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    Copy of CAPE Chemistry 2015 U1 P2

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    Shiloh Frederick

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    Copy of CAPE Chemistry 2015 U1 P2

    Uploaded by

    Shiloh Frederick
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    1 views2 pages

    Copy of CAPE Chemistry 2015 U1 P2

    Uploaded by

    Shiloh Frederick

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    -8-

    MODULE 3

    CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS

    3. The Group IV elements exhibit oxidation states of *2 and +4 in their compounds.

    (a) Complete Table 3 for the oxides of carbon and lead'

    TABLE 3: OXIDES OF GROUP IV ELEMENTS

    CO CO, Pbo Pbo2

    Acid/base nature Neutral Acidic Amphoteric Amphoteric

    Stable Stable Unstable


    Thermal stability Unstable

    +2 +4 +2 +4
    Oxidation state of Group IV element

    [4 marks]

    (b) (i) Explain the relative stabilities of the +2 oxidation states ofthe oxides ofcarbon
    and lead.

    The +2 state in PbO is more stable than the +2


    state in CO. The bonding in PbO is ionic and its
    structure is giant ionic. The loss of p electrons in
    lead results in more stable unreactive s
    electrons or inert pair effect. The bonding in CO
    is molecular and its structure is simple molecular
    and this is maintained in a tetravalent
    compound.
    [4 marksl

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    02112020/CAPE 2015
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    (ii) Use the electrode potential value in the electrode reaction for lead ions, to explain
    the relative stabilities of the +2 and +4 oxidation states of lead:

    pb4* + 2e- -------* Pb2*. Ee: * 1.80 volts

    Going from the +4 state to the +2


    state, the E* value is more positive
    so the +2 state of the lead ion is
    more stable than the +4 state.
    [2 marksl

    (c) Describe what should be observed when

    (i) concentrated sodium hydroxide is added to solid lead(IV) oxide


    Solid dissolves to give a colourless solution

    [1 markl

    (ii) concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to solid lead(IV) oxide.

    Solid dissolves to produce a white precipitate and a pungent yellow-green


    gas is evolved.

    [2 marksl

    (d) Describe a test to identify Pb2* ions in solution.

    Add NaCl(aq). A white precipitate confirms the presence of Pb2+ in solution.

    [2 marks]

    Total 15 marks

    GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE


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    l- 0211202011

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