Excretory Product and Their Elimination

CBSE Class-11 Biology
CHAPTER-19
EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION
 Elimination of metabolic waste products from the animal body to

regulate the composition of body fluids and tissues is called
excretion. These waste products include ammonia, uric acid, urea,
carbon dioxide and ions like Na+, K+, Cl and phosphates and
-
sulphate.
 Ammonia is the most toxic and uric acid is the least toxic. The
process of removing ammonia is called ammonotelism and
organisms that excrete ammonia are called ammonotelic (bony
fishes, aquatic amphibians and insects).
 The organism that release urea as nitrogenous wastes are
called ureotelic (mammals, terrestrial amphibians). The organism
that excretes uric acids is called uricotelic (reptiles, birds and land
snails).
Animals Excretory organs

Flat worms, some annelids and cephalochordates. Protonephridia or flame cells.
Earthworms and annelids Nephridia
Insects including cockroaches Malpighian tubules
Mammals Kidney
Human Excretory System
Human excretory system consists of:
1. A pair of kidneys
2. A pair of ureters
3. A urinary bladder
4. A urethra
 Kidneys are reddish brown bean shaped structure situated between
last thoracic and lumber vertebra. Each kidney has a notch on its
inner side called hilum through which ureter, blood vessels and
nerves enter.
 Inside the hilum has broad funnel shaped space called renal pelvis
with projection called calyces.
 Inside the kidney are two zone- outer cortex and inner medulla.
Medulla is divided into medullary pyramids projecting into calyx.
 Cortex extends between medullary pyramids as renal column
called Columns of Bertini.
 The functional unit of kidney is nephron. Each kidney contains about

one million nephrons.
 Each nephron has two parts- the glomerulus and renal tubules.
Glomerulus is the tuft of capillaries formed by afferent arteriole.
Blood from glomerulus is carried away by efferent arteriole.
 Renal tubules starts with Bowman’s capsule continue with tubular
parts divided into Proximal Convoluted tubules, Henle’s
loop and Distal Convoluted tubule.
 The malpighian tubules, PCT and DCT of nephron are situated in

cortical region where as loops of Henle’s into medulla.
Cortical Nephrons Juxta medullary Nephrons

a. Loop of Henle’s is short and a. Loop of Henle’s are very long and
extend only a little into medulla. extend deep into medulla.
b. The glomeruli lie close to the inner b. The glomeruli lie in the outer
margin of the cortex. cortex.
Urine formation
 Glomerular capillaries blood pressure cause filtration of blood
through 3 layers (endothelium of glomerular blood vessels,
epithelium of Bowman’s capsule and basement layer between two
membranes as ultra-filtration.
 The amount of filtrate formed by kidneys per minute is
called glomerular filtration rate (GFR) which is 125 ml/minute.
 Glomerular Filtration rate is controlled by Juxta glomerular
apparatus (JGA).
 99% of filtrate has to be reabsorbed by renal tubules
called reabsorption.
Function of Tubules
1. Proximal Convoluted Tubules (PCT) - all the important nutrients,

70-80% electrolytes and water are reabsorbed.
2. Henle’s Loop- maintains high osmolarity of medullary interstitial
fluid.
3. Distal Convoluted Tubules (DCT) – conditional reabsorption of Na+
and water. Maintains pH and sodium- potassium balance.
4. Collecting Duct- large amount of water is reabsorbed to produce
concentrated urine.
Mechanism of concentration of urine- The flow of filtrate in two limbs of

Henle’s loop is in opposite direction to form counter current. The flow of
blood in two limbs of vasa recta increase the osmolarity towards the inner
medullary interstitium in the inner medulla.
 The transport of substance facilitated by special arrangement of
Henle’s loop and vasa recta is called counter current mechanism.
Regulation of kidney function-
 Functioning of kidney is monitored by hormonal feedback mechanism

of hypothalamus and JGA. Change in blood volume, body fluid and
ion concentration activates the osmoreceptors in the body that
stimulate the hypothalamus to release ADH or vasopressin
hormones. The ADH facilitates water absorption in tubules.
 Decrease in glomerular blood pressure activate JG cells to release
renin which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and II that
increase the glomerular blood pressure and release of aldosterone
that increase absorption of Na+ ions and water.
Micturition – The process of expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder is

called micturition. The neural mechanism that causes it is called micturition
reflex. Urine formed in nephron is stored in urinary bladder till a voluntary
signal is given by CNS. This initiates the contraction of smooth muscles of
the bladder and simultaneous relaxation of the urethral sphincter causing
the release of urine.
 Lungs, liver and skin also play important role in process of excretion.
Lungs remove CO2 and water, liver eliminates bile containing
substances like bilirubin, biliverdin. Sweat glands remove NaCl, small
amount of urea and lactic acid. Sebaceous glands excrete sterol,
hydrocarbons and waxes.
Disorders of Excretory System
 Uremia- there is high concentration of non-protein nitrogen (urea,

uric acid, creatinine). Urea can be removed by hemodialysis.
 Renal failure- also known as kidney failure where glomerular
filtration is ceased and both kidney stops working. Kidney transplant
is the ultimate method in correction of acute kidney failure.
 Renal Calculi- formation of stone or insoluble mass of crystallized
salts formed within the kidney.
 Glomerulonephritis (Bright’s Disease)-inflammation of glomeruli of
kidney due to entry of protein or red blood corpuscles in to filtrate due
to injury.

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CBSE Class-11 Biology

 Elimination of metabolic waste products from the animal body to

Animals Excretory organs

Human Excretory System

Human excretory system consists of:

 The functional unit of kidney is nephron. Each kidney contains about

 The malpighian tubules, PCT and DCT of nephron are situated in

Cortical Nephrons Juxta medullary Nephrons

1. Proximal Convoluted Tubules (PCT) - all the important nutrients,

Mechanism of concentration of urine- The flow of filtrate in two limbs of

Regulation of kidney function-

 Functioning of kidney is monitored by hormonal feedback mechanism

Micturition – The process of expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder is

Disorders of Excretory System

 Uremia- there is high concentration of non-protein nitrogen (urea,

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