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    4. Mohr's Circle For Plane Stress And Plane Strain

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    Franklin Daniel Xalxo

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    4. Mohr's Circle For Plane Stress And Plane Strain

    Uploaded by

    Franklin Daniel Xalxo
    5 views7 pages

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    5 views7 pages

    4. Mohr's Circle For Plane Stress And Plane Strain

    Uploaded by

    Franklin Daniel Xalxo

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Lecture 9: Mohr's Circle - Understanding Normal and Shear Components of Traction

    Introduction:
    Hello everyone, welcome to Lecture 9. Today, we are going to learn about an interesting topic, Mohr's
    Circle. This method provides a graphical way to find the normal and shear components of traction on
    arbitrary planes, with the only restriction being that the plane normal must be perpendicular to one of
    the principal axes.

    Understanding the Stress Matrix and Coordinate System:


    We will begin by discussing the coordinate system and how to derive the stress matrix when the third
    coordinate axis is aligned with one of the principal axes.
    In a coordinate system where the third axis aligns with the principal axis, the stress matrix's third
    column represents the traction on the third plane, which is a principal plane.
    Since the principal plane only has a normal component (no shear component), the third column
    will have zero values for the shear components and a nonzero value for the normal component
    (i.e., σzz ).
    ​

    The stress matrix is simplified, with the shear components being zero for the third axis.

    Stress Matrix Representation:


    Consider a stress matrix for a cuboid where the third axis is the principal axis:
    In the coordinate system, the normal component on the third axis is represented by σzz , and there
    ​

    are no shear components in this direction.


    The traction components on the planes include:
    σxx , σyy , and σzz for the normal stresses.
    ​ ​ ​

    Shear components such as τxy and τyx , which are equal.


    ​ ​

    Simplification of Stress Representation:


    To simplify the analysis, we reduce the three-dimensional cube representing stress to a two-
    dimensional square. This square represents the planes of stress:
    The normal components are represented on the edges of the square: σxx , σyy , and σzz .
    ​ ​ ​

    The shear components τxy and τyx are represented as well.


    ​ ​

    Thus, the state of stress is depicted on a 2D square, reducing the complexity of the stress analysis.

    Plane Normal and Rotation:


    Now, we focus on finding the normal and shear components on planes that are perpendicular to the
    third axis (principal axis).
    The normal vector n for such a plane is defined in a way that it makes an angle α from the e1 -axis
    ​

    (or the first coordinate axis).


    By rotating the e1 -plane by angle α about the e3 -axis, we can define the n-plane.
    ​ ​

    Formula Derivation for Normal and Shear Components:


    To calculate the normal component σ and shear component τ on the plane n, we use the following
    steps:
    1. Normal Component σ : The normal component is derived using the stress matrix and the normal
    vector:

    σ = σxx cos2 α + 2τxy sin α cos α + σyy sin2 α


    ​ ​

    2. Shear Component τ : The shear component is calculated using the stress matrix and the
    perpendicular direction to the normal:

    τ = −σxx cos α sin α − τxy sin2 α + τxy cos2 α + σyy sin α cos α
    ​ ​ ​ ​

    Trigonometric Simplifications:
    Using trigonometry, we can simplify the formulas further:
    For σ , the expression becomes:

    +
    σxx + σyy σxx − σyy
    σ= + cos 2α + τxy sin 2α
    ​ ​ ​ ​

    2 2
    ​ ​ ​

    For τ , the simplified formula is:


    −σxx + σyy
    τ= sin 2α + τxy cos 2α
    ​ ​

    2
    ​ ​

    Defining Scalar R:
    We can now define a scalar R, which represents the magnitude of the combined stress components:

    2
    σxx − σyy
    R= ( ) + τxy
    2
    ​ ​

    2
    ​ ​ ​

    Using R, we can express σ and τ in a more convenient form:


    For σ :

    σxx + σyy
    σ= + R cos(2ϕ − 2α)
    ​ ​

    2
    ​

    For τ :

    τ = R sin(2ϕ − 2α)

    Summary:
    The formula for σ and τ becomes much simpler using R and ϕ. Here’s the final form for the normal
    and shear components:
    Normal Component:
    σxx + σyy
    σ= + R cos(2ϕ − 2α)
    ​ ​

    2
    ​

    Shear Component:

    τ = R sin(2ϕ − 2α)

    These formulas allow us to calculate the normal and shear components on any plane with angle α,
    where the plane normal is perpendicular to the principal axis.
    To find ϕ, we use the formula:

    2
    2τxy
    tan 2ϕ =
    ​

    σxx − σyy
    ​

    ​ ​

    Once we calculate ϕ, we can then calculate R and use these values to find the normal and shear
    components on the desired plane.
    Overview:
    The speaker is explaining how to graphically represent a formula related to stress and strain using
    Mohr's Circle. The goal is to derive the principal stresses, shear stress, and the Mohr circle's properties
    based on the formulas given.

    Key Concepts:
    1. Mohr Circle Basics:
    Sigma (σ) and tau (τ) represent normal stress and shear stress.
    The formula describes how to find these stresses for a given plane at an angle α.
    Plotting Sigma (σ) on the x-axis and tau (τ) on the y-axis of the Mohr circle gives a visual
    representation of the stresses.
    2. Steps to Plot the Mohr Circle:
    σxx +σyy
    The circle's center is at , 0 on the Sigma-Tau plane.
    ​ ​

    2
    ​

    Radius of the circle is the square root of a specific formula.


    For the E1 plane, plot the point σxx , τxy , which is on the Mohr circle. The radius is the distance
    ​ ​

    from the center to this point.


    The center of the circle is located at the midpoint between σxx and σyy . ​ ​

    The radius is the distance between the center and the point corresponding to the E1 plane.
    3. Using the Mohr Circle:
    For any plane at an angle α, rotate the radial line from the center by 2(ϕ − α) to find the
    stress at that plane.
    The formula's angle 2ϕ − 2α dictates how much to rotate the radial line clockwise or
    counterclockwise.
    The direction of rotation depends on the sign of α:

    If α is positive (counterclockwise rotation in physical space), rotate clockwise on the


    Mohr circle.
    If α is negative (clockwise rotation in physical space), rotate counterclockwise on the
    Mohr circle.
    4. Key Takeaways from Mohr's Circle:
    The maximum normal stress (σ) corresponds to the farthest point on the horizontal axis
    (Sigma axis) of the circle.
    The maximum shear stress (τ) corresponds to the farthest points on the vertical axis (Tau
    axis) of the circle.
    The points on the Mohr circle that represent these extreme stresses match the formulas
    derived earlier.
    5. Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress:
    The principal stresses (λ₁, λ₂) can be found using the center and radius of the Mohr circle:

    λ₁ is the maximum normal stress.


    λ₂ is the minimum normal stress.
    λ1 − λ2
    The maximum shear stress is equal to 2 , which is also the radius of the Mohr circle.
    ​ ​

    6. Interpretation of Tau on E2 Plane:


    For the E2 plane, where the normal is oriented at 90° from E1, the Mohr circle gives negative
    τ (shear stress), indicating the direction of shear.
    This negative tau arises because, for the E2 plane, the shear stress direction is opposite to
    that of the E1 plane due to the chosen coordinate system and conventions.
    7. Conclusions:
    The Mohr circle provides a graphical tool to calculate the principal stresses, maximum shear
    stress, and corresponding shear directions.
    The calculations from the Mohr circle match the derived formulas for principal stresses and
    shear stress.
    Max Sigma: λ1 (max normal stress), λ2 (min normal stress)
    ​ ​

    Max Tau: The maximum shear stress occurs at the top and bottom of the circle.
    8. Formula Confirmation:
    σxx +σyy σxx +σyy
    Principal stress values: λ1 = + radius, λ2 = − radius
    ​ ​ ​ ​

    2 2
    ​ ​

    Maximum shear stress: radius = λ1 −2λ2 ​ ​

    λ +λ
    Normal stress at max tau: 1 2 2
    ​ ​

    Final Remarks:
    The speaker concludes by stating that using the Mohr circle simplifies the process of analyzing stress
    in different planes, and future classes will delve deeper into its applications.
    This structure provides a clearer view of the process for calculating and understanding stress using
    Mohr's Circle, ensuring that key points like principal stresses, maximum shear stress, and rotation
    conventions are addressed systematically.

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