FINGERPRINT MODULE

Introduction
In the 21st century the use of biometric based systems have seen an exponentialgrowth.
This is all because of tremendous progress in this field making it possible tobring down their
prices, easiness of use and its diversified use in every day life.Biometrics is becoming new state
of art method of security systems. Biometrics areused to prevent unauthorized access to ATM,
cellular phones , laptops , offices, carsand many other security concerned things. Biometric have
brought significant changesin security systems making them more secure then before, efficient
and cheap. Theyhave changed the security system from what you remember (such as password)
orwhat you possess (such as car keys) to something you embody (retinal patterns,fingerprints,
voice recognition).

What is biometrics?
Biometrics is the science of verifying the identity of an individual throughphysiological
measurements or behavioral traits. Since bio
metric identifiers are associated permanently with the user they are more reliable than token or
knowledge based authentication methods.

Advantages of Biometrics
Biometrics offers several advantages over traditional security measures. Some of
them are presented below.
1. Accuracy and Security
Biometrics based security systems are far most secure and accurate thantraditional
password or token based security systems. For example a password basedsecurity system has
always the threat of being stolen and accessed by the unauthorized user. Further more the
traditional security systems are always prone to accuracy ascompared to biometrics which is
more accurate.
2.One individual, Multiple IDs
Traditional security systems face the problem that they don’t give solution to theproblem
of individuals having multiple IDs. For examples a person having multiplepassports to enter a
foreign country. Thanks to biometrics!!! They give us a system inwhich an individual can’t
possess multiple IDs and can’t change his ID through out his life time. Each individual is
identified through a unique Biometric identity throughout the world.

3. One ID, multiple individuals

In traditional security systems one ID can be used by multiple individuals. Forexample in
case of a password based security system a single password can be sharedamong multiple
individuals and they can share the resources allotted to a singleindividual. Biometric based
security system doesn’t allow such a crime. Here eachindividual has a single unique ID and it
can’t be shared with any other individual.

Biometrics categories
Biometrics can be categorized in various categories as follow.
1.Physical biometrics
2.Behavioral biometrics
Physical biometrics
This biometrics involves measurement of physical characteristics of individuals.The most
prominent of these include
 Fingerprints
 Face
 Hand geometry
 Iris scans

Behavioral biometrics

This category of biometrics is temporal in nature. They are evolved duringthe life
time of an individual. It involves measuring the way in which an individual performscertain
tasks. Behavioral biometrics include
 Gait
 Handwriting
 Speech
 Signature
  History of Fingerprint

Fingerprints have been scientifically studied for many years in our society.
Thecharacteristics of fingerprints were studied as early as 1600s. Meanwhile, using fingerprints
as a means of identification first occurred in the mid-1800s. Sir WilliamHerschel, in 1859,
discovered that fingerprints do not change over time and that eachpattern is unique to an
individual. With these findings, he was the first to implement asystem using fingerprints and
handprints to identify an individual in 1877. By 1896,police forces in India realized the benefit
of using fingerprints to identify criminals, andthey began collecting the fingerprints of prisoners
along with their other measurements
With a growing database of fingerprint images, it soon became desirable to havean
efficient manner of classifying the various images. Between 1896 and 1897, SirEdward Henry
developed the Henry Classification System, which quickly foundworldwide acceptance within a
few years. This system allows for logical categorizationof a complete set of the ten fingerprint
images for a person. By establishing groupingsbased on fingerprint pattern types, the Henry
System greatly reduces the effort ofsearching a large database. Until the mid-1990s, many
organizations continued to usethe Henry Classification System to store their physical files of
fingerprint images.
As fingerprints began to be utilized in more fields, the number of requests forfingerprint
matching began to increase on a daily basis. At the same time, the size ofthe databases continued
to expand with each passing day. Therefore, it soon becamedifficult for teams of fingerprint
experts to provide accurate results in a timely manner. Inthe early 1960s, the FBI, Home Office
in the United Kingdom, and Paris PoliceDepartment began to devote a large amount of resources
in developing automaticfingerprint identification systems. These systems allowed for an
improvement inoperational productivity among law enforcement agencies. At the same time,
theautomated systems reduced funding requirements to hire and train human fingerprintexperts.
Today, automatic fingerprint recognition technology can be found in a widerange of civilian
applications.
What is A Fingerprint ?

A fingerprintis the feature pattern of one finger. It is believed with strongevidences that
each fingerprint is unique. Each person has his ownfingerprints with the permanent uniqueness.
So fingerprints have being usedfor identification and forensic investigation for a long time.
Fingerprintrecognitionis one of the most reliable identification techniques.Fingerprint
technologyis the most widely used for security purposes. TheTechnology is being frequently
used in criminal investigation purpose.

Figure 3.2 Fingerprint image acquired by an Optical Sensor.

3.3 Fingerprint features

A fingerprint pattern is composed of a sequence of ridges and valleys. In afingerprint

image, the ridges appear as dark lines while the valleys are the light areasbetween the ridges. A
cut or burn to a finger does not affect the underlying ridgestructure, and the original pattern will
be reproduced when new skin grows. Ridges andvalleys generally run parallel to each other, and
their patterns can be analyzed on aglobal and local level.Ridges and valleys generally run
parallel to each other, and their patterns can beanalyzed on a global and local level.
Depending on the application, fingerprint based systems can be used in one of two modes

1) Master Mode (enrollment, deletion…..).

2) User Mode (Verification or identification).

1. Master Mode (Enrollment, Deletion):

Enrollment is done in this mode. In this mode fingerprint image is captured by a

scanner, enhanced, encoded, and stored as a reference template for future comparisons. How
fingerprint systems extract features and encode and store information in the template is based on
the system vendor’s proprietary algorithms. Template size varies depending on the vendor and
the technology. Templates can be stored remotely in a central database or within the device
itself. The reference template is linked to the identity specified on the identification document.
This reference template linked to the corresponding identity is later used for the authentication
purpose. Deletion of the enrolled users is also done in this mode.

Figure3.3.1Master Mode Block Diagram

The registration of the employees is done directly through interfacing the FM10 (Finger Print
Module) to the computer in the master mode. The application program is developed using java
API. The Java communication API is used to communicate with the fingerprint device by which
registration process can be done. The employee details along with biometric information
database are stored in the flash memory of the Fingerprint module. The flash memory can store
100 users of data. The fingerprint image is scanned twice for each user and the corresponding
two images along with the user ID and password are stored in the flash memory.
2. User Mode (Verification or Identification)

In this mode, the step after enrollment is to verify that a person is who he or she claims to be
(i.e., the person who enrolled). After the individual provides the fingerprint he or she enrolled
with, which the fingerprint system captures, generating a trial template that is based on the
vendor’s algorithm. The system then compares the trial biometric template with this person’s
reference template, which was stored in the system during enrollment, to determine whether the
individual’s trial and stored templates match (see figure 1).

L.C.D
FINGER PRINT
SENSOR

MICRO CONTROLLER

89S52

FINGER PRINT

MODULE

keypad

MAX232

Figure 3.3.2User Mode Block diagram

Microcontroller 89S52 is programmed to operate under user mode. The microcontroller is
interfaced with Fingerprint sensor, Computer, Infrared sensors, Keyboard, LCD display, Relays,
Door Activators. Important sections involved in the user mode:

 Fingerprint Scanning section.

 Microcontroller section.
 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY Section.
 Microcontroller-computer Interface Section.
 Relay section.

3.4 Fingerprint Scanning section

NITIGENFIM10 a stand-alone Fingerprint Recognition Device is used for scanning the

finger fingerprint image. It provides the high recognition performance, the low power dissipation
and the RS-232 serial interface with the simple protocol for easy integration into a wide range of
applications. It has ain built Flash Memory which has a capacity of storing 100 users. The
Fingerprint sensor is scans the Fingerprint and convert that Fingerprint image to an equivalent
16 byte template. For each user two Fingerprint images each of size 16 bytes, ID (10 bytes),
Password (16 bytes) is stored in the Flash Memory.

In this user mode this FIM10(Fingerprint Device) is interfaced with the

Microcontroller 89S52. Before entering an organization the employee provides his ID and
fingerprint device is used to scan the fingerprint of he or she enrolled with, generating a trial
template. The device then compares the trial fingerprint template with this person’s reference
template, which was stored in the device memory during enrollment, to determine whether the
employee trial and stored templates match. This information is reported to the Microcontroller.
The Microcontroller is programmed to do necessary tasks.

Position of the fingerprint

In order to capture the most minutiae, maximize the surface area of the fingerprint on
thefingerprint input window.

Figure shows the correct positioning of the fingerprint on the input window.
 Figure 3.4.1Correct positioning of fingerprint on input window

Figure Common mistakes

Allowable angle of fingerprint rotation

FIM10 allows up for input fingerprint rotation, as illustrated in Figure.to 45 degrees

Figure 3.4.2The allowable angle of fingerprint rotation.

Fingerprint Recognition
 Our fingerprint recognition system is ultimately based on a welldefined representation of
a fingerprint recognition Technique.Taking a Fingerprint at first we enhanced the quality of that
image to make the imageclearer for easy further operations. Since the fingerprint images
acquired fromsensors or other medias are not assured with perfect quality, thoseenhancement
methods, for increasing the contrast between ridges andfurrows and for connecting the false
broken points of ridges due to insufficientamount of ink, are very useful for keep a higher
accuracy to fingerprint recognition. various methods that are adopted in our fingerprint
recognition system to enhance the image quality are Fingerprint Enhancement byHistogram
Equalization and Fingerprint Enhancement by FourierTransform.
The fingerprint recognition problem can be grouped into twosub-domains: one is
fingerprint verification and the other is fingerprintidentification. Fingerprint verification is to
verify the authenticity of oneperson by his fingerprint. The user provides his fingerprint together
with hisidentity information like his ID number. The fingerprint verification systemretrieves the
fingerprint template according to the ID number and matchesthe template with the real-time
acquired fingerprint from the user. Usually itis the underlying design principle of AFAS
(Automatic FingerprintAuthentication System).Fingerprint identification is to specify one
person’sidentity by his fingerprint(s). Without knowledge of the person’s identity, thefingerprint
identification system tries to match his fingerprint(s) with those inthe whole fingerprint database.
It is especially useful for criminal investigationcases. And it is the design principle of AFIS
(Automatic FingerprintIdentification System). However, all fingerprint recognition problems,
eitherverification or identification, are ultimately based on a well-definedrepresentation of a
fingerprint. As long as the representation of fingerprintsremains the uniqueness and keeps
simple, the fingerprint matching, either forthe 1-to-1 verification case or 1-to-m identification
case, is straightforward andeasy.

FIM30N
FIM30N is a low-price stand-alone Fingerprint Identification Device with many
excellentfeatures. It provides benefits such as high identification performance, low
powerconsumption and RS-232 serial interface with the various commands for easy
integrationinto a wide range of applications. It is a durable and compact device with
fingerprintidentification module containing NITGEN® optics-based fingerprint sensor inside.
Target Application
1. Door-lock system
2. Safe Box
3. Simple Access Controller
4. Vehicle Control
5. ATM , POS
6. And more

Basic Feature

Hardware Specification

Table 3.4.1Hardware specification of FIM3030

Operation Specification

Table 3.4.2Operational specification of FIM3030

Verification systems can contain databases ranging from dozens to millions of

enrolledtemplates but are always predicated on matching an individual’s presented fingerprint
against his or her reference template. Nearly all verification systems can render a match–no-
match decision in less than a second. A system that requires employees to authenticate their
claimed identities before granting them access to secure buildings or to computers is a
verification application. In this mode creation and deletion of users is not possible.

Our project is developed to provide security to an Organization. In this project NITIGEN

fingerprint sensor is used to scan the fingerprint image. The registration of the employees is done
directly through interfacing the FM10 (Fingerprint Module) to the computer in the master mode.
The application program is developed using java API. The employee details along with biometric
information database is stored in the flash memory of the Fingerprint Module. The
Microcontroller 89S52 is programmed to operate under user mode.
 Figure 3.4.4 The Fingerprint Verification Process

Rs232

Figure 1.4-DB9 CONNECTOR

When communicating with various micro processors one needs to convert the RS232 levels
down to lower levels, typically 3.3 or 5.0 Volts. Here is a cheap and simple way to do that.
Serial RS-232 (V.24) communication works with voltages -15V to +15V for high and low. On
the other hand, TTL logic operates between 0V and +5V . Modern low power consumption
logic operates in the range of 0V and +3.3V or even lower.

RS-232 TTL Logic

-15V … -3V +2V … +5V High

+3V … +15V 0V … +0.8V Low

Table 2.1-LOGIC LEVELS

Thus the RS-232 signal levels are far too high TTL electronics, and the negative RS-232
voltage for high can’t be handled at all by computer logic. To receive serial data from an RS-232
interface the voltage has to be reduced. Also the low and high voltage level has to be
inverted. This level converter uses a Max232 and five capacitors. The max232 is
quite cheap (less than 5 dollars) or if youre lucky you can get a free sample from Maxim. The
MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the necessary
drivers and receivers to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular,
because it just needs one voltage (+5V or +3.3V) and generates the necessary
RS-232 voltage levels.

MAX 232 PIN DIAGRAM

+---\/---+
1 -|C1+ Vcc|- 16
2 -|V+ gnd|- 15
3 -|C1- T1O|- 14
4 -|C2+ R1I|- 13
5 -|C2- R1O|- 12
6 -|V- T1I|- 11
7 -|T2O T2I|- 10
8 -|R2I R2O|- 9
+--------+
RS232 INTERFACED TO MAX 232
 J2
C1
U3 1uf
9 5

16
8 4 13 12 P 3.0 R XD
7 3 T1O U T 8 R 1IN R 1O U T 9

VC C
6 2 R 2IN R 2O U T
1 10 14 T1O U T
TXD P 3.1 11 T2IN T1O U T 7
C4 T1IN T2O U T
5V 1
3 C 1+
C0.1uf
5 4 C 1-
5 C 2+
C6 C 2-
0.1uf 2
0.1uf 6 V+

GND
V-
C7
MA X3232

15
0.1uf

Figure 1.5-INTERFACING OF RS232 TO MAX 232

Rs232 is 9 pin db connector, only three pins of this are used ie 2,3,5 the transmit pin of rs232 is
connected to RX pin of microcontroller.
Max232 interfaced to microcontroller

Figure 1.6-INTERFACING OF MAX 232 WITH MICROCONTROLLER