR)
iii) x – of (120-x) =95 and x = 100
31. i)2x+3y=46
ii) 3x+5y=74
iii)x=8
(OR)
iii) y=10
ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH )
32. a
33. b
34. a
35. c
36. a
37. a
38. c
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39. d
40. c
41. a
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CHAPTER-4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

MIND MAP
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Key points of the chapter

1 The quadratic equation is of the form a𝑥 +bx+c=0,where a,b and c are constants.
2 𝑏 - 4ac is called the discriminant.
3 The solutions (roots) of a quadratic equation a𝑥 +bx+c=0, can be found using the quadratic
formula:
±√
x=
4 Nature of the roots: A quadratic equation a𝑥 + bx + c = 0 has
(i) two distinct real roots, if 𝑏 – 4ac > 0,
(ii) two equal real roots, if 𝑏 – 4ac = 0,
(iii) no real roots, if 𝑏 – 4ac < 0.
1 Mark (MCQs)
1. If one root of the equation a𝑥 + b𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 is 7 times the other, then
(𝑎)𝑏 = 16𝑎𝑐 (𝑏)𝑏 = 3𝑎𝑐 (𝑐)7𝑏 = 64𝑎𝑐 (𝑑)64𝑏 = 7𝑎𝑐
2. The number of real roots of the equation (𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 − 2) + (𝑥 + 3) = 0 𝑎𝑟𝑒
(𝑎) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) None of these
3. If 6 is a root of the equation 𝑥 − k𝑥 − 12 = 0 and the equation 𝑥 + k𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 has equal
roots, find the value of q.
(𝑎) 6 (b) 4 (c) -4 (d) 3
4. Find the value of k for which the quadratic equation 3𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 has real and equal
roots.
(𝑎) 4 (b) 3 (c) -1 (d) 7
5. If the sum and product of the roots of the equation 3𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 2𝑘 = 0 are equal, Then the
value of k is
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 8
6. The nature of the roots of quadratic equation √ 𝑥 -√ 𝑥 − = 0 is

√
(a) Real and distinct (b) Real and repeated (C) Not Real (d) 8
7. If sin𝛼 and cos𝛼 are the roots of the equation p𝑥 +q𝑥+r =0 then 𝑞 =
(a) 𝑝 − 2𝑝𝑟 (b) 𝑝 + 2𝑝𝑟 (c) 𝑝 − 𝑝𝑟 (d) 𝑝 + 𝑝𝑟

8. A quadratic equation, one root is 4 and the product of the roots is zero is
(a) 𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 0 (b) 𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 0 (c) 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 0 (d) 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 0

9. If the equation 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 has real and distinct roots, then
(a) k < 9 (b) k > 9 (c) k ≥ 9 (d) 𝑘 ≤ 9

10. If one root of the equation 3𝑥 + 10𝑥 + (λ − 5)= 0
be the reciprocal of the other, then λ =
(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 3 (d) -8

(VERY SHORT QUESTIONS 2 Marks)
1. Solve the following quadratic equation by factorization method:
40 | P a g e
𝑥+3 6−𝑥
− =3
𝑥−4 𝑥
2. A two digits number is such that the product of its digits is 56. if 9 is subtracted from the
number, the digits interchange their places. Find the number.
3. Solve: 𝑃 + = 26
4. Find two consecutive odd positive integers, sum of whose square is 202.
5. There consecutive positive integers are such that the sum of the square of the first and the
product of the other two is 92. Find the integers.
6. The length of the sides forming right angle of a right-angled triangle are 2𝑥 cm and (𝑥 − 1) cm.
If the area of the triangle is 30c𝑚 , find its hypotenuse.
7. A shopkeeper sells a book for ₹ 75 and gains as much percent as the cost price of the book. Find
the cost price of the book.
8. Determine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation :
(i) 3𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 − 16𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑥 + 4𝑐 = 0 (ii) 4𝑝 𝑞 𝑥 − 12𝑝𝑞𝑥 + 36 = 0
9. Write all the values of k for which the quadratic equation 𝑥 + 𝑘𝑥 + 64 = 0 has equal roots.
Find the roots of the equation so obtained.
10. If 2 is a root of the quadratic equation 2𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 − 30 = 0 and the quadratic equation q
(𝑥 + 𝑥) + 𝑘 = 0 has equal roots, find the value of k.
(SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 3 Marks)
1. Two water taps together can fill a tank in ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠. The larger takes 4 hours less than the
smaller one to fill the tank separately. Formulate the quadratic equation and find the time in which
each tap can separately fill the tank.
2. Solve: 𝑥 = ,𝑥 ≠ 3
3. Solve for 𝑥 : pqr𝑥 - (𝑥 + 𝑝𝑞)𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0
4. In a flight of 3000 km, an aircraft was slowed down due to bad weather. Its average speed for the
trip was reduced by 200 km/hour and the time of flight increased by 320 minutes. Find the duration
of flight.
5. Determine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation:
(i) 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 1 = 0 (ii) 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 4 = 0 (iii) 7𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 8 = 0
ASSERTION AND REASON BASED MCQs

Directions:
a.) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion
b.) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
c.) Assertion is true but the reason is false.
d.) Assertion is false but the reason is true.
Assertion: The roots of the equation 7x² + x – 1 = 0 are real and distinct
1 Reason : if 𝒃𝟐 -4ac >0 then roots are real and distinct.
41 | P a g e
2 Assertion: Every quadratic equation has at most two root

Reason: Every quadratic equation has atleast one real root.
3 Assertion: The equation 9x2+3kx + 4 = 0 has equal roots for k =9.
Reason : If discriminant ‘D’ of a quadratic equation is equal to zero then the roots of equation are real
and equal.
4 Assertion: (2x – 1)2 – 4x2 + 5 = 0 is not a quadratic equation.
Reason: An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0, where a, b, c ∈ R is called a quadratic
equation.
5 Assertion: 3x2 – 6x + 3 = 0 has equal roots.
Reason: The quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 have equal roots if discriminant D > 0.
6 Assertion: 4𝑥 – 12x+ 9= 0 has equal roots.
Reason : The quadratic equation a𝑥 + b𝑥 + c = 0 has equal roots if discriminant D > 0.
7 Assertion: The product of two successive positive integral multiples of 5 is 300, then the two numbers
are 15 and 20.
Reason: The product of two consecutive integrals is a multiple of 2.
8 Assertion: Sum of ages of two friends is 20 years. Four years ago, the product of their ages in years
was 48.Then the difference between their ages is 16.
±√
Reason: For a quadratic equation a𝑥 +bx+c=0, x =
9 Assertion: If discriminant D= 𝒃𝟐 - 4ac< 0 then the roots of quadratic equation a𝒙𝟐 × bx +c+ = 0 are
imaginary.
Reason: The roots of the quadratic equation 𝒙𝟐 +2x+ 2 = 0 are imaginary
10 Assertion: If one root of the quadratic equation 2x² + kx – 6 = 0 is 2, the value of k is -1
Reason: x = 2 is a root of the equation 2x² + kx -6 = 0
CASE BASED QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)
1 Raj and Ajay are very close friends. Both the families decide to go to Ranikhet by their own cars.
Raj’s car travels at a speed of x km/h while Ajay’s car travels 5 km/h faster than Raj’s car. Raj took 4
hours more than Ajay to complete the journey of 400 km.
i) What will be the distance covered by Ajay’s car in two hours?
(a) 2(x + 5) km
(b) (x − 5) km
(c) 2(x + 10) km
(d) 2(x + 5) km
ii) Which of the following quadratic equation describe the speed of Raj’s car?
(a) 𝑥 −5𝑥−500=0
(b) 𝑥 −4𝑥−400=0
(c) 𝑥 +5𝑥−500=0
(d) 𝑥 −4𝑥+400=0
iii)What is the speed of Raj’s car?
(a) 20 km/hour
(b) 15 km/hour
(c) 25 km/hour
(d) 10 km/hour
iv) How much time took Ajay to travel 400 km?
(a) 20 hour (b) 40 hour (c) 25 hour (d) 16 hour
2 John and Jivanti are playing with marbles.They mixed up their marbles without knowing, how many
marbles they had before mixing. But now they have 45 marbles altogether. While playing they lost 10
marbles . Since they are not knowing the number of marbles they had in the beginning, so they agreed
that both of them lost 5 marbles each, and the product of the number of marbles they now have is 124.
Now they want to know the number of marbles each one brought to play. Help them.
42 | P a g e
(i)If John had ‘x’ marbles then write the expression for number of marbles Jivanti had.
(ii)Represent the above information in the form of a quadratic equation.
(iii) Find the no. of marbles with John by solving a quadratic equation.
(iv)If 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 − 𝑝(𝑥 + 1) − 𝑐 = 0 , then find the value of (𝛼 + 1)(𝛽 +
1).
3 The speed of a motor boat is 20 km/hr. For covering the distance of 15 km the boat took 1 hour more
for upstream than downstream.
i) Let speed of the stream be x km/hr. then speed of the motorboat in upstream will be
(a) 20 km/hr
(b) (20 + x) km/hr
(c) (20 – x) km/hr
(d) 2 km/hr
ii) Which is the correct quadratic equation for the speed of the current ?
(a) 𝑥 +30𝑥−200=0
(b) 𝑥 +20𝑥−400=0
(c) 𝑥 +30𝑥−400=0
(d) 𝑥 −20𝑥−400=0
iii) What is the speed of current ?
(a) 20 km/hour
(b) 10 km/hour
(c) 15 km/hour
(d) 25 km/hour
iv) How much time boat took in downstream?
(a) 90 minute
(b) 15 minute
(c) 30 minute
(d) 45 minute
LONG ANSWERS (5 MARKS)
1 A pole has to be erected at a point on the boundary of a circular park of diameter 13 metres in such a
way that the differences of its distances from two diametrically opposite fixed gates A and B on the
boundary is 7 metres. Is it possible to do so? If yes, at what distances from the two gates should the
pole be erected?
2 A cottage industry produces a certain number of pottery articles in a day. It was observed on a
particular day that the cost of production of each article (in rupees) was 3 more than twice the number
of articles produced on that day. If the total cost of production on that day was ` 90, find the number
of articles produced and the cost of each article.
3 A train travels a distance of 480 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 8 km/h less, then it
would have taken 3 hours more to cover the same distance. Find the speed of the train.
(ANSWERS)
(MCQs)
1. (C) 7𝑏 = 64𝑎𝑐 2. (C) 0 3. (B) 4
4. (B) 3 5. (A) 4 6. (C) Not Real
7. (B) 𝑝 + 2𝑝𝑟 8. (B) 𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 0 9. (A) k< 9
10. (B) 8
43 | P a g e
(2 Marks)
1. x= 8or -3 2. 87 3. p=26 or
4. 9 ,11 5. 6,7,8 6. 13 cm
7. ₹ 50 8. i) real & distinct ii) not real
9. k= ±16, for k= +16, each root= -8 , for k= -16, each root= +8
10. k=
(3 Marks)
±√
1. 6 hours & 10 hours 2. 3. ,
4. ℎ𝑟𝑠 5. (i) real & distinct (ii) real &distinct (iii) not real
ANSWER KEY
ASSERTION AND REASON BASED MCQs
1 a.) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion
2 c.) Assertion is true but the reason is false.
5 c.) Assertion is true but the reason is false.
6 c) Assertion is true but reason is false
8 d.) Assertion is false but the reason is true.
9 a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
1 i) (a) 2(x + 5) km
ii) (c) 𝑥 +5𝑥−500=0
iii) (a) 20 km/hour
iv) (d) 16 hour
2 (i) 45 – x
(ii) 𝑥 -45x+324=0
(iii) x = 36 or x = 9
(iv) (α+1)(β+1)=1-c
3 i) (c) (20 – x) km/hr
ii) (c) 𝑥 +30𝑥−400=0
iii) (b) 10 km/hour
iv) (d) 45 minute
LONG ANSWERS (5 MARKS)
1 The pole has to be erected on the boundary of the park at a distance of 5m from the gate B and
12m from the gate A.
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2 The number of articles produced per day is 6 and the cost of each article is Rs 15
3 The speed of the train is 40km/hour
45 | P a g e
CHAPTER -5 Arithmetic Progressions
46 | P a g e
Key Concepts:
⮚ An arithmetic progression is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding a

fixed number to the preceding term except the first term.
⮚ This fixed number is called the common difference of the AP. Common difference can be
positive, negative or zero.
⮚ The nth term an of the AP with first term a and common difference d is given by an = a + (n
– 1) d.
⮚ a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . . represents an arithmetic progression where a is the first term
and d the common difference. This is called the general form of an AP.
⮚ The sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by Sn = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑) OR Sn = (𝑎 +
𝑎 )
⮚ If Sn denotes the sum of n terms of an A.P. with common difference d,then an=sn-sn-1
Solved Examples
01.Find the 17th term of AP 4, 9, 14, …
Soln. Here, a = 4, d = 9 – 4 = 5, n = 17.
an = a+(n-1)d,
a17 = 4+ (17-1)5
= 4+16(5)
= 84
02.What is the general term of the A.P. 4, 7, 10, 13, …?
Soln. Here, a = 4 , d = 7-4 = 3
an = a+(n-1)d
an = 4 +(n-1)3
an = 4 + 3n-3
an = 3n+1
03. Which term of AP 27, 24, 21, … is 0?
Soln. Here, an = a+(n-1)d
0 = 27 +(n-1)(-3)
0 = 27 -3n +3
0 = 30 – 3n
3n = 30
Hence, n = 10
04. For what value of k will k + 9,2k -1 and 2k + 7 are the consecutive terms of an A.P.?
Soln. 𝑎 −𝑎 =𝑎 −𝑎
(2k + 7)-( 2k -1)=( 2k -1)-( k + 9)

K=18
05.Find how many integers between 201 and 500 are divisible by 8.
Soln. AP formed is 208, 216, 224, …, 496
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Here, an = 496, a = 208, d = 8

an = a + (n – 1) d
⇒ 208 + (n – 1) x 8 = 496
⇒ 8 (n – 1) = 288
⇒ n – 1 = 36
⇒ n = 37
Practice Questions
I. Multiple choice questions:
01. The next term of the A.P. 18 , 50 , 98 ,..... is
(a) 146 (b) 128 (c) √162 (d) 200
02. If the common difference of an A.P. is 7, then 𝑎 −𝑎 is equal to
(a) 14 (b) 20 (c) 28 (d) 35
03The 10th term from the end of the A.P. 4, 9,14, …, 254 is
(a) 209 (b) 205 (c) 214 (d) 213
04. If 2x, x + 10, 3x + 2 are in A.P., then x is equal to

(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
05. The sum of first 16 terms of the AP: 10, 6, 2,… is
(a) –320 (b) 320 (c) –352 (d) –400
06. The sum of the first n even natural numbers is
(a) 2n (b) n2 (c) n2+n (d) n2-1
07. If the nth term of an A.P. is 7n+12, then its common difference is
(a) 12 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 19
08.If the sum of n terms of an A.P. is Sn=3n2+4n,then common difference of the A.P. is
(a) 7 (b) 5 (c)8 (d)6
09. The common difference of the A.P. , , … … …is
(a)-1 (b) 1 (c)-2q (d) 2q
10. The first term of an A.P. is p and the common difference is q,then its 10 th term is
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(a) q+9p (b)p-9q (c) p+9q (d)2p+9q
II. Short answer type questions. (2 marks questions)
01. Find the middle term of the A.P. -11,-7,-3,……….,45.
02. How many terms are there in the A.P. 7, 16, 25, ………,349.
03. Find whether −150 is a term of the AP 17, 12, 7,2, … …?
04. If the 8th term of an AP is 31 and the 15th term is 16 more than the 11th term, find the AP.
05. In an Arithmetic Progression, if d= - 4, n=7,an=4, then find a.
06. In an A.P. the 6th term is (- 10) and the 10th term is (-26).Determine the 15th term of the A.P.
07. The sum of the 5th and 9th terms of an AP is 30. If its 25th term is three times its 8th term, find
the AP.
08. In an Arithmetic progression, the ratio of the 7th term to the 10th term is (-1). If the 16th term
is (-15), find the 3rd term.
09. Determine k, so that k  4k  8 ,2k  3k  6 , 3k  4k  4 are three consecutive terms of an

2 2 2
A.P.
10. For what value of 𝑛 are the 𝑛th terms of two A.P.s 63, 65, 67, … and 3, 10, 17 … equal?
III. Short answer type questions. (3 marks questions)
01. The sum of first six terms of an A.P. is 42. The ratio of its 10th term to its 30th term is 1 ∶ 3.
Find the first term of the A.P.
02. Which term of the sequence 114, 109, 104, ……, is first negative term?
03.Find the sum of first 𝑛 terms of an A.P. whose 𝑛 th term is 5𝑛 − 1. Hence find the sum of first
20 terms.
04. Find the sum of all three digit natural numbers which leave the remainder 3 when divided by 5.
05. If the sum of first m terms of an A.P. is the same as the sum of its n terms, show that the sum
of its first (m + n) terms is zero.
IV Long type answer questions (5 marks questions)
1. The sum of four consecutive terms of an AP is 32 and the ratio of the product of the first and
last term to the product of two middle terms is 7:15. Find the numbers.
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2. A man repays a loan of Rs. 3250 by paying Rs. 20 in the first month and then increases the
payment by Rs. 15 every month. How long will it take him to clear the loan?
3. A manufacturer of laptop produced 6000 units in 3rd year and 7000 units in the 7th year.
Assuming that production increases uniformly by a fixed number every year , find
(i) The production in the first year.
(ii) The production in the 5th year.
(iii)The total production in 7 years
V Case study questions (4 marks)
1. A school auditorium has to be constructed to accommodate atleast 1500 students. The chairs
are to be placed in concentric circular arrangement in such a way that each succeeding circular
row has 10 seats more than the previous one.
(i) If the first circular row has 30 seats, how many seats will be there in the 10 th row?
(ii) For 1500 seats in the auditorium, how many rows need to be there?
(iii)If 1500 seats are to be arranged in the auditorium, how many seats are still left to be put
after 10th row?
(iv) If there were 17 rows in the auditorium, how many seats will be there in the middle row?
2. In a class the teacher asks every student to write an example of AP. Two boys Aryan and
Roshan writes their progressions as -5,-2, 1,4 ……
and 187, 184, 181,….. respectively.Now the teacher asks the various students of the class the
following questions on this progressions. Help students to find the answers of the following.
(i) Find the sum of common difference of the two progressions.

(ii) Find the 34th term of the progression written by Roshan.
(iii) Find the sum of first 10 terms of the progression written by Aryan.
OR
Which term of the two progressions will have the same value?
3. Mr Pradeep wants to buy a car and plans to take a loan from a bank for his car. He repays his
total loan of Rs 1 18 000 by paying every month starting with the first instalment of Rs 1000. If
he increases the instalment by Rs 100 every month , answer the following
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(i) Find the amount paid by him in 30th instalment.

(ii) If total instalments are 40, then find the amount paid in the last instalment.
(iii)Find the total amount paid by him in the 30 instalments.
OR
Find the ratio of the 1st instalment to the last instalment.
VI Assertion Reasoning Questions ( 1 mark each)
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement

of reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
assertion (A).
assertion (A).
1. Assertion (A):10th term of an AP is 41 whose first term is 5 and common difference is 4

Reason (R) : nth term of an AP is an = a + (n-1)d where a= first term, d=common
difference
2. Assertion (A): In an AP with a=15, d=-3 then 6th term will be zero
Reason (R) : a-d, a , a+d are three numbers in AP
3. Assertion (A): The 6th term from the end of the AP 5,2,-1,-4,….. -31 is -16.
Reason (R) : general term (nth term) from the beginning is given by a n = a + (n-1)d.
4. Assertion (A): 12th term of the AP 30, 27, 24 ……is the first negative term of the AP
Reason (R) :Sum of first n terms of an AP a , a+d , a +2d …. Is given by
Sn = ( 2a + (n-1) d)
5 Assertion (A): -5 ,- ,0 , ….. is in AP
Reason (R) :the terms of an AP cannot have both positive and negative rational numbers.
6 Assertion (A): a, b , c are in AP if and only if 2b =a+c
Reason (R) : The sum of first n odd natural numbers is n 2.
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7.. Assertion (A): If nth term of an AP is 7-4n, then its common difference is -4
Reason (R) : common difference of an AP is given by d=an+1 -an
8. . Assertion (A): 184 is the 50th term of the AP :3,7,11……
Reason (R) :The nth term of an AP is given by an = a + (n-1)d.
9. Assertion (A): sum of first hundred even natural numbers divisible by 5 is 500
Reason (R) : sum of first n terms of an AP is S n = ( a +l ) , l is the last term
10. Assertion (A): Sum of all 11 terms of an AP is whose middle most term is 30 is 330
Reason (R) : sum of first n terms of an AP is S n = ( a +l ) , l is the last term
*******************************************************************
Answers
I. Multiple choice questions:
1. (c)√162
2. (c) 28
3. (a) 209
4. (d) 6
5. (a) –320
6. (c) n2+n
7. (c)7
8. (d) 6 9.(a) -1 10 .(c) p+9q
II. Short answer type questions.(2 marks questions)
1. Middle term =a8=17
2.39 terms
3. No,-150 is not a term of the AP
4. A.P=3, 7, 11…
5. a=28
6. (-46)
7. A.P.=3,5,7,9,..
8. a3=11
9. k=0
10.n=13
III.Short answer type questions.(3 marks questions)
1).a=2 2) 24th term 3) Sn=n/2[3+5n],S20=1030 4)99090
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IV. Long answer type questions ( 5 marks)

1 Let the four consecutive terms be a-3d, a-d, a+d , a+ 3d
a-3d+ a-d+ a+d + a+ 3d =32
4a =32 a=8
( )( )
=
( )( )
= ( cross multiply get d= 2 and -2
When a =8 and d=2 AP : 2, 6, 10, 14

When a= 8 and d= -2 AP : 14, 10 , 6 ,2
2. n=20 instalments
4. (i) 5500 (ii) 6500 (iii) 43750
V Case base study questions
1 (i) 120 (ii) n=15 (iii) 750 (iv) 110
2. (i) 0 (ii) 88 (iii) 85 or n=33
3 (i) 3900 (ii) 4900 (iii) 73500 (iv) 10:49
VI Assertion Reasoning Questions ( 1 mark each)
1 . a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. c 7. a 8. d 9. d 10. b
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CHAPTER -6 TRIANGLES
MIND MAP
Key Points
 Two figures having same shape but not necessarily the same size are called similar figures.
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 All congruent figures are similar but the converse is not true.
 Pair of all regular polygons are similar figures.
 All circles are similar figures.
 Two polygons with the same number of sides are similar, if
i.their corresponding angles are equal and
ii. their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (i.e. Proportional)
 Similar Triangles: Two triangles are said to be similar, if (i) their corresponding angles are
equal and (ii) their corresponding sides are in the same ratio.
We write ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 Where symbol ~ ‘stands for is similar to’
 Thales Theorem (Basic Proportionality Theorem)
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points,
then the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
 Converse of BPT : If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the
line is parallel to the third side.
 Two triangles are said to be equiangular, if their corresponding angles are equal.
 Criteria for similarity of triangles:
i.AAA similarity Criterion OR AA similarity Criterion -
If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then the triangles are similar by AAA similarity
criterion.
If in two triangles, two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to the two angles of the other
triangle, then the two triangles are similar by AA similarity criterion.
ii.SSS similarity Criterion -
If in two triangles, corresponding sides are in the same ratio, then the two triangles are similar by
SSS similarity criterion.
iii.SAS similarity Criterion -
If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the sides including these
angles are in the same ratio, then the two triangles are similar by SAS similarity criterion.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. D and E are the midpoints of side AB and AC of a triangle ABC, respectively and
BC = 6 cm. If DE || BC, then the length (in cm) of DE is:
(a) 2.5 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
2. The diagonals of a rhombus are 16 cm and 12 cm, in length. The side of the rhombus in
length is:
(a) 20 cm (b) 8 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 9 cm
3. If triangles ABC and DEF are similar and AB=4 cm, DE=6 cm, EF=9 cm and FD=12 cm,
the perimeter of triangle ABC is:
(a) 22 cm (b) 20 cm (c) 21 cm (d) 18 cm
4. If in two triangles ABC and PQR, AB/QR = BC/PR = CA/PQ, then
(a) ΔPQR ~ ΔCAB (b) ΔPQR ~ ΔABC
(c) ΔCBA ~ ΔPQR (d) ΔBCA ~ ΔPQR
5. In triangles ABC and DEF, ∠B = ∠E, ∠F = ∠C and AB = 3 DE. Then, the two triangles are
(a) congruent but not similar (b) similar but not congruent
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(c) neither congruent nor similar (d) congruent as well as similar

6. ∆ABC is such that AB=3 cm, BC = 2 cm and CA=2.5 cm. If ∆DEF∼∆ABC and
FE=4 cm, then the perimeter of ∆DEF is
(a)7 cm (b) 10 cm (c)12 cm (d) 15 cm
7. It is given that ΔABC ~ ΔDFE, ∠A = 30°, ∠C = 50°, AB = 5 cm, AC = 8 cm and
DF = 7.5 cm. Then, the following is true:
(a) DE = 12 cm, ∠F = 50° (b) DE = 12 cm, ∠F = 100°
(c) EF = 12 cm, ∠D = 100° (d) EF = 12 cm, ∠D = 30°
8. If triangle ABC is similar to triangle DEF, then,
(a) AB/FD = BC/EF = CA/DE (b) AB/DE = BC/DF = CA/EF
(c) AB/DE = BC/EF = CA/FD (d) AB/BC = CA/DE = EF/FD
9. Which of the following is not a similarity criterion for two triangles?
(a) AAA (b) SAS (c) SSS (d) ASA
10. In ∆ABC, DE‖BC. If AD = 4 cm ,,DB = 6 cm and AE = 5 cm. The length of EC is
(a) 7 cm (b) 6.5 cm (c) 7.5 cm (d) 8 cm
ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS

(A).
assertion (A).
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true
1. Assertion: If two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of another
triangle, then the two triangles are similar.
Reason: Angles are the only criteria to determine similarity of triangles.
2. Assertion: In similar triangles, corresponding sides are equal in length.
Reason: Congruent triangles are similar.
3. Assertion: If the three angles of a triangle are equal to the three angles of
another triangle, then the two triangles are similar.
Reason: Triangles with equal angles are always similar.
4. Assertion: If two triangles have the same area, they must be similar.
Reason: Congruent triangles always have the same area.
5. Assertion: If two triangles are similar, their altitudes drawn to the
corresponding sides are equal.
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Reason: Corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional.

6. Assertion: If two triangles have equal corresponding angles, they are similar.
Reason: Similar triangles have equal corresponding angles.
7. Assertion: If the sides of two triangles are in proportion, then the triangles
are similar.
Reason: Triangles with proportional sides are always similar.
8. Assertion: If the two corresponding sides of two triangles are in the same
ratio, and the included angle between the sides are equal then the triangles are
similar.
Reason: This is called SSA criterion.
9. Assertion: If two triangles have equal corresponding medians, they are
similar.
Reason: Similar triangles have proportional medians.
10. Assertion: All congruent triangles are similar.
Reason: Congruent triangles have equal corresponding angles.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. In the given figure, ∠CAB = 90° and AD ⊥ BC. If AC = 25 cm, AB = 1 m
and BD = 96.08 cm, then find the value of AD.
2. In fig., ∠1 = ∠2 and ∠3 = ∠4. Show that PT. QR = PR. ST.
3. In ∆ABC, D and E are the points on the sides AB and AC respectively such
that DE || BC.
57 | P a g e
If AD = 6x – 7, DB = 4x – 3, AE = 3x – 3, and EC = 2x – 1 then find. the

value of ‘x’.
4. If ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR, perimeter of ∆ABC = 32 cm, perimeter of ∆PQR = 48 cm

and PR = 6 cm, then find the length of AC.
5. ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF. If AB = 4 cm, BC = 3.5 cm, CA = 2.5 cm and DF = 7.5 cm,
find the perimeter of ∆DEF.
6. In ∆DEW, AB || EW. If AD = 4 cm, DE = 12 cm and DW = 24 cm, then find
the value of DB.
7. Two right triangles ABC and DBC are drawn on the same hypotenuse BC
and on the same side of BC. If AC and BD intersect at P.
Prove that AP × PC = BP × PD.
8. In ∆ABC, DE || BC, find the value of x
9. In the given figure, DE||BC
If = and AC = 14cm, find EC.
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10. In ∆LMN, ∠L=50ᵒ and ∠N = 60ᵒ, if ∆LMN∼∆PQR, then find ∠Q
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1 . In fig., ∠CAB = 90° and AD ⊥ BC. If AC = 75 cm, AB = 1 m, and BD = 1.25 m, find AD.
2. In the fig., ∠D = ∠E and = . Prove that ∆BAC is an isosceles triangle
3.In given figure ∠1 = ∠2; ∠2 = ∠4
DE = 4; CE = x + 1, AE = 2x + 4; BE = 4x – 2, find x.
4. In the figure P is any point on side BC of ∆ABC. PQ||BA and PR‖CA are drawn is
extended to meet BC produced at S. Prove that SP 2 = SBXSC
5. In the figure ,if ∆BEA≅∆CDA, then prove that ∆DEA∼∆BCA.
59 | P a g e
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. In the given fig. PA, QB and RC each is perpendicular to AC such that PA =
x, RC = y, QB = z, AB = a and BC = b.
Prove that + = .
2. In figure, M is mid-point of side CD of a parallelogram ABCD. The line

BM is drawn intersecting AC at L and AD produced at E. Prove that
EL = 2BL.
3. Any point X is taken on the side BC of a triangle ABC and XM, XN are
drawn parallel to BA, CA meeting CA, BA at M and N respectively. MN
meets BC produced in T.
Prove that: TX2 = TB × TC.
CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

1 Meenal was trying to find the height of tower near her house. She is using the properties of
similar triangles. The height of Meenal’s house is 20 m. When Meenal’s house casts a shadow of
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10m long on the ground, at the same time, tower casts a shadow of 50 m long and Arun’s house
casts a shadow of 20 m long on the ground as shown below.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

1.What is the height of tower?
a) 100 m b) 50m c) 15m d) 45m
2.What is the height of Arun’s house?
a)80m B) 75m c) 60m d) 40m
3.If tower casts a shadow of 40m, then find the length of shadow of Arun’s
house
a)18m b) 16m c) 17m d)14m
2. Class teacher draw the shape of quadrilateral on board. Ankit observed the shape and
explored on his notebook in different ways as shown below.

1.In fig1. If ABCD is a trapezium with AB‖CD, E and F are points on non -parallel sides AD and
BC respectively such that EF‖ AB, then find .
a) b) c) d) none of these
2.In fig 1 OD = 3x-1 , OB = 5x-3, OC = 2x+1 and AO = 6x-5, then find the value of x
a) 0 b)1 c)2 d)3
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3.In the fig 2 in ∆DEF, if RS‖EF, DR= 4x-3, DS=8x-7, ER=3x-1 and FS=5x-3,
then find the value of x.
3. Ankita wants to make a toran for Diwali using some pieces of card board. She cut some
cardboard pieces as shown below. If perimeter of ∆ADE and ∆BCE are in the ratio2:3, then
answer the following questions.
1.Find the length of BC.

a) 2 cm b) 4 cm c) 5 cm d) none of these
2. If the two triangles are similar by SAS similarity rule then the corresponding proportional sides
are
a) = b) = c) = d) none of these
3)Find the length of AD
a) cm b) cm c) cm d) cm
ANSWERS
MCQ’s
Q1] (b) 3 Q2] (c) 10 cm Q3] (d) 18 cm Q4] a) ∆PQR ∼∆CAB
Q5] (b) similar but not congruent Q6] (a) 15 cm Q7] (b) DE = 12 cm, ∠F = 100°
Q8] (c) AB/DE = BC/EF = CA/FD Q9] (d) ASA Q10] c) 7.5 cm
ASSERTION REASONING
Q1] (c) Though equal angles are necessary conditions for similarity, they are not sufficient.
Side ratios also need to be proportional for triangles to be similar.
Q2] (d) Corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional, not equal in length.
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Q3] (a) This is a property of similar triangles known as AAA (Angle-Angle-Angle) similarity
criterion.
Q4] (d) Two triangles can have the same area without being similar. For example, a triangle
with sides 3, 4, and 5 and a triangle with sides 6, 8, and 10 both have the same are
(6 square units), but they are not similar.
Q5] (d) While corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional, their altitudes need
not be equal.
Q6] (a) This is a property of similar triangles known as AA (Angle-Angle) similarity

criterion.
Q7] (a) This is one of the criteria for similarity known as SSS (Side-Side-Side) similarity
criterion.
Q8] (c) This is SAS criterion.
Q9] (d) While corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional, their medians need
not be equal.
Q10] (a) AAA criterion.
2 MARKS
1. In ∆BAC and ∆BDA, we have
∠BAC = ∠BDA = 90°
∠B = ∠B [Common]
⇒ ∆BAC ~ ∆BDA [By AA similarity )
=
.
AD=24.02 cm
2. ∠1 = ∠2 (Given)
⇒ ∠1 + ∠5 = ∠2 + ∠5
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or ∠SPT = ∠QPR
and ∠3 = ∠4 (Given)
By AA criterion ∆𝑃𝑆𝑇~∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 ⇒ 𝑆𝑇/𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑇/𝑃𝑅
Or PT.QR = PR.ST
3. Here AD = 6x – 7, DB = 4x – 3,
AE = 3x – 3, EC = 2x – 1
∵ DE || BC
By BPT =
X=2cm
4. ∆ABC∼∆PQR
∆
=
∆
AC=4 cm
∆
5. =
∆
=
∆
Perimeter of ∆DEF=30 cm
6. Let BD = x cm
then BW = (24 – x) cm, AE = 12 – 4 = 8 cm
In ∆DEW, AB || EW
x = 8 cm
DB=8cm
7. In ∆BPA and ∆CPD
∠1 = ∠2 (Vertically opp.angles)
∠BAP = ∠CDP = 90°
∴ ∆BPA ~ ∆CPD
∴ APDP=BPCP
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⇒ AP × CP = BP × DP
⇒ AP × PC = BP × PD
8. In ∆ABC,DE‖BC
x=3
9. In ∆ABC,DE‖BC
EC=8cm
10. ∠L+∠M+∠N=180ᵒ
∠M=70ᵒ
∠Q=70ᵒ
3 MARKS
1.In given fig.,
∠CAB = 90°, AD ⊥ BC
AC = 75 cm, AB = 1 m
and BD = 1.25 m
In ∆ABC = ∆DBA
∠CAB = ∠ADB = 90°
∠CBA = ∠ABD
∴ ∆ABC ~ ∆DBA
AD=93.75 cm
2. Here, =
⇒ DE || BC
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[By converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem]

Now, ∠D = ∠B [Corresponding angle]
∠E = ∠C
But ∠D = ∠E [Given]
Hence ∠B = ∠C
[Sides opp. to equal angles of a ∆ are equal]
∴ ∆BAC is an isosceles ∆.
3. In ∆DCE and ∆ABE, we have
∠2 = ∠4
∠DEC = ∠AEB
[Vertically opposite angles]
Hence, ∆DCE ~ ∆BEA
x=3 or x=-32
4. In ∆SRB,PQ‖RB
Also in ∆SPR ,PR‖QC
SP2=SC XSB
5.We have, ∆BEA≅∆CDA

AB=AC and AE=AD
In ∆DEA and ∆BCA
∠BAC = ∠DAE
∆DEA∼∆BCA (SAS similarity)
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5 MARKS
1.Here PA ⊥ AC
and QB ⊥ AC
⇒ QB || PA
Thus, in ∆PAC QB || PA.
⇒ ∆QBC ~ ∆PAC
= -------(1)
In ∆RAC QR‖ RC
∆RAC∼∆QAB
= ------(2)
Adding (1) and (2)
+ = +
Z( + )=1
+ =
2.In ∆DEM and ∆CBM
∠DEM = ∠MBC [alt.angles]

∠EDM = ∠MCB [alt.angles]
DM = MC [given]
∠DEM = ∠CBM [AAS congruence]
⇒ DE = BC
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but AE = AD + DE
= AD + BC
⇒ AE = 2BC
[∵ AD = BCas ABCD is a || gm] … (i)
In ∆AEL and ∆CBL,
∠1 = ∠2 [vertically opp. angles]
∠AEL = ∠LBC
[Alt. angles as DE || BC, BE acting as transversal]
∴ ∆AEL ~ ∆CBL [By AA similarity
EL=2BL
3.
Here BA || XM ⇒ BN || XM
and CA || XN ⇒ CM||XN
Now in ATMX, BN||XM
∴ By Corollary to B.P.T., we have
Again, in ATMC, XN || CM
By using corollary to B.P.T., we have
=
From (i) and (ii), we get
=
⇒ TX2 = TB × TC
CASE STUDY QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)
1) 1. 100 2. 40m 3. 16 m
2. 1.c 2. 2 3.1
3.1. c 2. b 3.a
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CHAPTER-7 COORDINATE GEOMETRY

MIND MAP
KEY POINTS:
 Two perpendicular number lines intersecting at origin are called coordinate axes. The
horizontal line is the X-axis and the vertical line is Y-axis.
 The point of intersection of X-axis and Y-axis is called origin and denoted by O.
 Cartesian plane is a plane obtained by putting the coordinate axes perpendicular to each
other in the plane. It is also called coordinate plane or XY -plane.
 x coordinate of a point is called abscissa and y coordinate of a point is called ordinate.
 The axes divide the Cartesian plane into four parts called quadrants as shown below.
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DISTANCE FORMULA:
The distance
between two points
P and Q is calculated
by distance formula (using Pythagoras theorem in right angled
triangle).
Problems based on Distance Formula
 Diagonals of rhombus, square, rectangle and parallelogram always bisect each other.
 Diagonals of rhombus and square bisect each other at right angles.
 Three points A, B and C are collinear if the distance AB, BC and CA are such that the sum
of two distances is equal to the third
 To show that a given figure is a –
 Parallelogram – Prove that the opposite sides are equal

 Rectangle – Prove that the opposite sides are equal and the diagonals are equal.
 Parallelogram but not rectangle – Prove that the opposite sides are equal and the
diagonals are not equal.
 Rhombus – Prove that the four sides are equal
 Square – Prove that the four sides are equal and the diagonals are equal.
 Rhombus but not square – Prove that the four sides are equal and the diagonals are not
equal.
 Isosceles triangle – Prove any two sides are equal.
 Equilateral triangle – Prove that all three sides are equal.
 Right triangle – Prove that sides of triangle satisfy Pythagoras theorem.
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DISTANCE OF A POINT P (X, Y) FROM ORIGIN

Since coordinate of origin is O (0,0), Then by applying distance formula, distance of P (x, y) from
O is 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
SECTION FORMULA:
If the ratio in which P divides AB is k:1, then the coordinates of the point P will be
Mid-Point Formula: The mid-point of a line segment divides the line segment in the ratio 1: 1.
Therefore, the coordinates of the mid-point P of the join of the points A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) is
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
1. The distance of the point P (2, 3) from the x-axis is

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 5
2. The distance between the point P (1, 4) and Q (4, 0) is
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 3
3. The distance of the point (α, β) from the origin is
(a) α + β (b) α² + β² (c) |α| + |β| (d) 𝛼 + 𝛽
4. The midpoint of a line segment joining two points A (2, 4) and B (-2, -4) is
(a) (-2, 4) (b) (2, -4) (c) (0, 0) (d) (-2, -4).
5. If O (p/3, 4) is the midpoint of the line segment joining the points P (-6, 5) and Q (-2, 3),
then value of p is:
(a) 7/2 (b) -12 (c) 4 (d) -4
6. The point which divides the line segment of points P (-1, 7) and (4, -3) in the ratio of 2:3 is:
(a) (-1, 3) (b) (-1, -3) (c) (1, -3) (d) (1, 3)
7. The coordinates of a point P, where PQ is the diameter of a circle whose centre is (2, – 3)
and Q is (1, 4) is:
(a) (3, -10) (b) (2, -10) (c) (-3, 10) (d) (-2, 10).
8. The ratio in which the line segment joining the points P (-3, 10) and Q (6, –8) is divided by
O (-1, 6) is:
(a) 1:3 (b) 3:4 (c) 2:7 (d) 2:5
9. If the points A (6, 1), B (8, 2), C (9, 4) and D (p, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram,
taken in order, then the value of p is
(a) 4 (b) -6 (c) 7 (d) -2.
10. The distance of the point P (–6, 8) from the origin is
(a) 8 units (b) 2√7 units (c) 10 units (d) 6 units.
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VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. If the point (0, 2) is equidistant from the points (3, k) and (k, 5), find the value of k.
2. Find the ratio in which y-axis divides the line segment joining the points A (5, -6) and
B (-1, -4). Also find the coordinates of the point of division.
3. Let P and Q be the points of trisection of the line segment joining the points A (2, -2) and B
(-7, 4) such that P is nearer to A. Find the coordinates of P and Q.
4. Find the ratio in which P (4, m) divides the line segment joining the points A (2, 3) and
B (6, -3). Hence find m.
5. Point A (- 1, y) and B (5, 7) lie on a circle with centre O (2, -3y). Find the values of y.
Hence find the radius of the circle.
6. The x-coordinate of a point P is twice its y-coordinate. If P is equidistant from Q (2, – 5)
and R (-3,6), find the coordinates of P.
7. If the distance between the points (4, k) and (1,0) is 5, then what can be the possible values
of k?
8. Find distance between A (10 cos θ, 0) and B (0, 10 sin θ).

9. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points (– 3, 10) and (6, – 8) is divided by
(– 1, 6).
10. Write the coordinates of a point on the x-axis which is equidistant from points A (-2, 0) and
B (6, 0).
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)
1. □AOBC is a rectangle whose three vertices are A (0, 4), O (0, 0) and B (3, 0). Find the
length of its diagonal.
2. Prove that the points (3, 0), (6, 4) and (-1, 3) are the vertices of a right-angled isosceles
triangle.
3. If (1, p/3) is the midpoint of the line segment joining the points (2, 0) and (0,2/9), then
show that the line 5x + 3y + 2 = 0 passes through the point (- 1, 3p).
4. The vertices of a triangle are (- 2, 0), (2, 3) and (1, – 3). Is the triangle equilateral, isosceles
or scalene?
5. If the point P (x, y) is equidistant from the points A (a + b, b – a) and B (a – b, a + b). Prove
that bx = ay.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
1. Show that ∆ABC, where A (-2, 0), B (2, 0), C (0, 2) and ∆ PQR where P (- 4, 0), Q (4, 0),
R (0, 4) are similar triangles.
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2. If A (-2, 1), B (a, 0), C (4, b) and D (1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD, find
the values of a and b. Hence find the lengths of its sides.
3. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segments joining the points
A (2, -2) and B (-7,4).
1. To conduct Sport Day activities, in your rectangular shaped school ground ABCD, lines
have been drawn with chalk powder at a distance of 1m each. 100 flower pots have been placed at
a distance of 1 m from each other along AD, as shown in figure. Hema runs 1/4 th the distance AD
in the 2nd line and posts a blue flag. Preeti runs 1/5 th the distance AD on the 8th line and posts a
green flag.
a) Which mathematical concept is used in the above problem?

b) What value is depicted in this problem?
c) What is the distance between both the flags?
OR
If Uttara has to post an orange flag exactly halfway between the line segment joining the two
flags, where should she post her flag?
2. All of the persons know that smoking is injurious to health. So, college students decided to
make a campaign. To raise social awareness about hazards of smoking, school decided to start
"NO SMOKING" campaign. Some students are asked to prepare campaign banners in the shape of
triangle as shown in the figure:
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Based on the above information, give the answer of the following questions:
a) What are the coordinates of P and R.
b) Find the coordinates of the mid-point of Q and R.
c) Find the distance between P and R.
OR
Find the point on x axis, which is equidistant from Q and R.
3. There are two routes to travel from the place A to B by bus. The first bus reaches the place B via
C and the second bus reaches the place B from A directly. The position of A, B and C are represented in
the following graph. Observe the graph given below and answer the following
a) What are the coordinates of places B and C?

b) What is the distance between B and C?
c) If a place D lies at the midpoint of AB then what are the coordinates of place D?
OR
If E is the place on the y-axis which is equidistant from the places A(-5, -2) and B(3, 2) , then find
the coordinates of place E.
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ASSERTION AND REASON (1 MARK)
In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Mark the correct choice as: -
a) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
b) both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
1. Assertion (A): Mid-point of a line segment divides the line in the ratio 1:1
Reason (R): The distance between the points (a, b) and (c, d) is given by
(𝑐 − 𝑎) + (𝑑 − 𝑏)
2. Assertion (A): The distance of a point P(4, 8) from the origin is √80.
Reason (R): The distance of a point (a, b) from the origin is √𝑎 − 𝑏
3. Assertion (A): The points (-3, 7) and (7, -3) are at different positions in the coordinate
plane.
Reason (R): The position of (x, y) in the Cartesian plane is different from the position
of (y, x).
4. Assertion (A): The co-ordinates of the point which divide the join of A (-3, 5) and B (2,3)
in the ratio 5:2 is (4/7, 25/7)
Reason (R): The co-ordinates of the point S (x, y) which divides the line segment joining
the points P (x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2) in the ratio m1:m2 is ( , ).
5. Assertion (A): The point (0, 2) lies on Y-axis

Reason (R): The X-coordinate of the point on Y-axis is zero.
6. Assertion (A): The distance of point P (2,3) from the x-axis is 3.
Reason (R): The distance from x-axis is equal to its ordinate.
7. Assertion (A): The point (4, 0) lies on y-axis.
Reason (R): The x-coordinate of the point on y-axis is zero.
8. Assertion (A): The point (3,0) lies on x-axis.
Reason (R): The y-coordinate on the point on x-axis is zero.
9. Assertion (A): The point (6,0) lies on x-axis.
Reason (R): The point (0,7) lies on y-axis.
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10. Assertion (A): The distance of a point from the x -axis is its ordinate.
Reason (R): The distance of a point from the y-axis is called its abscissa
ANSWER KEY
1(b) 2(b) 3(d) 4(c) 5(b)

6(d) 7(a) 8(c) 9(c) 10(c)
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. k = 1. 2. Ratio is 5:1, point (0, -13/3) 3. (-1,0) and (-4,2)

4. Ratio=1:1, m=0 5. Y=-1, radius=5 units 6. (16,8)
7. k = ± 4 8. 10 units 9. Required ratio is 2:7
10. The coordinates of a point on the x-axis are (2, 0)
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. 5 Units 4. Scalene triangle
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
2. a=1, b=1; length of each side √10 units 3. (-1,0) and (-4.2)
CASE BASED QUESTIONS
1. (a) Co-ordinate Geometry (b) Team Spirit (c) √61m OR (5, 45/2)
2. (a) P(11/2, 9), R(9, 3) (b) (11/2,3) (c) √193 /2 units OR (11/2,0)
3. (a) B (2, 3), C (3, 2) (b) √2 Km, (c) D (0, 0) OR E (0, -2)
1. b 2.c 3.a 4.a 5. a

6. a 7. d 8.a 9.b 10. b
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CHAPTER -8 INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

MIND MAP
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KEY POINTS:
 Trigonometric Ratios of the angle A in a triangle ABC right angled at B are defined as:
∠
sine of ∠A = sin A = =
∠
cosine of ∠A = cos A = =
∠
tangent of ∠A = tan A = ∠
=
cosecant of ∠A = cosec A = =
secant of ∠A = sec A = =
cotangent of ∠A = cot A = =
tan A = , cot A =
 The values of trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the lengths of the sides of
the triangle, if the angle remains the same.
 If one trigonometric ratio of an angle is given, the other trigonometric ratios of the angle
can be determined.
 Trigonometric ratios of angles: 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°.
 The value of sin A or cos A never exceeds 1, whereas the value of sec A or cosec A is
always greater than or equal to 1.
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 Trigonometric identities:
sin² A + cos² A = 1
1 + tan² A = sec²A
cot²A + 1 = cosec²A
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
(EACH CARRIES 1 MARK)

1. The value of (sin30° + cos30°) – (sin60° + cos60° ) is …..
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
2. The value of sin230o + cos230o is …..
√
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
3. tan A = ………..
(a) (b) (c) (d)

√ √ √ √
4.  
If 4 tan = 3, then the value of is equal to ……
 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5. If sin A = , then the value of cot A is ……
√
(a) √3 (b) (c) (d) 1
√
6. If 3cot  = 2, then the value of tan  is ……
(a) (b) (c) (d)

√ √
7. If sin − cos= 0, then the value of (sin4 + cos4) is ……
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
8. The value of is ……
(a) (b) (c) √3 (d) 1

√ √
9. Given that sin α = and cos β = , then the value of (α + β) is ….
(a) 0o (b) 30o (c) 60o (d) 90o

10. If cosec A – cot A = , then cosec A = ….
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(a) (b) (c) (d)
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS TYPE I

(EACH CARRIES 2 MARKS)
1. Prove that:
²
= 1.
²
2. If tan (A + B) =√3 and tan (A – B) =1/√3, 0° < A + B ≤ 90°; A > B, find A and B.
3. If sin B= , then find cot B
4. If cos B = 0 then what is the value of cos ?
5. If 5x = sec θ and = tan θ, find the value of 5 x −
6. Prove the identity:

= 1 – sin A cos A
7. Simplify:
8. If sin θ – cos θ = 0, find the value of sin θ + cos θ.
9. If 2 cos 3θ = √3, find the value of θ.
10. If x = a cos θ – b sin θ and y = a sin θ + b cos θ, then prove that a 2 + b2 = x2 + y2
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS TYPE II
(EACH CARRIES 3 MARKS)

1. Prove that + =
2. Prove that =
3. If tan A = , prove that =
4. If 7sin A + 3cos A = 4, then show that tan θ = .

√
5. Prove that (sec A− cos A)(cot A + tan A) = tan A sec A
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

( EACH CARRIES 5 MARKS)
1. If tan θ + sin θ = p ; tan θ – sin θ = q; prove that p2 – q2 = 4 √pq
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2. If sin θ + cos θ = m and sec θ + cosec θ = n, then prove that n(m2 – 1) = 2m.
3. ²
If = √
, prove that = .
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS:

(Subparts of each question carry 1+1+2 marks)
1. A tram transports travellers from the base level at point A to the summit of a mountain
chateau at point P. Point A is situated 2000 meters away from point C, which marks the
mountain's base. If 𝛼 = 30º and 𝛽 = 60º, then,
(i) What will be the height of the mountain?

(ii) Assuming the cable is held tight what will be the length of the cable?
(iii) What will be the length of BC?
OR
What will be the distance of point A to the foot of the mountain located at B?
2. The local government plans to build a playground slide in
a city park specifically designed for children under 12
years old. They envision the top of the slide positioned 4
meters above ground level, inclined at a 30-degree angle
relative to the ground.
(i) What is the length of AB?
(ii) What is the value of sin230o + cos260o?
(iii) In the given figure, if AB + BC =25m and AC = 5 m, then what is the value of
BC?
OR
In the given figure, what is the value of (sin B cos A)?
3. Structural design involves constructing a framework using interconnected triangles.
Among the primary engineering structures, trusses play a significant role, particularly in
the construction of bridges and buildings. Trusses are engineered to bear various loads,
including human weight, and are constructed solely from elongated, straight elements
linked by joints at their endpoints. Each truss system features a repeating triangle as its
fundamental unit as shown in the figure below:
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(i) ) If sin A = sin C, what will be the length of BC?

(ii) What is the length of AC?
(iii) If the length of AB doubles, what will become of the length of AC?
OR
What is the length of BC?
ASSERTION –REASON TYPE QUESTIONS:
(EACH CARRIES 1 MARK)
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a

statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice from the following:
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true. Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true. Reason (R) does NOT give correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
1. STATEMENT I: ASSERTION (A): For any acute angle , the value of sin  cannot be
greater than 1.
STATEMENT II: REASON (R): Hypotenuse is the longest side in any right angled
triangle.
2. STATEMENT I: ASSERTION (A): For 0 ≤  ≤ 90 0, sec x + cos x ≥ 2
STATEMENT II: REASON (R): For any x > 0, x + ≥2
3. STATEMENT I: ASSERTION (A): If sin  + sin2 = 1, then cos2 + cos4 = 1

STATEMENT II: REASON (R): 1 - sin2 = cos2
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4. STATEMENT I: ASSERTION (A): In a right angled triangle, if tan = , the greatest

side of the triangle is 5 units.
STATEMENT II: REASON (R): (greatest side)2 = (hypotenuse)2 = (perpendicular)2 +
(base)2
5. STATEMENT I: ASSERTION (A): For 0 <  ≤ 90 0, (cosec  - cot ) and (cosec  + cot
) are reciprocal of each other.
STATEMENT II: REASON (R) : cot2 - cosec2 = 1
6. STATEMENT I : ASSERTION (A): cot A is the product of cot and A.
STATEMENT II: REASON (R): The value of sin  increases as  increases.
7. STATEMENT I : ASSERTION (A): For any acute angle , the value of tan  never
exceeds √2.

STATEMENT II: REASON (R): For 0 ≤  < 90 0, tan  =

8. STATEMENT I : ASSERTION (A): For any acute angle  (0 ≤  < 90 0 ), sec  ≥ 1.

STATEMENT II: REASON (R): For any acute angle  (0 ≤  < 90 0 ), cosec  ≥ 1.
9. STATEMENT I : ASSERTION (A): For 0 <  ≤ 90 0, sin + cosec ≥ 2.
STATEMENT II: REASON (R): x + ≥ 2 for all x > 0.
10. STATEMENT I : ASSERTION ( A): If tan  + cot  =2, then tan2 + cot2 = 4
STATEMENT II: REASON (R): If cosecA = √2, then =
*****************
ANSWERS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
ANSWER KEY: 1.b 2.c 3. c 4.a 5.a 6.b 7.c 8. d 9. d 10. d
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS TYPE I :
ANSWER KEY: 2. A= 45°, B = 15° 3. 4. 5. 7. tan A 8. 9. 10 0

√
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS:
ANSWER KEY: 1. (i) m (ii) m (iii) m OR m

√ √
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2. (i) 8m (ii) (iii) 12m OR

3. (i) 4 ft (ii) 8 ft (iii) doubles the original length OR 4 √3 ft
ASSERTION –REASON TYPE QUESTIONS:

ANSWER KEY: 1.a 2.a 3.a 4.a 5.c 6.d 7.d 8.b 9.a 10.d
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CHAPTER-9 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (EACH

CARRIES 1 MARK)
Solved examples on MCQs
1 A portion of a 60 m long tree is broken by tornado and the top struck up the ground making an
angle of 30° with the ground level. The height of the point where the tree is broken is equal to
(a) 30 m (b) 35 m (c) 40 m (d) 20 m
Ans (d) 20 m
2 If a pole 6m high casts a shadow 2√3 m long on the ground, then the sun’s elevation is
(a) 60 (b) 45 (c) 30 (d) 90
Ans (a) 60
3 The angle depression of a car , standing on the ground , from the top of 75 m tower, is 30 . The
distance of the car from the base of the tower(in meters) is
(a) 25√3 ( b) 50√3 c)75√3 (d)150
Ans (a) 25√3
4 The angle of elevation of top of the tower at the point on the ground 50 m away from the foot of
the tower is 45 .The height of the tower in meter is
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(a) 50 √3 (b) 50 (c) (d )

√ √
Ans (b) 50 m
5 If the altitude of the sun is at 60 , then the height of the vertical tower that will cast a shadow
of length 30 m is
(a) 30√3 m (b) 15m (c) m (d) 15√2 m
√
Ans (d) 20 m
6 If the angle of elevation of the top of the tower from two points distant a and b from the base
and in the same straight line with it are complementary, then the height of the tower is
(a) ab (b)√𝑎𝑏 (c) (d)
Ans (b)√𝑎𝑏
7 When the length of shadow of a vertical pole is equal to √3 times of its height, the angle of
elevation of the Sun’s altitude is
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 15°
Ans 30
8 The angles of elevation of the top of a rock from the top and foot of 100 m high tower are
respectively 30° and 45°. The height of the rock is
(a) 50 m (b) 150 m (c) 5o√3m (d) 50(3 + √3)
Ans d) 50(3 + √3)
9 The angle of depression of a car, standing on the ground, from the top of a 75 m high tower, is
30°. The distance of the car from the base of the tower (in m) is:
(a) 25√3 (b) 50√3 (c) 75√3 (d) 150
Ans (c) 75√3
10 The tops of two poles of heights 20 m and 14 m are connected by a wire. If the wire makes an
angle of 30° with the horizontal, then the length of the wire is
(a) 8 m (b) 10 m (c) 12 m (d) 14 m
Ans(c) 12 m
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( EACH CARRIES 2 MARKS)
Solved examples short answer type I
1 A ladder 15 m long just reaches the top of a vertical wall. If the ladder makes an angle of 60°
with the wall, then calculate the height of the wall
Solution:
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∠BAC = 180° – 90° –60 = 30° ( mark)

sin 30° =
=
( 1 mark)
2BC = 15
BC = m ( mark)
Practice Questions
1 A tower AB is 20 m high and BC, its shadow on the ground, is 20 √3 m long. Find the Sun’s
altitude.
Ans Angle C =30
2 The angle of elevation of an aeroplane from a point on the ground is 60°. After a flight of 30
seconds the angle of elevation becomes 30°. If the aeroplane is flying at a constant height of
3000√3 m, find the speed of the aeroplane.
Ans 720 Km/h

3 From a point 20 m away from the foot of the tower , the angle of elevation of the top of the
tower is 30 .Find height of the tower.
Ans 𝑚
√
4 A ladder is 50 m long just reaches the top of vertical wall. If the ladder makes an angle of 60
with the wall. Find height of the wall.
Ans 25m
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5 In a rectangle ABCD, AB=20 cm , ∠BAC = 60 . Find the length of the side AD.
Ans 20√3 cm
6 If a tower 30 m high, casts a shadow 10√3 m long on the ground, then what is the angle of
elevation of the sun?
Ans 30
7 The tops of two towers of height x and y, standing on level ground, subtend angles of 30° and 60°
respectively at the centre of the line joining their feet, then find x : y.
Ans 1 : 3
8 The horizontal distance between two poles is 15 m. The angle of depression of the top of first
pole as seen from the top of second pole is 30°. If the height of the second pole is 24 m, find the
height of the first pole. [Use √3 = 1.732]
Ans 15.34m
9 The angles of depression of the top and bottom of a 50 m high building from the top of a tower
are 45° and 60° respectively. Find the height of the tower and the horizontal distance between the
tower and the building. [Use √3 = 1.73].
Ans 68.25 m
In the figure, AB is a 6 m high pole and CD is a ladder inclined at an angle of 60° to the
10
horizontal and reaches up to a point D of pole. If AD = 2.54 m. Find the length of the ladder.
(Use √3 = 1.73)
Ans 4m
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( EACH CARRIES 3 MARKS)
Solved examples short answer type II
1 A peacock is sitting on the top of a pillar, which is 9 m high. From a point 27 m away from the
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bottom of the pillar, a snake is coming to its hole at the base of the pillar. Seeing the snake the
peacock pounces on it. If their speeds are equal, at what distance from the hole is the snake
caught?
(fig 1 mark)
Lęt PH be the pillar. Let the distance from the hole to the place where snake is caught = x m
Let P be the top of the pillar and S be the point where the snake is
∴ SC = (27 – x) m
SC = PC = (27 – x) m (∵ Their speeds are equal) (1/2mark)
In rt. ∆PHC
PH2 + CH2 = PC2 (Pythagoras’ theorem)
92 + x2 = (27 – x)2
81 + x2 = 729 – 54x + x2 (1 mark)
54x = 729 – 81 = 648
x = 64854 = 12 m
Hence, required distance, x =12 m (1/2mark)
Practice Questions
1 From the top of a 60 m high building, the angles of depression of the top and the bottom of a
tower are 45° and 60° respectively. Find the height of the tower. (Take √3 =1.73)
Ans : Height = 25.4m

2 The angle of elevation of the top of a building from the foot of the tower is 30° and the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower from the foot of the building is 45°. If the tower is 30 m high,
find the height of the building.
Ans Height of building =10√3 m
3 A man on the deck on a ship 14 m above water level, Observe that the angle of elevation of the
top of a cliff is 60°and the angle of depression of the base of the cliff is 30°.Calculate the
distance of the cliff from the ship and the height of the cliff.
Ans h = 56m and distance =24.5m
4 Two poles of equal heights are standing opposite to each other on either side of the road, which is
100 m wide. From a point between them on the road, the angles of elevation of the top of the
poles are 60° and 30° respectively. Find the height of the poles. (√3 =1.73)
Ans 43.25m
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5 The shadow of a tower standing on a level ground is found to be 20 m longer when the Sun’s
altitude is 45° than when it is 60°. Find the height of the tower. .(√3 =1.73)
√
Ans
√
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CHAPTER - 10 CIRCLES
KEY POINTS
CIRCLE
The collection of all the points in a plane, which are at a fixed distance from a fixed point in
the plane, is called a circle.
 The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the fixed distance is called the radius
of the circle. In the below figure, O is the centre and the length OP is the radius of the
circle.
 The line segment joining the centre and any point on the circle is also called a radius of the
circle.
 A circle divides the plane on which it lies into three parts. They are: (i) inside the circle, which
is also called the interior of the circle; (ii) the circle and (iii) outside the circle, which is also
called the exterior of the circle. The circle and its interior make up the circular region.
 The chord is the line segment having its two end points lying on the circumference of the
circle.
 The chord, which passes through the centre of the circle, is called a diameter of the circle.
 A diameter is the longest chord and all diameters have the same length, which is equal to two
times the radius.
 A piece of a circle between two points is called an arc.
 The longer one is called the major arc PQ and the shorter one is called the minor arc PQ.
 The length of the complete circle is called its circumference.
 The region between a chord and either of its arcs is called a segment of the circular region or
simply a segment of the circle. There are two types of segments also, which are the major
segment and the minor segment.
 The region between an arc and the two radii, joining the centre to the end points of the arc is
called a sector. The minor arc corresponds to the minor sector and the major arc corresponds
to the major sector.
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Points to Remember :
 A circle is a collection of all the points in a plane, which are equidistant from a fixed point
in the plane.
 Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) subtend equal angles at the centre.
 If the angles subtended by two chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) at the
centre (corresponding centre) are equal, the chords are equal.
 The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
 The line drawn through the centre of a circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
 There is one and only one circle passing through three non-collinear points.
 Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the
centre (or corresponding centres).
 Chords equidistant from the centre (or corresponding centres) of a circle (or of congruent
circles) are equal.
 Congruent arcs of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre.
 The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle subtended by it at any
point on the remaining part of the circle.
 Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
 Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
 If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points lying on the
same side of the line containing the line segment, the four points lie on a circle.
 The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°.
 If the sum of a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 180°, then the quadrilateral is cyclic.
Secant to a Circle
A secant to a circle is a line that intersects the circle at exactly two points.
Tangent to a Circle
A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle at only one
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 The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
 The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.( Theorem)
 The centre lies on the bisector of the angle between the two tangents.
If a line in the plane of a circle is perpendicular to the radius at its endpoint on the circle, then the
line is Multiple choice questions
Q1. A circle has a number of tangents equal to
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) Infinite
Q2. In the given below figure, point P is 26 cm away from the centre O of a circle and the length
PT of the tangent drawn from P to the circle is 24 cm. Then the radius of the circle is
a) 25 cm b) 26 cm c) 24cm d)10cm
Q3. In the figure AT is a tangent to the circle with centre O such that OT = 4 cm and OTA =
30°.Then AT is equal to
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a). 4 cm b) 2cm c) 2√𝟑 cm d) 4√𝟑cm
Q4 . In figure if O is centre of a circle, PQ is a chord and the tangent PR at P makes an angle of

50° with PQ, then POQ is equal to
a). 100° b) 80° c)75° d) 90°
Q5. In the figure below, the pair of tangents AP and AQ drawn from an external point A to a circle
with centre O are perpendicular to each other and length of each tangent is 5 cm. Then the radius
of the circle is
a) 10cm b) 2.5cm c) 5cm d) 7.5cm
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Q6. In figure, O is the centre of a circle, AB is a chord and AT is the tangent at A. If AOB =
100°,then BAT is equal to
a) 100° b) 40° c)50° d) 90°
Q7. In the given figure, TP and TQ are two tangents to a circle with centre O, such that POQ
=110°. Then PTQ is equal to
a) 90° b) 70° c) 110° d)55°
Q8 . In figure, AP, AQ and BC are tangents to the circle. If AB = 5 cm, AC = 6 cm and BC = 4

cm, then the length of AP (in cm) is
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a) 15 b) 7.5 c)20 d) 9
Q9. In the figure PA and PB are tangents to the circle with centre O. If APB = 60°, then OAB is
a) 90° b) 45° c) 30° d) 15°
Q10. Two concentric circles are of radii 10 cm and 8 cm, then the length of the chord of the larger
circle which touches the smaller circle is:
(a) 6 cm b) 12 cm c) 18 cm d) 9 cm
Answer key:
1) d 2)d 3)c 4) a 5) c 6) c 7) b 8) b 9) c 10)b
Assertion Reason questions:
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In the following questions , a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
(A).
assertion (A).
Q1. Assertion (A): From a point Q, the length of the tangent to a circle is 24 cm and the distance
of Q from the centre is 25 cm then the radius of the circle is 7 cm.
Reason (R): A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
Q2. Assertion (A): In the below figure, AB and CD are common tangents to circles which touch
each other at D. If AB = 8 cm, then the length of CD is 4 cm.
Reason (R): A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
Q3. Assertion : If length of a tangent from an external point to a circle is 8 cm, then length of the
other tangent from the same point is 8 cm.
Reason : length of the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
Q4. Assertion : If in a cyclic quadrilateral, one angle is 40°, then the opposite angle is 140°
Reason : Sum of opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to 360°.
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Q5. Assertion : If in a circle, the radius of the circle is 3 cm and distance of a point from the
centre of a circle is 5 cm, then length of the tangent will be 4 cm.
Reason : (𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞)𝟐 = (𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞)𝟐 + (𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭)𝟐
Q6. Assertion : The two tangents are drown to a circle from an external point, than they subtend
equal angles at the centre.
Reason : A parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.
Q7. Assertion : In the given figure, O is the centre of a circle and AT is a tangents at point A, then
∠BAT = 60°
Reason : A straight line can meet a circle at one point only.
Q8. Assertion : PA and PB are two tangents to a circle with centre O . Such that ∠AOB =110° ,
then ∠APB = 90° .
Reason : The length of two tangents drawn from an external point are equal.
Q9. Assertion : In the given figure, XA + AR = XB + BR where ,XP, XQ and AB are tangents
Reason : A tangent to the circle can be drawn from a point inside the circle.
Q10. Assertion : In the given figure, a quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a given
circle, as shown. Then AB + BC = AD + DC.
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Reason : In two concentric circles, the chord of the larger circle, which touches the smaller circle,
is bisected at the point of contact.
Answer key:
1) a 2) b 3) a 4) c 5) a 6) b 7) c 8) d 9) c 10)d
 tangent to the circle .
PRACTICE QUESTIONS( 2 marks each)
1. Prove that “The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the
point of contact”.
2. Prove that “The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.”
3. Prove that “The centre lies on the bisector of the angle between the two tangents drawn
from an external point to a circle.”
4. Find the length of the tangent drawn to a circle of radius 3 cm, from a point distant 5 cm
from the centre.
5. A point P is at a distance 13 cm from the centre C of a circle and PT is a tangent to the

given circle. If PT = 12 cm, find the radius of the circle.
6. From appoint Q, the length of the tangent to a circle is 24 cm and the distance of Q
from the centre of the circle is 25 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
7. The tangent to a circle of radius 6 cm from an external point P, is of length 8 cm.

Calculate the distance of P from the nearest point of the circle.
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8. Prove that the parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.

9. A circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD with AB = 6 cm, BC = 7cm and
CD = 4 cm. Find AD.
10. In the below figure, find the actual length of sides of OTP
ANSWERS
Q5. 5 cm Q 6. r = 7 cm Q7. 4 cm. Q9. AD = 3 cm Q10. Hint: use Pythagoras theorem
1. A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle. Prove that AB + CD = AD + BC
2. Prove that the perpendicular at the point of contact to the tangent to a circle passes through the
centre
3. In the given figure TAS is a tangent to the circle, with centre O, at the point A. If OBA 
320 , find the value of x and y.
4. Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with centre O from an external point T. Prove
that
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PTQ = 2OPQ.
5. If PA and PB are tangents from an outside point P, such that PA = 10 cm and APB  600 .
Find the length of chord AB
ANSWERS
Q3.x = 32, y=58 Q 5. 10 cm
1. Prove that the tangents drawn at the end of the diameter are parallel to each other. Also In
the below figure, ABC is circumscribed, find the value of x.
2. Prove that the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal. Also If
AB, AC, PQ are tangents in below figure and AB = 5 cm, find the perimeter of APQ
3. In figure, AB and CD are two parallel tangents to a circle with center O. ST is tangent segment
between the two parallel tangents touching the circle at Q. Show that ∠SOT=90∘.
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ANSWERS
Q1. 9cm Q 2. 10 cm
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Case study based questions
Q1. The discus throw is an event in which an athlete attempts to throw a discus. The athlete spins
anti-clockwise around one and a half times through a circle, then releases the throw. When
released, the discus travels along tangent to the circular spin orbit.
In the given figure, AB is one such tangent to a circle of radius 75 cm. Point O is centre of the
circle and ∠ABO = 30°. PQ is parallel to OA.
Based on the above, information:
(a) Find the length of AB. (1)
(b) Find the length of OB. (1)
(c) Find the length of AP. (2)
OR
(c) Find the length of PQ. (2)
Q2. In a park, four poles are standing at positions A,B,C and D around the circular fountain such
that the cloth joining the poles AB,BC,CD and DA touches the circular fountain at P,Q,R and S
respectively as shown in the figure.
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Based on the above information, answer the following questions
i) If O is the centre of the circular fountain, then find ∠OSA. (1)
ii) If AB=AD, then write the name of the figure ABCD. (1)
iii) If DR=7 cm and AD=11 cm, then find the length of AP. (2)
OR
iii) If O is centre of fountain, with∠𝑄𝐶𝑅 = 60° then find ∠𝑄𝑂𝑅. (2)
Q3. A backyard is in the shape of a triangle with right angle at B, AB = 6 m and BC = 8 m. A pit
was dig inside it such that it touches the walls AC, BC and AB at P, Q and R respectively such that
AP = 𝜘 m.

(i) Find length of AR . (1)
(ii) The value of BQ. (1)
(iii) Find value of 𝜘. (2)
OR
iii) Find area of Δ ABC. (2)
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Answer key :
√
Q1 i) AB = 75√3 𝑐𝑚 ii) OB = 150 cm iii) AP = cm , PQ = cm
Q2 i) ∠OSA = 90° ii) Rhombus iii) AP = 4cm, ∠QOR =120°
Q3. i) 𝜘 m ii) (6- 𝜘) m iii) 𝜘 = 4 𝑚 , area of Δ ABC = 24 𝑚
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CHAPTER-11 - AREA RELATED TO CIRCLES
MIND MAP
KEY POINTS
 Circumference of a circle = 2πr = πd
 Area of a circle = πr2
SECTOR OF A CIRCLE
 It is the region between two radii and corresponding arc
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SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE
 It is the region between a chord and corresponding arc
AREA OF SECTOR
 Area of circle = πr2

𝛉
 Area of sector = × πr2
˚
LENGTH OF AN ARC
 Circumference of the circle = 2πr
 Length of the arc AB = × 2πr

˚
𝟏
 Area of sector = × r × l , where l is length of corresponding arc.
𝟐
 Perimeter of sector OAPBO = Length of arc AB + 2r
𝛉
= × 2πr + 2r
˚
AREA OF SEGMENT
 Area of minor segment APBA
= Area of sector OAPBO– Area of ΔOAB
 Area of major segment AQBA
= Area of the circle – Area of minor segment
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1 If the perimeter and the area of a circle are numerically equal, then the radius of the
circle is
(a) 2 units (b) π units (c) 4 units (d) 7 units
2 The area of a quadrant of a circle whose circumference is 44 cm is
(a) 88 cm2 (b) 38.5cm2 (c) 154cm2 (d) 132.5 cm2
3 The diameter of a circle whose area is equal to the sum of areas of two circles of radii
24 cm and 7cm is
(a) 31cm (b) 25cm (c) 62cm (d) 50cm
4 The area of the sector of a circle with radius 6 cm and of angle 60° is
(a) 9.42 cm² (b) 37.68 cm² (c) 18.84 cm² (d) 19.84 cm²
5 In the fig, O is the centre of a circle. The area of sector

OABP is of the area of the circle. Then x is
(a) 50˚ (b) 70˚ (c) 100˚ (d) 110˚
6 In figure, three sectors of a circle of radius 7 cm making

angles of 60°, 80° and 40° at the centre are shaded. The area
of the shaded region is
(a) 154 cm2 (b) 77cm2 (c) 120.5cm2 (d) 180
cm2
7 The area of the circle that can be inscribed in a square of side 6 cm is

(a) 36 π cm2 (b) 18 π cm2 (c) 12 π cm2 (d) 9 π cm2
8 If the ratio of areas of two circles is 16:25 the ratio of their circumference is
(a) 4:5 (b) 5:4 (c) 25:16 (d) 3:5
9 The area of the segment PAQ is
(a) (𝜋 + 2) (b) (𝜋 − 2)
(c) (𝜋 + 1) (d) (𝜋 − 1)
10 If the sum of the areas of two circles with radii R1 and R2 is equal to the area of a circle
of radius R, then
(a) R1 + R2 = R (b) R12+ R22 = R2 (c) R1 + R2 < R (d) R12+ R22 < R2
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SHORT ANSWER TYPE I QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 2 MARKS)
1 The length of minute hand of a clock is 5 cm. Find the area swept by minute hand
during the time period 6:10 am and 6:45 am.
2 Find the lengths of the arcs cut off from a circle of radius 18 cm by a chord 18 cm long.
3 The circumference of a circle exceeds its diameter by 45 cm. Find the radius of the
circle.
4 The area of the sector of a circle of radius 10.5 cm is 69.3 cm2. Find the central angle
of the sector.
5 Find the area of the sector of a circle of radius 35 cm and central angle 45˚.
6 Find the area of the sector of a circle of radius 18 cm, if the corresponding length of arc
is 11cm.
7 The sum of the radii of two circles is 11cm and the difference of their circumference is
44cm. Find the radii of the circles.
8 In a circle of radius 21cm, an arc subtends an angle of 60˚ at the centre. Find the
perimeter of sector formed by the arc.
9 Area of a sector of a circle of radius 36 cm is 54 π cm2. Find the length of the

corresponding arc of the sector.
10 If a square is inscribed in a circle, find the ratio of the areas of the circle and the square.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE II QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 3 MARKS)
1 A circle of radius 12cm subtends an angle of 120˚ at the centre of the circle. Find the
area of minor segment of the circle.
2 In the given figure, arcs have been drawn of radius 21cm
each with vertices A, B, C and D of quadrilateral ABCD as
centres. Find the area of the shaded region.
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3
In a circle with centre O and radius 5 cm, AB is the chord of length 5√3 cm .Find the
area of sector AOB.
4
Find the perimeter of given figure, where AED is a
semicircle and ABCD is a rectangle.
5
C is the centre of the circle with radius BC = 35 cm.
ABC is an isosceles right triangle. Calculate the area
of the triangle outside the circular region?
(Use π=3.14)
5 MARK QUESTIONS
1 In Figure, an equilateral triangle has been inscribed in a circle of radius 6 cm.

Find area of the triangle ABC and area of the three minor segments.
[Use π = 3.14 and √3 = 1.73]
2
Ram bought a pendulum clock for his new house. The minute hand and hour hand of
the clock are 9 cm and 6 cm long respectively Find the area swept by the by the minute
hand in 10 minutes. Also find the area swept by hour hand between 11am and 5.00 pm.
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3 In the given below figure a triangular shaped grass field is seen. At the three corners of
the field, a cow, a buffalo and a horse are tied separately to the pegs by means of ropes of
3.5 m each to graze in the field. Sides of the triangular field are 25 m, 24 m and 7m. Find
the area of the triangular field that cannot be grazed by the animals.
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS (4marks each)
There is a race competition between all students of a sports academy, so that the sports
committee can chose better students for a marathon. The race track in the academy is
in the form of a ring whose inner most circumference is 264 m and the outer most
circumference is 308m.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions:-
i)Find the radius of the outermost circle.
ii)Find the area of the race track
iii)If the cost of painting on the race track is Rs. 6 per m2, then find the total cost for
the painting of the whole race track.
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2 In Himachal Pradesh, World's longest highway tunnel opened which will reduce the
distance between Manali to Leh by 46 km. It will connect Solang Valley near Manali to
Sissu in Lahaul and Spiti district. It is named after the former Prime Minister Atal Bihari
Vajpayee
At a length of 9.02km, it is the longest tunnel above 10,000feet in the world. The cross-
section of the tunnel is shown in the figure.The radius of the circular part is 5√2 m and
the central angle is 90⁰ . Based on the above information answer the following questions:
(i)Find the width of the tunnel?
(ii)Find the height of the tunnel?
(iii)Find the area of the segment APBQ?
3
Reena wants to change the design of the floor of her living room which is of the dimension
6m X 4m and it is covered with circular tiles of diameter 50cm each as shown below.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions:-
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i)Find the number of circular tiles along the length and breadth of the room.
ii)Find the total number of tiles in the floor.
iii)Find the area of the floor that remains uncovered by the tiles.
ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS (1 mark each)
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement

of reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
assertion (A).
assertion (A).
1 Assertion (A): A horse is tied to a peg at one corner of a square shaped grass field of side
15 m by means of a 7 m long rope. The area of that part of the field in which the horse can
graze is 77/2 sq.m.
𝟗𝟎
Reason (R) :Area of the quadrant = × π r2
𝟑𝟔𝟎
2 Assertion (A):.If the perimeter of a circle is equal to that of a square, then the ratio of
their areas is 14:11
Reason (R): If the perimeter of a circle is equal to that of a square, then their areas are
equal.
3 Assertion (A) A boy is cycling such that the wheels of the cycle are making 70 revolutions
per minute If the diameter of the wheel is 20cm,then speed of the cycle is 88 m/minute.
Reason (R) Total distance travelled by the wheel = 70 X 2π r
4. Assertion (A) The area of a quadrant of a circle with circumference 22 cm is 77/8 cm 2
Reason (R) Area of a circle = π r2.
5. Assertion (A) The length of the minute hand of a clock is 14 cm. The area swept by the
minute hand in 5 minutes is 51.3 cm²
Reason (R) The angle formed by the minute hand in 5 minutes is 5°
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6. Assertion (A): In a circle of radius 6 cm, the area of the semicircle is 396/7 cm 2
Reason (R): Area of the quadrant with radius r is π r2.
7. Assertion (A): If the circumference of a circle is 176 cm, then its radius is 28 cm.
Reason (R): radius =
8. Assertion (A): If the outer and inner diameter of a circular path is 10 m and 6 m
respectively, then area of the path is 16πm2.
Reason (R): If R and r be the radius of outer and inner circular path respectively, then
area of circular path is π(R2 – r2).
9. Assertion (A): The diameter of a circle is 14cm and the angle of the sector at the centre is
60°. Then the area of the sector is 25.67 sq cm.
Reason (R): Area of a sector = 2𝛱𝑟
10
Assertion (A):If a square is inscribed in a circle, then the ratio of the areas of the circle
and the square is π : 2
Reason (R):If a square is inscribed in a circle of radius 'r' the diameter of circle is the
diagonal of square and ratio of the areas of the circle and the square is =π: 2
ANSWERS: MCQ: (1MARK EACH)

(1) (a) 2 units (2) (b) 38.5cm2 (3) (d) 50cm (4) (c) 18.84 cm² (5) (c) 100˚
(6) (b) 77cm2 (7) (d) 9 π cm2 (8) (a) 4:5 (9) (b) (𝜋 − 2)
2
(10) (b) R1 + R22 =R 2
SHORT ANSWER TYPE I (2MARKS EACH)
(1) 45.83 cm2 (2) 18.84 cm2 (3) 10.5 cm (4) 72˚ (5) 481.25 cm2
(6) 99 cm2 (7) r1 = 9cm , r2 = 2cm (8) 64 cm (9) 9.42 cm
(10) 22:14
SHORT ANSWER TYPE II (3 MARKS EACH)
(1) 88.44 cm (2) 1386 cm2 (3) 26.17 cm2 (4) 76 cm (5) 131.25 cm2
LONG ANSWERS TYPE (5MARKS EACH)

(1) 46.71 sq.cm ; 66.33 sq.cm
(2) 42.42 sq.cm ; 56.57 sq.cm
(3) 64.75 sq.m
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CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS (4marks each)
1) i) 49m ii)2002 sqm iii)Rs 12012/-

2) i)10m ii) 5m iii) 14.28 sq.m
3) i)12 and 8 ii)96 iii) 5.14 sq m
ASSERTION & REASONING QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)

1) a 2) c 3) d 4) b 5) c
6) b 7) a 8) a 9) c 10) a
-----------
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CHAPTER 12 – SURFACE AREA AND VOLUMES
KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 12 – SURFACE AREA AND VOLUMES
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GIST OF THE LESSON WITH FORMULAE

FORMULAE TO FIND CSA/TSA/VOLUME OF
SOLID SHAPES
Formulae Table

. SOLVED EXAMPLES
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1. The ratio of the total surface area to the lateral surface area of a cylinder with base radius 80
cm and height 20 cm is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 3 : 1 (d) 5 : 1
( )
Sol :TSA of cylinder/CSA of cylinder = = = = = = 5:1
ANS : d : 5:1
2. The ratio of the total surface area of a hemisphere to the area of a square of side equal to radius
of hemisphere is
(a) 2π : 1 (b) 3π : 1 (c) 4π : 1 (d) 1 : 4π
3. If the surface areas of two spheres are in the ratio 16 : 9 , then their volumes will be in the ratio
(a) 27 : 64 (b) 64 : 27 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 3 : 4
4. Volume of a cylinder of base radius 1 cm and height 1 cm is

(a) 2π cubic units (b) 4π cubic units (c) π cubic units (d) 16π cubic units
5. The circumference of the base of a right circular cylinder is 176 cm and it is 1 m high. Find the lateral
surface area of the cylinder.
(a) 176 cm2 (b) 1760 cm2 (c) 17600 cm2 (d) None
6. Two identical solid cubes of side 𝑘 units are joined end to end. What is the volume, in cubic units, of the
resulting cuboid?
(a) k3 (b) 2k3 (c) 3k3 (d) 6k3
7. If a solid sphere with total surface area 48 cm2 is bisected in to two hemispheres, then the total surface
area of each hemisphere is
(a) 24 cm2 (b) 36 cm2 (c) 12 cm2 (d) None
8. A right triangle with sides 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm is rotated about the side of 3 cm to form a cone. The
volume of the cone so formed is
(a) 12𝜋 cm3 (b) 14𝜋 cm3 (c) 16𝜋 cm3 (d) 18𝜋 cm3
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9. The total surface area of a hemisphere of radius r is
(a) 𝜋𝑟 (b) 2𝜋𝑟 (c) 3𝜋𝑟 (d)4𝜋𝑟
10. How many litres makes 1 cubic meter?
(a) 100 l (b) 1000 l (c) 1 l (d) 10 l
ANSWERS OF MCQ
1.D) 5:1 2. B) 3𝜋 : 1 3. B) 64:27 4.C) π cubic units
5.c. 17600 sq.cm 6.b. 2𝑘 7. b. 36 sq.cm 8)c. 16π cubic cm
9)c. 3π𝑟 10.b. 1000L
ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS
1 MARKS EACH
Direction: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a
(a) Both Assertion (A) & Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) & Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true
1. Assertion: If the volumes of two spheres are in the ratio 27:8 then their surface area are in ratio
9:4.
Reason: Volume of sphere= 4/3πr³ and its Surface area = 4πr²
a) Both Assertion (A) & Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion(A).
explanation ofAssertion (A).
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
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2.
Assertion: If the height of a cone is 24 cm and diameter of the base is 14 cm, then
the slant height of the cone is 15 cm.
Reason: If r be the radius and h the slant height of the cone, then slant height =
√(h2+r2)
3. Assertion: Total surface area of the cylinder having radius of the base 14 cm and
height 30 cm is 3872 cm2.
Reason: If r be the radius and h be the height of the cylinder, then total surface
area = (2πrh + 2πr2).
4. Assertion: If the radius of a cone is halved and volume is not changed, then height
remains same.
Reason: If the radius of a cone is halved and volume is not changed then height
must become four times of the original height.
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5. Assertion: If a ball is in the shape of a sphere has a surface area of 221.76 cm2,
then its diameter is 8.4 cm.
Reason: If the radius of the sphere be r, then surface area, S = 4πr 2, i.e., r = √(S/4π)
6. Assertion: in a right circular cone , the cross section made by a plane parallel to
base is a circle
Reason: if the volume and the surface area of the solid hemisphere are numerically
equal, then the radius of hemisphere is 9/2.
7. Assertion: The volume of right circular cylinder of base radius 7 cm and height 10
cm is 1540 cm ³
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Reason: According to the assertion , the CSA of cylinder is 440 cm ²

8. Assertion: if the height of the cone is 10 cm and radius is 7cm the volume of cone
is 513.3 cm²
Reason: according to assertion if (149)½ is 12.2 the CSA of cone is 268.4 cm²
9. Assertion: Rampal decided to donate canvas for 10 tents conical in shape with
base diameter 14 m and height 24 m to a centre for handicapped persons welfare.
The slant height of tent is 25
Reason : According to assertion the surface area of 10 tents is 5500 m²

10. Assertion: the surface area of the cube is 6a²
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Reason: the length of diagnol of cube is 4a²

ANSWERS OF ASSERTION & REASONING:
1. a 2. a 3.a 4.d 5.a 6.b
7.a 8.c 9.a 10. c
SHORT ANSWER TYPE I QUESTIONS(EACH CARRIES 2 MARKS)

1. If the total surface area of a solid hemisphere is 462 cm2, find its volume. (Take π=22/7 )
Solution: 462 sq.cm = 3πr2
R = 7 cm
Volume of solid hemisphere = 2/3πr3 = 2/3(22/7) 7

= 718.67 cubic cm
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2.
Volume and surface area of a solid hemisphere are numerically equal. What is the diameter of
the hemisphere?
Solution
Volume of hemisphere = Surface area of hemisphere ... (Given)

⇒2/3πr3= 3πr2
∴r=9/2
∴ Diameter of hemisphere =2r=2(9/2) = 9 cm
3. 2 cubes each of volume 64 cm3 are joined end to end. Find the surface area of the resulting
cuboid
Given,
The Volume (V) of each cube is = 64 cm3
This implies that a3 = 64 cm3
∴ a = 4 cm
Now, the side of the cube = a = 4 cm
Also, the height and breadth of the resulting cuboid will be 4 cm each, while its length will be 8
cm.
So, the surface area of the cuboid = 2(lb+bh+lh)
= 2(8×4+4×4+4×8) cm2
= 2(32+16+32) cm2
= (2×80) cm2 = 160 cm2
4. A vessel is in the form of a hollow hemisphere mounted by a hollow cylinder. The diameter of
the hemisphere is 14 cm, and the total height of the vessel is 13 cm. Find the inner surface area
of the vessel
The given parameters are:
The diameter of the hemisphere = D = 14 cm
The radius of the hemisphere = r = 7 cm
Also, the height of the cylinder = h = (13-7) = 6 cm
And the radius of the hollow hemisphere = 7 cm
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Now, the inner surface area of the vessel = CSA of the cylindrical part + CSA of the
hemispherical part
(2πrh+2πr2) cm2 = 2πr(h+r) cm2
2×(22/7)×7(6+7) cm2 = 572 cm2
5. Find the total surface area of a solid hemisphere of radius 7 cm.
Surface area of the hemisphere =2πr2

=2×227×72
=308cm2
6. Total surface area of a cube is 216 𝑐𝑚 . Find its volume.
total surface area of cube =6(a)2.
∴6(a)2=216
⟹(a)2=2166
⟹(a)2=36
⟹ a =6.
7. Two cones have their heights in the ratio 1 : 3 and radii in the ratio 3 : 1. What is the ratio of
their volumes?
t is given that the heights of two cones are in the ratio 1:3 that is:
h1/h2=1/3.......(1)
It is also given that the ratio of the radius of the cones is 3:1 that is:
r1/r2=3/1.......(2)
We know that the volume of a cone with radius r and height h is V=13πr2h, therefore, using
equations 1 and 2, we have:
V1/V2=1/3πr21h113πr22h2
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⇒V1V2=r21r22×h1h2
⇒V1V2=(r1r2)2×h1h2
⇒V1V2=32×13
⇒V1V2=31
⇒V1:V2=3:1
Hence, the ratio of the volume of two cones is 3:1.
8. A hemispherical depression is cut out from one face of a cubical wooden block such that the
diameter l of the hemisphere is equal to the edge of the cube. Determine the surface area of
the remaining solid.
Answer:
Now, the diameter of the hemisphere = Edge of the cube = l
So, the radius of the hemisphere = l/2
∴ The total surface area of solid = surface area of cube + CSA of the hemisphere – Area of the
base of the hemisphere
The surface area of the remaining solid = 6 (edge)2+2πr2-πr2
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= 6l2 + πr2
= 6l2+π(l/2)2
= 6l2+πl2/4
= l2/4(24+π) sq. units
9. A toy is in the form of a cone of radius 3.5 cm mounted on a hemisphere of same radius. If the
total height of the toy is 15.5 cm, find the total surface area of the toy.
Given radius of the cone, r = 3.5 cm

Radius of hemisphere, r = 3.5 cm
Total height of the toy = 15.5 cm
Height of the cone = 15.5 – 3.5 = 12 cm
Slant height of the cone, l = √(h2+r2)
l = √(122+3.52)
l = √(144+12.25)
l = √(156.25)
l = 12.5 cm
Total surface area of the toy = curved surface area of cone + curved surface area of the
hemisphere
= rl + 2r2
= r(l+2r)
= (22/7)×3.5×(12.5+2×3.5)
= (77/7)×(12.5+7)
= 11×19.5
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= 214.5 cm2
Hence the total surface area of the toy is 214.5 cm2.

10. A cubical block of side 7 cm is surmounted by a hemisphere. What is the greatest diameter the
hemisphere can have? Find the surface area of the solid.
Answer:
It is given that each side of the cube is 7 cm. So, the radius will be 7/2 cm.
We know,
The total surface area of solid (TSA) = surface area of the cubical block + CSA of the hemisphere
– Area of the base of the hemisphere
∴ TSA of solid = 6×(side)2+2πr2-πr2
= 6×(side)2+πr2
= 6×(7)2+(22/7)×(7/2)×(7/2)
= (6×49)+(77/2)
= 294+38.5 = 332.5 cm2
So, the surface area of the solid is 332.5 cm2
SHORT ANSWER TYPE II QUESTIONS ( EACH CARRIES 3 MARKS)
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Three cubes of a metal whose edges are in the ratio 3:4:5 are melted and converted into a single
cube whose diagonal is 12√3 cm. Find the edges of the three cubes.
Let the edges of three cubes (in cm) be 3x, 4x and 5x, respectively.
Volume of the cubes after melting is = (3x)3 + (4x)3 + (5x)3 = 216x3 cm3
Let a be the side of a new cube so formed after melting.
Therefore, a3 = 216x3
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So, a = 6x
Given that, diagonal of a single cube = 12√3 cm
i.e. √(a2 + a2 + a2) = 12√3
a√3 = 12√3
Therefore, a = 12
Thus, 12 = 6x
x=2
Now, 3x = 3 × 2 = 6
4x = 4 × 2 = 8
5x = 5 × 2 = 10
2. A cubical ice-cream brick of edge 22 cm is to be distributed among some children by filling

ice-cream cones of radius 2 cm and height 7 cm up to its brim. How many children will get the
ice cream cones?
ANS- 363 children
3 A tent is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted by a conical top. If the height and diameter of
.
the cylindrical part are 2.1 m and 4 m, respectively, and the slant height of the top is 2.8 m,
find the area of the canvas used for making the tent. Also, find the cost of the canvas of the
tent at the rate of Rs 500 per m2. (Note that the base of the tent will not be covered with
canvas.)
Ans: Rs 22000
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( EACH CARRIES 5 MARKS)
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A vessel is a hollow cylinder fitted with a hemispherical bottom of the same base.The depth of the
cylinder is 14/3m and the diameter of the hemisphere is 3.5m.calculate the volume and the internal
surface area of the solid
Solution:
Diameter of base = 3.5m, radius = 7/4 m
Height of the cylindrical part = 14/3 m
(i) Volume of vessel = πr2h+𝟐 πr3

𝟑
= πr2(h+ 𝟐 πr)
𝟑
𝟐𝟐 𝟕 𝟕 𝟏𝟒 𝟐 𝟕
= X X ( + X )
𝟕 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑 𝟑 𝟒
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=𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟓 = 56.15 m3
𝟒𝟖
(ii) CSA of vessel = 2 π rh + 2 πr2
= 2πr(h+r)
=2 X𝟐𝟐 X 𝟕 X (𝟏𝟒 + 𝟕)
𝟕 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒
=847/12 = 70.58 m2
2. A solid is in the shape of hemisphere surmounted by cone . If the radius of hemisphere and
base radius is 7 cm and height of cone is 3.5 cm find volume of solid .
The volume of the given solid is given as:
V = Volume of cone + Volume of hemisphere
Where,
Volume of cone = 1/2 πr²h
Volume of hemisphere = 2/3 πr³
Now,
V = (1/2 πr²h) + (2/3 πr³)
Where,
r = 7 cm (Given)
h = 3.5 cm (Given)
On substituting the values, we get,
V = (1/2 × π × 7 × 7 × 3.5) + (2/3 × π × 7 × 7× 7)
V = 269.39 + 718.37
∴ V = 987.76 cm³
3. Due to the floods in a state thousands were rendered home less . 50 schools
collectively decided to provide place and canvas for 1500 tents and share the
whole expenditure equally . The lowest part of each tent is cylindrical with base
radius 2.8 m and height 3.5 m and the upper part is conical with same base
radius ,but the height 2.1 m . If the canvas used to make the tents costs rs 120
per m², find the amount shared by each school to set up the tents .
Answer:
It is known that a tent is a combination of a cylinder and a cone.
From the question, we know that

Diameter = 4 m
The slant height of the cone (l) = 2.8 m
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Radius of the cone (r) = Radius of cylinder = 4/2 = 2 m

Height of the cylinder (h) = 2.1 m
So, the required surface area of the tent = surface area of the cone + surface area of the
cylinder
= πrl+2πrh
= πr(l+2h)
= (22/7)×2(2.8+2×2.1)
= (44/7)(2.8+4.2)
= (44/7)×7 = 44 m2
∴ The cost of the canvas of the tent at the rate of ₹500 per m2 will be
= Surface area × cost per m2
44×500 = ₹22000
So, Rs. 22000 will be the total cost of the canvas.
CASE BASED STUDY QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 4 MARKS)

SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Mayank a student of class 7th loves watching and playing with birds of
different kinds. One day he had an idea in his mind to make a bird-bath on his
garden. His brother who is studying in class 10th helped him to choose the
material and shape of the birdbath. They made it in the shape of a cylinder with
a hemispherical depression at one end as shown in the Figure below. They
opted for the height of the hollow cylinder as 1.45 m and its radius is 30 cm.
The cost of material used for making bird bath is Rs. 40 per square meter.
1)Find the curved surface area of the hemisphere. (Take π = 3.14)
2) Find the total surface area of the bird-bath. (Take π = 22/7)
3)What is total cost for making the bird bath?
OR
3) Mayank and his brother thought of increasing the radius of hemisphere to 35 cm with same material
so that birds get more space, then what is the new height of cylinder?
Solution: (i) Let r be the common radius of the cylinder and hemisphere and h be the height of the
hollow cylinder.
Then, r = 30 cm and h = 1.45 m = 145 cm.
Curved surface area of the hemisphere = 2πr2 =2 x 3.14 x 302 = 0.56 m
(ii) Let S be the total surface area of the birdbath.
S = Curved surface area of the cylinder + Curved surface area of the hemisphere
⇒ S = 2πrh+ 2πr 2 = 2πr(h + r) ⇒ S = 2 x 22 7 x 30(145 + 30) = 33000 cm2 = 3.3 m2
(iii) Total Cost of material = Total surface area x cost per sq m2 = 3.3 x 40 = Rs. 132
OR
We know that S = 3.3 m2
S=2πr(r+h)
3.3 = 2 x 22/7 x 35/100 (35/100 + h )
3.3=22/10(35/100+h)
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33/22= 35/100 + h
h = 3/2-7/20 =23/20 -1.15m
2. On a Sunday, your Parents took you to a fair. You could see lot of toys displayed,
and you wanted them to buy a RUBIK’s cube and strawberry ice-cream for you.
Observe the figures and answer the questions-:
(i)The length of the diagonal if each edge measures 6cm is ? (1 mark)

Ans: length of each edge =6cm
Thus, length of the diagonal =a√3
=6√3 cm
(ii)Volume of the solid figure if the length of the edge is 7cm is? (1 mark )
Ans: length of each edge =7cm
Volume = a3
= 73 =343cm3
(iii)What is the surface area of hemisphere (ice cream) if the base radius is 7cm?
Radius= 7cm
Surface area of the hemisphere =2πr2

=2×227×72
=308cm2
Or
If the slant height of the conical part is 5 cm, and its radius is 4 cm, find its height.
Ans: Given that l = 5cm ,radius =4cm and let h be the height
L = √r2+h2
52= √42+h2
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H= 3cm
3. Governing council of a local public development authority of Dehradun decided to build an
adventurous playground on the top of a hill, which will have adequate space for parking. After survey,
it was decided to build rectangular playground, with a semi-circular are allotted for parking at one end
of the playground. The length and breadth of the rectangular playground are 14 units and 7 units,
respectively. There are two quadrants of radius 2 units on one side for special seats.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions:

(i) What is the total perimeter of the parking area?
(ii) (a) What is the total area of parking and the two quadrants?
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OR
(b) What is the ratio of area of playground to the area of parking area?
(iii) Find the cost of fencing the playground and parking area at the rate of Rs. 2 per unit.
Perimeter of rectangular part =2(L+B)
=2(14+7)=42unit
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Chapter-13 STATISTICS
KEY POINTS:-
Statistics is one of the parts of mathematics in which we study about the collecting, organizing,
analyzing, interpreting and presenting data.
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Ungrouped data - Ungrouped data is data in its original or raw form. The observations are not
classified into groups.
Grouped data - In grouped data, observations are organized in groups
Frequency (f) - Frequency is the number of times a particular observation occurs in data.
Class Interval - Data can be grouped into class intervals such that all observations in that range
belong to that class.
Class width/size (h) = upper class limit – lower class limit
Class mark (xi) =
Central Tendency
Statistics is very helpful in real life situations as it is easy to understand if we represent a data in a
particular number which represents all numbers. This number is called the measure of central
tendency. Some of the central tendencies commonly in use are –
A) Mean (𝑥) B) Median C) Mode
Mean
It is the average of “n” numbers, which is calculated by dividing the sum of all the numbers by n.
The mean 𝑥 of n values x1, x2, x3, ...... xn is given by
⋯…………
𝑥=
Mean of Grouped Data (With Class-Interval)

When the data is grouped in the form of class interval then the mean can be calculated by three
methods.
1. Direct Method
In this method, we use a midpoint which represents the whole class. It is called the class mark. It is
the average of the upper limit and the lower limit.
∑
𝑥=
∑
2. Deviation or Assumed Mean Method
If we have to calculate the large numbers then we can use this method to make our calculations
easy. In this method, we choose one of the x’s as assumed mean and let it as “a”. Then we find the
deviation which is the difference of assumed mean and each of the x. The rest of the method is the
same as the direct method.
∑
𝑥 = a+
∑
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where a = assumed mean

di = xi - a
3. Step Deviation Method
In this method, we divide the values of d with a number "h" to make our calculations easier.
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖
𝑥=a+( )xh
∑ 𝑓𝑖
where 𝑢 =
Mode of Grouped Data

In the ungrouped data the most frequently occurring no. is the mode of the sequence, but in the
grouped data we can find the class interval only which has the maximum frequency number i.e. the
modal class.
The value of mode in that modal class is calculated by
Mode = l + ( )xh
l = lower class limit of the modal class

h = class interval size
f1 =frequency of the modal class
f0 =frequency of the preceding class
f2 = frequency of the succeeding class
Median of Grouped Data

To find the median of a grouped data, we need to find the cumulative frequency and n/2 .Then we
have to find the median class, which is the class of the cumulative frequency near or greater than the
value of n/2.
Cumulative Frequency is calculated by adding the frequencies of all the classes preceding the
given class.
Then substitute the values in the formula
Median = l + ( )xh
where l = lower limit of median class

n = no. of observations
cf = cumulative frequency of the class preceding to the median class
f = frequency of the median class
h = size of class
Remark: There is a empirical relationship between the three measures of central tendency:
3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
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1 MARK QUESTIONS (Multiple Choice Questions)

1. The relationship between mean, median and mode for a moderately skewed distribution is
a) mode = median – 2 mean b) mode = 3 median – 2 mean
c) mode = 2 median – 3 mean d) mode = median – mean
2. If the arithmetic mean of x, x + 3, x + 6, x + 9 and x + 12 is 10, then x = ?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 6 d) 4
3. If Mode of data 64, 60, 48, x, 43, 48, 43, 34 is 43 then x+3 is
a) 44 b) 45 c) 46 d) 48
4. If the mode of a distribution is 8 and its mean is also 8, then its median is
a) 10 b) 8 c) 7 d) 6
5. If the mean of the following distribution is 2.6, then the value of y is

variable(x) 1 2 3 4 5
frequency(f) 4 5 m 1 2
a) 3 b) 13 c) 24 d) 8
6. Mode is the
a) middle most frequent value b) least frequent value

c) maximum frequent value d) none of these
7. The Mean of five number is 15. If we include one more number, the mean of 6 numbers
become 17. The included number is
a) 24 b) 26 c) 2 d) 27
8. Mean of 100 items is 49. It was discovered that three items which should have been 60, 70,
80 were wrongly read as 40, 20, 50 respectively. The correct mean is
a) 48 b) 49 c) 50 d) 60
9. If the difference of mode and median of a data is 24, then difference of median and mean is
a) 12 b) 24 c) 8 d) 16
10. Consider the following distribution:

Marks 0 or 10 or more 20 or more 30 or more 40 or more 50 or more
obtained more
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No. of 63 58 55 51 48 42
students
The frequency of the class 30 - 40 is

a) 3 b) 4 c) 48 d) 5
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Calculate the median from the following data
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
No. of students 5 15 30 8 2
2. Find the mean of the following distribution

Class 3-5 5-7 7-9 9-11 11-13
Frequency 5 10 10 7 8
3. Find the value of p, if the arithmetic mean of the following distribution is 25:
Class interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Frequency 5 18 15 p 6
4. Find the mode of the following frequency distribution

Marks 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
5. Find the median of the data using an empirical formula, when it is given that mode = 35.3
and mean = 30.5.
6. Determine the missing frequency x, from the following data, when Mode is 67.
Class 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
Frequency 5 x 15 12 7
7. Find the unknown values in the following:
Class interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Frequency 5 7 a 5 b
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Cumulative frequency 5 c 18 d 30
8. The following data gives the information observed life times (in hours) of 225 electrical
components. Determine the modal life times of the components.
Life time(in hours) 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120
Frequency 10 35 52 61 38 29
9. For the following distribution,

Class interval 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25
Frequency 10 15 12 20 9
Find the sum of lower limits of Median class and upper limit of Modal class.
10. For the following distribution find the modal class
Marks Below 10 Below 20 Below 30 Below 40 Below 50 Below 60
No. of 3 12 27 57 75 80
students
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Find the unknown entries a,b,c,d,e and f in the following distribution and hence find mode.
Height(in cm) Frequency Cumulative frequency
150-155 12 a
155-160 b 25
160-165 10 c
165-170 d 43
170-175 e 48
175-180 2 f
Total 50
2. If the mean of the following data is 14.7, find the values of p and q
Class 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30 30-36 36-42 Total
Frequency 10 p 4 7 q 4 1 40
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3. The median of the distribution given below is 14.4. Find the values of ‘x’ and ‘y’, if the
sum of frequency is 20.
Class interval 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30
Frequency 4 x 5 y 1
4. Find the mean of the following data.

Class interval Less than 20 Less than 40 Less than 60 Less than 80 Less than 100
Frequency 15 37 74 99 120
5. The following table gives the number of participants in a yoga camp
Age(in years) 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
No. of participants 8 40 58 90 83
Find modal age of the participants.

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. The mode of the following frequency distribution is 55.Find the missing frequencies ‘a’
and ‘b’
Class interval 0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 60-75 75-90 Total
Frequency 6 7 a 15 10 b 51
2. The median of the following data is 50. Find the values of ‘p’ and ‘q’, if the sum of all
frequencies is 90.
Marks obtained 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
No. of students p 15 25 20 q 8 10
3. The distribution given below shows the number of wickets taken by bowlers in one day
cricket matches. Find the mean and median of the number of wickets taken.
No. of wickets 20-60 60-100 100-140 140-180 180-220 220-260
No. of bowlers 7 5 16 12 2 3
142 | P a g e
1. Apples are most widely planted and are commercially the most important fruit crop in
Jammu and Kashmir. The cultivation of apple crop in Jammu and Kashmir shows
particular interest for a number of reasons. In terms of both area and production, apple is
very beneficial fruit crop. This provides a major source of income and employment in
Jammu and Kashmir.
Horticultural department has tasked their statistical officer to create a model for farmers to be able
to predict their produce output based on various factors. A box containing 250 apples was opened
and each apple was weighed. The distribution of the weight of the apples is given in the following
table:
Weight (in grams) 80-100 100-120 120-140 140-160 160-180

No. of apples 20 60 70 40 60
Base on the above information, answer the following questions.

a) How many apples weighs more than 140 grams?
b) What is the sum of lower and upper limit of the median class?
c) What is the modal mass of the apples?
d) What is the mean weight of the apples?
2. Transport department of a Jaipur wants to buy some Electric buses for the city. For which
they wants to analyze the distance travelled by existing public transport buses in a day.
The following data shows the distance travelled by 60 existing public transport buses in a day.
Daily distance travelled(in km) 200-210 210-220 220-230 230-240 240-250
Number of buses 4 14 26 10 6
143 | P a g e
Base on the above information, answer the following questions.

a) Find the median class of daily distance travelled?
b) What is the cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class?
c ) Find the median of the distance travelled.
d ) Find the average distance travelled by bus in a day.
3. 100 Meters Race: The 100 meters is a sprint race in track and field competitions. The
shortest common outdoor running distance, it is one of the most popular and prestigious
events in the sport of athletics. It has been contested at the summer Olympics since 1896
for men and since 1928 for women. The World Championships 100 meters have been
contested since 1983. The reigning 100 m Olympic or world champion is often named “the
fastest man or woman in the world”.
A stopwatch was used to find the time that it took a group of students to run 100 m.
Time (in sec) 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

a ) Estimate the mean time taken by a student to finish the race.
b ) What will be the upper limit of the modal class ?
c ) What is the sum of lower limits of median class and modal class ?
d ) How many students finished the race in less than 1 minute?
ASSERTION REASON QUESTIONS
DIRECTIONS:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
1. Assertion: If the value of mode and mean is 60 and 66 respectively, then the value of median
is 64.
Reason: Median = (mode + 2 mean)/2
144 | P a g e
2. Assertion: The arithmetic mean of the following given frequency distribution table is
13.81.
x 4 7 10 13 16 19
f 7 10 15 20 25 30
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
Reason: 𝑥 =
∑ 𝑓𝑖
3. Assertion: If the numbers of runs scored by 11 players of a cricket team of India are 5, 19,
42, 11, 50, 30, 21, 0, 52, 36, 27 then median is 30.
Reason: Median = (n+1)/2, if n is odd.
4. Assertion: Class width = upper class limit – lower class limit
Reason: Class mark = (Upper Class Limit + Lower Class Limit)/2
5. Assertion: the mode of the call received on 7 consecutive day 11,13,13,17,19,23,25 is 13.
Reason: Mode is the value that appears most frequent.
6. Assertion: Frequency is the number of times a particular observation occurs in data.

Reason: Data can be grouped into class intervals such that all observations in that range
belong to that class.
7. Assertion: The mean of x, y and z is y, then x + z = 3y.

Reason: Mean =
8. Assertion: If the median and mode of a frequency distribution are 150 and 154
respectively. Then its mean is 148.
Reason: Mean, Median and Mode of a frequency distribution are related as 3 Median =
Mode + 2 Mean.
9. Assertion: If the median of the given data 26, 29, 42, 53, x, x+2, 70, 75, 82, 93 is 65 then
the value of x is 64.
Reason: When the number of observations (n) is odd the median is the value of the ( )th
observation.
10. Assertion :Consider the following frequency distribution
Class interval 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21
Frequency 2 5 21 23 10 12
The mode of the above data is 12.4.

Reason: The value of the variable which occurs most often is the mode.
ANSWER KEY
1 MARK QUESTION
145 | P a g e
1. b
2. d
3. c
4. b
5. d
6. c
7. d
8. c
9. a
10. a
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. 23.33
2. 8.15
3. 16
4. 33.125
5. 32.1
6. 8
7. a=6, b=7, c=12, d=23
8. 65.625
9. 30
10. 30-40
3 MARK QUESTIONS
1. a=12, b=13,c=35, d=8, e=5, f=50
2. p=11, q=3
3. x=4, y=6
4. 52.5
5. 58.2
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. a=5, b=8
2. p=5, q=7
3. Mean=125.33, Median= 126.25

1.a) 100 b)260 c)120-140 d)134.8
2.a) 220-230 b)18 c)224.61 d)225
3.a) 43 b)60 c)80 d)31
ASSERTION REASON QUESTIONS

1. c
2. a
146 | P a g e
3. d
4. b
5. a
6. a
7. d
8. a
9. b
10. b
147 | P a g e
CHAPTER-14 PROBABILITY
KEY POINTS
1)Probability: The measure of uncertainty is called probability.
148 | P a g e
2)Performing experiments:
(a) Tossing a coin
(b) Throwing a die
(c) Drawing a card from a deck of 52 cards, etc.
3) Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes in an experiment is called sample space.
4) An event is a subset of a sample space.
5) Equally likely events: If one event cannot be expected in preference to the other event then they
are said to be equally likely.
6)The theoretical probability of an event E, is written as P(E ) , is defined as

𝑃(𝐸) =
When we assume that the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely.
7)The probability of a sure event (or certain event) is 1
8)The probability of an impossible event is 0.
9)For any event E, 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐸 ) = 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐸 stands for ‘not E’, E and 𝐸 are called
complementary Events
10)The probability of an event E is a number P (E) such that 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐸) ≤ 1
11)Elementary events: - An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event. The sum
of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.
*******************************************************************************
* MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1)Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 12% (d) – 0.5

2) The probability of getting bad egg in a lot of 400 is 0.035. Then the number of bad eggs in the
lot
is
(a) 14 (b) 1.4 (c) 0.14 (d) 14.5
3)The probability of getting 53 Sundays in a non – leap year is
(a) (b) (c) (d)

4)A jar contains 54 marbles of blue, green and white colour. The probability of getting a blue
marble from the jar is and the probability of getting a green marble is . The number of
white marbles in the jar is
(a) 42 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) 12

5)Two dice are thrown at the same time. The probability of getting a prime number on both dice is
(a) (b) (c) (d)

6)Two coins are tossed simultaneously . The probability of getting at most one head
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0.5
7)A box contains cards numbered 6 to 55. A card is drawn at random from the box. The
probability
149 | P a g e
that the drawn card has a number which is a perfect square , is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8)If P(A) denotes the probability of an event A, then
(a) P(A) < 0 (b) P(A) > 1 (c) 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1 (d) -- 1 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1
9)In a lottery there are 10 prizes and 25 blanks .The probability of getting a prize is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10)A card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards . The probability of getting a black face
card or a king
(a) (b) (c) (d)
ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS
Direction: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a

(a)Both Assertion (A) & Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(b)Both Assertion (A) & Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
1) Assertion: The probability of getting a prime number when a die is thrown once is 2/3.
Reason: Prime numbers on a die are 2, 3, 5.
2) Assertion: If a box contains 5 white, 2 red and 4 black marbles, then the probability of not
drawing a white marble from the box is 5/11.
Reason: P(E̅) = 1 – P(E), where E is any event.
3) Assertion: Card numbered as 1, 2, 3..………..15 are put in a box and mixed thoroughly, one
card
is then drawn at random. The probability of drawing an even number is 7/15.
Reason: For any event E, we have 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.
4) Assertion: If a die is thrown once, the probability of getting a number less than 3 & greater than
2 is zero.
Reason: Probability of an impossible event is zero.
5) Assertion : . A bag has 3 red balls and 5 green balls. If we take a ball from the bag, then
probability of getting red balls only 3/8.
Reason : Probability of getting red balls = number of red balls / total number of balls
6) Assertion: The probability of getting exactly one head in tossing a pair of coins is 1/2.
Reason: The sample space of two coin tossed is ={HH,TT,HT,TH}=4
150 | P a g e
7) Assertion: The probability of winning a game is 0.4, then the probability of losing it, is 0.6.
Reason: P(E) + P (not E) = 1
8) Assertion : -- 0.4 cannot be the probability of an event.

Reason : The probability of an event can neither be a negative value, nor it can exceed unity.
9)Assertion : A letter is chosen from the word 'MATHEMATICS'. The probability that the
chosen letter is a vowel is 4/26 = 2/13 .
Reason : There are 26 letters in English alphabets .
10) Assertion : The probability of getting a red face card from a deck of 52 cards is 3/13
Reason : There are 12 face cards in a deck of 52 playing cards.
1)A letter is chosen at random from the letters of the word “ASSASSINATION”, then the
probability that the letter chosen is a vowel is in the form of 6/ (2x+1), if so find the value of x.
2) A box contains 20 cards numbered from 1 to 20 . A card drawn at random from the box. Find
the probability that the card drawn at random is divisible by 2 or 3.
3) One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Calculate the probability that the card
will
(i) be an ace, (ii) not be an ace.
4) An integer is chosen between 0 and 100. What is the probability that it is

(i) divisible by 7? (ii) not divisible by 7?
5) In a lottery of 50 tickets numbered 1 to 50, one ticket is drawn. Find the probability that the
drawn ticket bears a prime number.
6) A bag contains 5 black, 7 red and 3 white balls. A ball is drawn from the bag at random. Find
the
probability that the ball drawn is:
(i) black or white (ii) not black
7) What is the probability that a number selected at random from the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4,
4,
4 will be their average?
8) It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the same
birthday
is 0.992. What is the probability that the 2 students have the same birthday?
9) A bag contains lemon-flavoured candies only. Malini takes out one candy without looking into
the bag. What is the probability that she takes out:
(i) an orange-flavoured candy (ii) a lemon-flavoured candy
10) A bag contains 15 white and some black balls. If the probability of drawing a black ball from
the bag is thrice that of drawing a white ball, find the number of black balls in the bag?
151 | P a g e
1)The probability of selecting a blue marble at random from a jar that contains only blue, black
and
green marbles is 1/5. The probability of selecting a black marble at random from the same jar is
1/4. If the jar contains 11 green marbles, find the total number of marbles in the jar.
2) All the three face cards of spades are removed from a well- shuffled pack of 52 cards. A card is
drawn at random from the remaining pack. Find the probability of getting
(i) a black face cards (ii) a queen (iii) a black card
3) Two dice, one blue and one grey, are thrown at the same time. What is the probability that the
sum of the two numbers appearing on the top of the
dice is (i) 8? (ii) 13? (iii) less than or equal to 12?
4) A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from
the box, find the probability that it bears
(i) a two-digit number (ii) a perfect square number (iii) a number divisible by 5.
5) A bag contains 24 balls of which x are red 2x are white and 3x are blue. Find x . A ball
is selected
at random. What is the probability that
(i) it is red (ii) it is blue (iii) neither red nor blue
LONG ANSWER QUESTION (EACH CARRIES 5 MARKS)
1)A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of the
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (see Fig.), and these are equally likely outcomes. What is the
probability that it will point at
(i) 8 ? (ii) an odd number? (iii) a number greater than 2? (iv) a number less than 9?
(v) a perfect square number.
2) Two customers Shyam and Ekta are visiting a particular shop in the same week (Tuesday to
Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the shop on any day as on another day. What is the
probability that both will visit the shop on (i) the same day? (ii) consecutive days? (iii) different
days?
3) A die is numbered in such a way that its faces show the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6. It is thrown two
times and the total score in two throws is noted. Complete the following table which gives a few
values of the total score on the two throws:
152 | P a g e
Number in first throw

Number in second throw
+ 1 2 2 3 3 6
1 2 4
2
2
3 4 5 9
3 6
6 8
What is the probability that the total score is

(i) even? (ii) 6? (iii) at least 6 ?
CASE BASED STUDY QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 1+1+2 =4 MARKS)
1) Two friends, Neha and Sneha, decided to play the game pockets billiard on their holiday.
This game is similar to the carom game, except but it has 6 holes on the board to strike the balls into
it. This game consists of 15 numbered color balls, and 1 cue ball, which is used to strike the
other 15 numbered color balls to the holes. These balls are arranged in the pyramid form. The first
player strikes them using the white ball(cue ball) to break the formation and then tries to sink the
ball into the holes. Each player takes alternate turns to strike the balls.
(Note: Ignore the cue ball while taking the total number of balls.)
(a) If Neha plays first, then find the probability that she successfully sinks the ball
numbered 10 (1M)
(b) Find the probability that Sneha sinks a ball is a prime number (1 M)
153 | P a g e
(c) (i) Find the probability that Neha sinks a ball numbered neither a prime nor an odd
number.(2M)
(OR)
(d) (ii) Find the probability that Sneha sinks a ball numbered as a multiple of 2 or 3 (2M)
2)Rohit wants to distribute chocolates in his class on his birthday. The chocolates are of three
types: Milk chocolate, White chocolate and Dark chocolate. If the total number of students in the
class is 54 and everyone gets a chocolate, then answer the following questions.
(a) If the probability of distributing milk chocolates is 1/3, then find the number of milk
chocolates with Rohit. (1M)
(b) Find the probability of getting at least one chocolate ? (1M)
(c) (i) If the probability of distributing white chocolates is 1/2 , then find the probability of
distributing dark chocolate. (2M)
(OR)
(ii) Find the number of milk and dark chocolates distributed . (2M)
3)Aditya went to shop to purchase a child's game along with his friend. He selected one child's
game which has 8 triangles of which 3 are blue and rest are red, and 10 squares of which 6 are
blue and rest are red. While checking the game, one piece is lost at random.
154 | P a g e
(a)How many triangles are of red colour and how many squares are of red colour ? (1 M)
(b)Find the probability that lost piece is a square ? (1M)
(C)(i)Find the probability of getting either a red colour triangle or blue colour square. (2M)
(OR)
(ii) Find the probability of getting neither a red colour square nor blue colour triangle. (2M)
********************
ANSWERS
1) D (-- 0.5 )
2) A (14)
3) C (1/7)
4) D (12)
5) A (1/6)
6) B (3/4)
7) C (1/10)
8) C (0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1)
9) D (2/7)
10) A (3/26)
ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS
155 | P a g e
1) D
2) B
3) B
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
8) A
9) D
10) D
1)6/(2x+1) = 6/13
2x+1 = 13
2x = 13 – 1 = 12
x=6
2)No.of favourable cases = 10 + 6 = 16
Probability = 16/20 = 4/5
3)(i)4/52 = 1/13 (ii)48/52 = 12/13
4)(i)14/100 = 0.14 (ii) 86/100 = 0.86
5)Prime numbers from 1 to 50 are 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47

Probability = 15/50 = 3/10 = 0.3
6) (i)8/15 (ii) 10/15 = 2/3
7)Average = 3, P(getting 3) = 3/10 = 0.3
8) 1—0.992 = 0.008
9) (i) 0 (ii) 1
10)Total No.of balls = 15 + x
P(a black ball ) = 3 X P(a white ball)
= 3𝑋
𝑥 = 45
No. of black balls are 45.
1)Let total no. of marbles be ‘x’

11 / x = 1/5
X = 55
2)(i) 3/49 (ii) 3/49 (iii)23/49
3)(i) 5/36 (ii) 0 (iii) 1
156 | P a g e
4) (i) 81/90 = 9/10 = 0.9 (ii) 9/10 = 0.9 (iii) 18/90 = 1/5
5) 6x /24 = 1 =≫ x = 4
(i)4/24 = 1/6 (ii) 12/24 = ½ (iii) 8/24 = 1/3
LONG ANSWER QUESTION (EACH CARRIES 5 MARKS)
1)(i)1/8 (ii)1/2 (iii)6/8 = ¾ (iv) 1 (v)2/8 = ¼
(𝑇, 𝑇), (𝑇, 𝑊), (𝑇, 𝑇ℎ𝑢), (𝑇, 𝐹), (𝑇, 𝑆)

⎧ (𝑊, 𝑇), (𝑊, 𝑊), (𝑊, 𝑇ℎ𝑢), (𝑊, 𝐹), (𝑊, 𝑆) ⎫
⎪ ⎪
2)Sample space = (𝑇ℎ𝑢, 𝑇), (𝑇ℎ𝑢, 𝑊), (𝑇ℎ𝑢, 𝑇ℎ𝑢), (𝑇ℎ𝑢, 𝐹), (𝑇ℎ𝑢, 𝑆) = 25 -------- (2M)
⎨ (𝐹, 𝑇), (𝐹, 𝑊), (𝐹, 𝑇ℎ𝑢), (𝐹, 𝐹), (𝐹, 𝑆) ⎬
⎪ ⎪
⎩ (𝑆, 𝑇), (𝑆, 𝑊), (𝑆, 𝑇ℎ𝑢), (𝑆, 𝐹), (𝑆, 𝑆) ⎭
(i)5/25 = 1/5 (ii)8/25 (iii)20/25 = 4/5
3)
Number in first throw
Number in second throw
+ 1 2 2 3 3 6
1 2 3 3 4 4 7
2 3 4 4 5 5 8
2 3 4 4 5 5 8
3 4 5 5 6 6 9
3 4 5 5 6 6 9
6 7 8 8 9 9 12
(i)17/36 (ii)4/36 = 1/9 (iii)15/36 = 5/12
CASE BASED STUDY QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 1+1+2 =4 MARKS)

1)
(a)1/15 (b)6/15 = 2/5 (c) (i) 6/15 = 2/5 (OR) (ii) 10/15 = 2/3
2) (a)18 (b) 1
(c )(i) + + 𝑃(𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒) = 1
𝑃(𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒) =
(OR)
(ii) 18+9 = 27
3)(a) 4+4 = 8 (b) 10/17 (c ) (i) 7/17 (OR) (ii) 10/17
*************************
157 | P a g e

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MATHEMATICS / X / 2024-25/RO-BENGALURU

CHAPTER 1- REAL NUMBERS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 1 MARK)

8. The HCF of 12, 21, 15 are

1. Express each number as a product of its prime factors:

2. Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657).

Observe the factor tree and answer the following questions.

a)Find the exponent of y.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of

LONG ANSWER TYPE (5 MARKS EACH)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 1 MARK)

3. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + (a + 1) x + b are 2 and -3, then

4. The number of polynomials having zeroes as -2 and 5 is

5. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 9x + 18 are

Here a = 1, b = -2, c = – (𝑘 − 10)

SHORT ANSWER TYPE- II QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 3 MARKS)

+ – 2αβ = – 2αβ = − 2(12) = -295/12

2α+β + α+2β = 3α+3β = 3(α+β) = -21

1. Basketball and soccer are played with a

(i) Write the zeroes of the given graph.

(ii) Find the maximum height achieved by ball.

(iii) (a) After throwing upward, how much time did

2. Pankaj's father gave him some money to buy

(ii) Find the zeroes of p(x).

(iii)(a) Form a polynomial whose zeroes

3. In a pool at an aquarium, a dolphin jumps out of the

ANSWERE KEY ( POLYNOMIALS)

5. (b) both negative

8. (b) intersects x-axis

10. ( c) at most n zeroes

SHORT ANSWER TYPE- II QUESTIONS(3 MARKS)

LONG ANSWER TYPE (5 MARKS EACH)

CASE STUDY(1+1+2 =4 MARKS)

(iii)a t=0 ,t=

ASSERTION AND REASON

CHAPTER 3 - PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 1 MARK)

(a) Consistent with unique solution.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) a²b² (b) a²b² (c) ab (d) 2a²b²

8. If bx + ay = a² + b² and ax- by = 0, then the value of (x-y) is:

(a) k = (b) k ≠ (c) k = (d) k ≠

10. If a pair of linear equations is consistent, then the lines are:

(c) Always intersecting (d) Parallel

25. Solve the following pairs of equation

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (EACH CARRIES 5 MARKS)

questions did he answer correctly?

MCQs (1 MARK EACH)

24. x=1, y=4

27. Father’s age is 40 years.

i) He answered 96 questions correctly.

iii)Marks = 80- of 40 =70

iii) x – of (120-x) =95 and x = 100

CHAPTER-4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Key points of the chapter

6. The nature of the roots of quadratic equation √ 𝑥 -√ 𝑥 − = 0 is

(a) 𝑝 − 2𝑝𝑟 (b) 𝑝 + 2𝑝𝑟 (c) 𝑝 − 𝑝𝑟 (d) 𝑝 + 𝑝𝑟

(a) 𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 0 (b) 𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 0 (c) 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 0 (d) 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 0

(a) k < 9 (b) k > 9 (c) k ≥ 9 (d) 𝑘 ≤ 9

(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 3 (d) -8