Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination

Caribbean Studies IA

School: Central High School

Teacher: Mrs. Batchelor

Candidate’s Name: Shantae Higgins

Candidate’s Number: 100072 0931

Centre Number:

Topic: An Investigation into the Causes and Effects of Crime in the Town of May Pen

Territory: Jamaica

Year: 2024
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Table of Content

Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………………..3

Introduction/ Background………………………………………………………………4

Literature Review………………………………………………………………………7

Data Collection Method……………………………………………………………….12

Presentation of Data …………………………………………………………………..14

Analysis of Data ……………………………………………………..…………….….18

Discussion of Findings ………………………………………………………..………21

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….……………27

Limitations……………………………………………………………………………..29

Recommendations ……………………….…………………….....................................31

Appendices……………………………………………………………………………..33

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………37
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with a great sense of profound gratefulness that the researcher take this

opportunity to acknowledge the many benefactors who have helped with the completion of

this Internal Assessment (IA). First and foremost, I'd like to express my gratitude to God

Almighty for providing me with strength and health throughout this IA. The researcher

would like to express their gratitude to their teacher, Mrs. Batchelor for her

knowledge and expertise which helped her in the successful completion of this

Internal Assessment (IA). The researcher would also like to express their gratitude to

their parents for providing her with the necessary finances which assist there in completing

this IA.
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Introduction/Background

Theme: Crime in the Caribbean

Topic: “An Investigation into the Causes and Effects of Crime in the Town of May Pen.”

Statement of Problem: What are the causes and effects of crime in the town of May Pen,

and how can these causes and effects be mitigated through effective strategies and

interventions.

Background: May Pen, a town located in the parish of Clarendon, Jamaica, has historically

been known for its agricultural and commercial activities. However, in recent years, the town

has gained notoriety for its escalating crime rates, which have garnered national attention and

raised concerns among residents, community leaders, and law enforcement agencies.

Criminal activities, ranging from petty theft to violent crimes, have had a detrimental impact

on the lives of residents, businesses, and the social fabric of the town. The prevalence of

criminal activities has been attributed to various factors, including poverty, unemployment,

substance abuse, gang activities, and inadequate law enforcement resources. These rising

crime rates have not only compromised public safety but have also hindered economic

growth, eroded community cohesion, and inflicted psychological trauma on victims and their

families. This research project aims to conduct an in-depth investigation into the multifaceted

causes fuelling criminal behaviour in May Pen and the far-reaching effects it has on various

aspects of the town.

Purpose of the Research: The primary purpose of this research is to shed light on the factors

contributing to crime within the town of May Pen and the subsequent impact it has on the

town and the communities within it. By understanding the root causes and the resulting
 5

effects, the research seeks to pave the way for the development of effective solutions to create

a safer and more secure environment for the residents of May Pen.

Research Questions:

1. What are the primary causes of crime in the town of May Pen, Clarendon?

2. How does crime impact the daily lives of residents in May Pen?

3. What measures are currently in place to prevent and address crime in May Pen?

4. What strategies can be implemented to reduce crime and improve safety in May Pen?

Educational Value of the Research: This research holds significant educational value since

it investigates a complicated societal issue with far-reaching ramifications. The research's

investigation of the root causes and effects of crime contributes to a better understanding of

the interrelationships between various socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural factors

and their impact on criminal conduct. Furthermore, by investigating different solutions and

intervention strategies, the study promotes critical thinking, data analysis, and the

development of problem-solving abilities. The findings may be beneficial for academic

institutions, policymakers, and community organizations to build curricula, programs, and

initiatives focused on crime prevention, youth development, and community empowerment.

Definition of the terms:

1) Crime: refers to illegal activities that violate laws and regulations set by a governing

authority, such as a government.

2) Crime Rate: The number of reported criminal offenses within a specific geographical

area and population over a given period.

 6

3) Socioeconomic Factors: The combined influence of social and economic factors, such as

poverty, unemployment, education, and income inequality, on individuals and

communities.

4) Community Cohesion: The sense of unity, trust, and shared values among members of a

community, fostering social support and cooperation.

5) Substance Abuse: The harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including

illegal drugs and alcohol, which can contribute to criminal behaviour and other negative

consequences.

6) Gang Activity: Organized groups engaged in criminal activities, often involving

violence, drug trafficking, and territorial disputes.

7) Law Enforcement: The government agencies and authorities responsible for enforcing

laws, maintaining public order, and addressing criminal activities within a community.
 7

Literature Review

Crime, as defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is "an illegal act for which someone

can be punished by the government, especially a gross violation of the law." It also states that

crime is "the intentional commission of an act usually deemed socially harmful or dangerous

and specifically defined, prohibited, and punishable under criminal law." This broad

definition encompasses a wide range of unlawful activities, from petty theft to violent

offenses such as murder and assault. In the context of May Pen, Clarendon, crime has been a

persistent and complex issue that has had a profound impact on the local community.

According to the website open.lib.umn.edu, crime is a complex issue that can be categorized

into several major categories: violent crime, property crime, white-collar crime, organized

crime, and consensual or victimless crime. Violent crime is the most concerning type of

crime, as it often leads to fear and intimidation among individuals. Research on violent crime

focuses on homicide and rape and sexual assault, which are considered the most serious

crimes due to their potential for arrest.

Property crime, such as burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson, is a common issue

in the United States and other nations, with millions occurring annually. While property

crime does not involve physical harm, it still causes significant losses annually. White-collar

crime, defined by sociologist Edwin Sutherland in the 1940s, refers to crimes committed by

people of respectability and high social status in their occupation. This includes fraud by

professionals and illegal behaviour by corporate executives.

Organized crime, on the other hand, refers to criminal activity by groups or organizations that

provide goods or services that the public demands. It has flourished since the 1920s due to its

willingness to provide illegal products like alcohol, which continues to be a popular demand
 8

even after Prohibition began. Today, organized crime earns significant money from illegal

drugs, prostitution, pornography, loan sharking, gambling, and legal activities like trash

hauling and vending. Consensual crime, also known as victimless crime, refers to behaviours

where people engage voluntarily and willingly even though these behaviours violate the law.

Understanding and controlling these types of crime is crucial for public safety and crime

control.

Meanwhile, according to the website blog.ipleaders.in, which delves into the root causes of

crime, the section titled "Causes of Crime" cites that poverty is a major factor contributing

to crime, with countries with high economic deprivation experiencing higher crime rates.

People often resort to criminal activities due to a lack of means to secure a living and the

growing divide between the rich and poor. Peer pressure, drug addiction, political instability,

religion, family conditions, and money are also significant factors. Schools and universities

often teach children how to make more money, which indirectly attributes wealth to worth,

leading to people earning less, feeling unworthy, and engaging in crime. Lack of employment

opportunities, deprivation, and a flawed justice system also contribute to increasing crime

rates. People are deprived of their basic rights and have limited options to obtain a livelihood

in a conventional and honest way. When they feel unfairly treated by the system, they rebel

and commit various acts of crime to avenge themselves.

The Jamaica Observer, a leading national newspaper, has extensively covered crime-related

issues in Jamaica. In an article titled “Poverty is the root cause of crime" (P Chin, 2022), the

authors explore the material's emphasis on socioeconomic factors as root causes of criminal

behaviour in Jamaica. According to Hanna, "the deeper issue and root cause of crime,

violence, and antisocial behaviour is poverty." She argues that youth in the justice system

primarily come from poor communities rather than middle-class or educated families. Hanna

asserts that poverty leads to lack of resources, poor education, inadequate parenting, and
 9

erosion of family values, perpetuating a "vicious cycle that feeds into mental disorders and

antisocial behaviour." While counselling can help individual cases, Hanna advocates

addressing poverty through investments in sports, culture, mentorship, skills training, and

economic opportunities to break the cycle. Her perspectives align with and reinforce the

material's proposed solutions.

Furthermore, according to an article by Caribbean American Weekly titled “Gun Violence in

Jamaica: The Journey So Far” (Linda Nwoke, 2024). It cites that Jamaica is grappling with

one of the world's highest rates of gun violence, with over 1,370 murders recorded in 2021,

with over 70% committed with firearms. The country ranks among the top three in the region,

causing significant public safety issues. Factors contributing to this include illegal firearm

proliferation, the drug trade, poverty, and social inequality. In 2022, over 300 firearms and

7,000 rounds of ammunition were confiscated, with the drug trade playing a significant role.

The country's government has implemented policies to curb gun violence, including

increased police officers and stricter gun control laws. However, the situation remains a

concern, with perceived shortcomings and corruption within the police force.

The Gleaner, another a leading national newspaper, published an article titled "Clarendon

police report upsurge in youth involved in crime" (Olivia Brown, 2023). The article cites

the involvement of youth in criminal activities, painting a sobering picture of the pervasive

nature of crime in the town. The author explores the evidence that youth crime is a major

issue in May Pen and surrounding areas. Despite a 62.5% increase in murders in the parish in

early 2023, Acting Senior Superintendent Carlos Russell stated, "It's mostly young youths we

have in custody" for violent crimes. He identified Denbigh, Palmers Cross, and Toll Gate as

trouble spots where operational activities were ramped up to combat gang activity and make

arrests. However, Russell acknowledged the parish's struggles, appealing to citizens to assist

police efforts and make communities safer. This aligns with the concerns raised about peer
 10

pressure and the lack of opportunities driving youth toward crime. Which is an ongoing

challenge faced by the community, despite efforts by law enforcement and social

interventions.

The Jamaica Gleaner, has covered another crime-related issues in May Pen. In an article titled

“Serious crimes down in Clarendon, police report" (Bailey, 2021), the author provides

insight into the crime situation in the parish of Clarendon, including the capital town of May

Pen. According to Superintendent Christopher Phillips, there was a 54% overall decline in

serious and violent crimes in Clarendon from January 1 to June 5, 2023 compared to the same

period in 2022. Specifically, the data showed 129 serious violent crimes versus 183 the

previous year. This included a 13% decrease in shootings and rapes, and a 20% decline in

break-ins. However, robberies increased by 7% and larceny by 1%. Despite the overall

reduction, Phillips acknowledged two recent murders and stressed the need for continued

operations to avoid complacency. This source indicates that while progress was made, crimes

like robbery and larceny remained problematic in May Pen and surrounding areas.

Moreover, according to the website victimsupport.org.uk, the effect of crime can affect

everyone differently. There are some certain effects that are commonly felt by people

regardless of the nature of the crime; such as shock, fear, sadness, guilt, anxiety etc. While

the short-term effects of crime can be severe, most people don’t suffer any long-term harm.

Occasionally, people do develop long-term problems, such as depression or anxiety-related

illnesses, and a few people have a severe, long-lasting reaction after a crime, known as post-

traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The effects of crime extend far beyond the immediate

victims. The World Bank's 2021 report, "Crime and Violence in Jamaica: A Cost

Assessment," emphasizes the economic and social costs of crime, including lost productivity,

healthcare expenses, and a decline in tourism. These costs can cripple a community's

development and hinder its ability to attract investment and create jobs.
 11

This economic impact was also reflected in a 2023 Gleaner article titled "Business owners

feeling the effects of crime" (Corey Robinson, 2023). In this article, it was highlighted how

gun violence has forced several small business operators in the corporate area to close,

leaving many scared or frustrated to reopen, and those remaining incur additional costs for

staff and property. This situation demonstrates how fear of crime can deter customers and

hinder economic development. Businesses may be forced to close or reduce hours due to

safety concerns, leading to job losses and a decline in tax revenue. Additionally, tourism, a

vital sector of Jamaica's economy, can suffer as the parish’s reputation for violence

discourages visitors.

The situation also underscores the critical link between public safety and economic

prosperity. As highlighted in an article by the Gleaner titled “Viable Solutions to Crime”

(Paul Gyles, 2022), the proposed solutions put forth by the Jamaican government offer a

comprehensive and proactive approach to combating crime and violence in the country. By

implementing strict laws, enhancing surveillance systems, and deploying mobile police units,

the government aims to disrupt criminal activities and reduce the incidence of violent crimes,

ultimately creating a safer environment for all residents. Additionally, fostering proactive

citizen engagement through neighbourhood watch programs and community involvement

initiatives empowers individuals to take an active role in crime prevention efforts. It is

imperative for the government to lead the implementation of these solutions and garner

support from all sectors of society, including the opposition and private sector, to collectively

work towards eradicating crime and violence in Jamaica. With concerted efforts and

collaboration, Jamaica can realize its potential as an ideal place to live, work, visit, raise

families, and conduct business, fostering a prosperous and secure future for generations to

come.
 12

Data Collection Method

The research employed a comprehensive method of data collection, utilizing both primary

and secondary sources to explore the causes and effects of crime in the town of May Pen.

Sampling Method:

The researcher employed a random sampling method to select participants for the study.

Specifically, a simple random sampling technique was used to ensure an unbiased and

representative sample.

Sampling Size:

The sample size consisted of 20 individuals, ensuring a diverse representation of the town of

May Pen. Participants were selected randomly from various neighbourhoods within the town,

ensuring a mix of ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds.

Instrument:

Structured questionnaires were the primary instrument for collecting data. These

questionnaires were comprised of closed-ended questions only. Closed-ended questions were

chosen due to their ability to facilitate quantitative analysis. By providing respondents with

predefined response options, closed-ended questions allowed for structured and standardized

data collection, enabling easy comparison and statistical analysis. This approach ensured

consistency in the responses received, minimizing ambiguity and subjective interpretation.

Research Process:

The questionnaires were designed to elicit responses regarding participants' perceptions of

crime rates, factors contributing to criminal activities, and the impacts of crime on their daily
 13

lives and the community as a whole. Closed-ended questions utilized a Likert scale,

providing a quantitative measure of attitudes and perceptions. The questionnaires exhibited

reliability through their structured format, ensuring consistency in data collection. The

advantages included standardized responses and effective data collection. However,

limitations included the possibility of response bias and the inability to record complex

viewpoints. The data collection process took place over a three-month period, ensuring a

comprehensive and thorough investigation. Questionnaires were distributed randomly to the

citizens of May Pen. Throughout the research process, ethical considerations were upheld,

including obtaining informed consent from participants and maintaining confidentiality

throughout the process.

Secondary Sources:

Secondary sources, such as academic journals, government reports, and local media articles,

were extensively reviewed to gain a broader understanding of crime in the town of May Pen

and its potential causes and effects. These secondary sources provided valuable context,

theoretical frameworks, and empirical evidence related to the topic, allowing for a well-

rounded analysis and triangulation of data. The importance of secondary sources lies in their

ability to validate and supplement the primary data collected, offering a comprehensive

perspective on the causes and effects of crime in the town of May Pen.
 14

Presentation of Data

Figure .1 “How would you describe the current crime rate in May Pen?”

Pie chart showing the description of the current

crime rate in May Pen.

11%
Extremely high
32%
16%
High
Moderate
Low

42%

Figure 2. “Which categories of criminal activity do you believe are most common in the

region?”

Line graph showing the categories of criminal activity

that are believed to be most common in the region.
6
Number of respondents (y-axis)

4
2
0
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ry
) m in en
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im d lla
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la
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activities (x-axis)
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Line graph showing the categories of criminal activity that are most common in the region.
 15

Figure 3. “In your opinion, what are the primary causes of crime in May Pen?”

Column chart showing the primary causes of

crime in May Pen.
8
6
4
Number of respondents

2
0

Types of causes of crime in May Pen

Column chart showing the primary causes of crime in May Pen.

Figure 4. “In your opinion, how much does the availability of firearms contribute to the

crime problem in May Pen?”

Pie Chart showing how the availability of

fi rearms contributes to the crime problem in
May Pen

Not at all
10%
Minimally Significantly
20% 40%

Moderately
30%

Significantly Moderately Minimally Not at all

 16

Figure 5. “In your viewpoint, what impact has crime had on the daily lives of May Pen

residents?”

Table showing: The impact that crime had on the daily lives of May Pen residents

Types of Impacts # of Responses out of 20 Percentage

Fear of violence and insecurity 6 30%

Limited mobility due to safety concerns 4 20%

Financial losses from theft and damage 3 15%

Emotional stress and trauma 4 20%

Avoiding certain areas for safety 3 15%

Figure 6. “How has crime affected the local economy and businesses in May Pen, in your
opinion?

Bar Chart showing how has crime aff ected the

local economy and businesses in May Pen.

Business closures and job losses 5

types of effects

Higher security costs for businesses 5

Trouble attracting new businesses or investors 3

Decreased revenue from lost customers 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
number of respondents

Bar Chart showing how has crime affected the local economy and businesses in May Pen.
 17

Figure 7. “What measures, in your personal view, are currently in place to prevent and

address crime in May Pen?”

Table showing: The measures that are currently in place to prevent and address crime in
May Pen.
Types of Measures # of Responses out of 20 Percentage

More police patrols and enforcement 7 35%

Community outreach and neighbourhood 2 10%

watch
Youth education and programs 5 25%

Better judicial processes and policies 2 10%

Insufficient or ineffective measures 4 20%

Figure 8. “What strategies do you believe may be employed to reduce crime and enhance

safety in May Pen?”

Column chart showing strategies that respondents believe

can reduce crime and enhance safety in May Pen.

6
4 4
3 3
Number of respondents

Types of strategies

Column chart showing strategies that respondents believe can reduce crime and enhance safety in May Pen.
 18

Analysis of Data

Figure 1. “How would you describe the current crime rate in May Pen?”

The pie chart reveals a concerning perception of crime levels in May Pen. The perception of

the current crime rate varies, with a significant 42% describing it as moderate, suggesting

crime is viewed as a pressing concern by a large segment of the community. However, 32%

considered the rate low, while 16% stated it was high, and 10% cited extremely high,

highlighting the divergent perspectives of each respondent.

Figure 2. “Which categories of criminal activity do you believe are most common in the

region?”

According to the line graph, violent crimes such as assaults, robberies, and homicides were

cited as most prevalent by six (6) out of 20 respondents. Property crimes like burglary and

theft, as well as white-collar crimes like fraud, were each identified by five (5) respondents.

Drug-related offenses rounded out the top criminalities, according to four (4) respondents.

Figure 3. “In your opinion, what are the primary causes of crime in May Pen?”

The column chart delves into the perceived root causes of crime in May Pen. Poverty and

lack of economic opportunities (7 respondents) and gang-related activities (5 respondents)

emerged as the leading perceived root causes, reflecting a need for economic development

and gang intervention programs. Broken families/lack of parental guidance (4 respondents),

drug trafficking/substance abuse (2 respondents), and inadequate law enforcement resources

(2 respondents) were also identified as contributing factors, further adding to the complex

web of factors contributing to criminal behaviour.

 19

Figure 4. “In your opinion, how much does the availability of firearms contribute to the

crime problem in May Pen?”

The pie chart reveals a predominant belief among respondents that the availability of firearms

contributes to the crime problem in May Pen. While 40% agreed firearm availability

significantly fuelled crime, 30% said it moderately contributed, 20% minimally, and 10%

saw no link, suggesting relativity in perceiving this factor's role.

Figure 5. “In your viewpoint, what impact has crime had on the daily lives of May Pen

residents?”

The table illustrates the far-reaching impacts of crime on the daily lives of May Pen residents.

Alarmingly, fear of violence and insecurity emerged as the most significant consequence,

affecting 30% of respondents. This pervasive feeling likely contributes to the 20% who

experienced limited mobility due to safety concerns over their well-being. The psychological

toll of crime is further evident, with 20% citing emotional stress and trauma. Tangible

financial losses from theft and damage were reported by 15% of respondents. Disrupting

normalcy, 15% indicated avoiding certain areas altogether due to crime.

Figure 6. “How has crime affected the local economy and businesses in May Pen, in your
opinion?
As depicted in the bar graph, crime has had a detrimental effect on the local economy and

businesses in May Pen. The most frequently cited impact, by seven (7) respondents, was the

decreased in revenue from the loss of customers. Additionally, five (5) respondents noted the

closure of local businesses and job losses, while another five (5) cited higher security costs

for businesses, and the remaining three (3) mentioned deterrence of business investment in

the area, hindering economic growth and job opportunities.

 20

Figure 7. “What measures, in your personal view, are currently in place to prevent and

address crime in May Pen?”

The accompanying table examines the measures currently in place to prevent and address

crime in May Pen, according to residents. The data shows that more police patrols and

enforcement (35%), youth education and programs (25%), insufficient or ineffective

measures (20%), community outreach and neighbourhood watch (10%), and better judicial

processes and policies (10%) were identified as existing measures.

Figure 8. “What strategies do you believe may be employed to reduce crime and enhance

safety in May Pen?”

The column chart outlines the strategies that the respondents believe can reduce crime and

enhance safety in May Pen. The data shows that the top strategies included enhancing

education/job access (6 respondents), installing surveillance/lighting (4 respondents),

increasing law enforcement (4 respondents), community policing/trust-building (3

respondents) and targeting root causes (3 respondents) were all identified as existing

strategies that the responders believe could reduce crime and enhance safety in May Pen.
 21

Discussion of Findings

The findings from Figure 1, which asked respondents about their perception of the current

crime rate in May Pen, reveal a nuanced perspective on the issue. While a significant 42% of

respondents described the crime rate as moderate, suggesting that crime is viewed as a

pressing concern by a substantial segment of the community, it is noteworthy that a combined

74% of respondents described the crime rate as ranging from low to moderate. This

perception aligns with the Gleaner article from the literature review titled "Serious crimes

down in Clarendon, police report" (Bailey, 2021), where Superintendent Christopher Phillips

stated that there was a 54% overall decline in serious and violent crimes in Clarendon from

January 1 to June 5, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. This decline likely

contributes to the community's perception of a lower crime rate. The findings from the

analysis and the police report collectively paint a picture of a community where crime

remains a concern, but also one where efforts to address and reduce criminal activities have

shown promising results, leading to a perception of improvement among a substantial portion

of the respondents.

In Figure 2, which presents respondents' perceptions of the most common categories of

criminal activity in the region, provides valuable insights into the types of criminal activities

that are perceived to be most prevalent in the region. According to the Fig 2., violent crimes,

such as assaults, robberies, and homicides, were cited as the most common by the highest

number of respondents (6 out of 20). This aligns with the information provided by the

website open.lib.umn.edu, which states that violent crime is the most concerning type of

crime due to its potential for causing fear and intimidation among individuals. The focus of
 22

research on violent crime, particularly homicide and rape/sexual assault, further emphasizes

the gravity of these offenses.

Similarly, property crimes, including burglary and theft, were identified by the second-

highest number of respondents (5 out of 20). This category of crime is indeed a common

issue, as mentioned on the open.lib.umn.edu, with millions of such incidents occurring

annually across various nations, despite not involving physical harm. Furthermore, white-

collar crimes, such as fraud committed by professionals and illegal behaviour by corporate

executives, were also cited by (5 out of 20) respondents. This aligns with the definition

provided by sociologist Edwin Sutherland in the 1940s, which highlights crimes committed

by individuals of respectability and high social status in their occupation.

Interestingly, drug-related offenses were identified by (4 respondents) as one of the most

common criminal activities in the region. While not explicitly mentioned on the

open.lib.umn.edu, this finding can be connected to the discussion on organized crime, which

often earns significant money from illegal drug trade, among other illicit activities. The

diversity of responses across the different categories of crime suggests that the community

perceives various types of criminal activities to be prevalent in the region. This acknowledges

the complexity of crime and the need to understand and control different types of offenses for

effective public safety and crime control strategies.

The data from Figure 3 “In your opinion, what are the primary causes of crime in May Pen?”

provides a nuanced perspective on the perceived root causes of crime in May Pen, aligning

remarkably well with the insights and perspectives presented in the materials from the

various sources; the website blog.ipleaders.in, the Jamaica Observer article titled “Poverty is

the root cause of crime" (P Chin, 2022) and The Gleaner article titled "Clarendon police

report upsurge in youth involved in crime" (Olivia Brown, 2023). Poverty and lack of
 23

economic opportunities, identified by (7 respondents), emerge as the leading perceived cause

of crime. This finding resonates strongly with the emphasis placed by the blog.ipleaders.in

on poverty as a major contributing factor to crime, particularly in countries with high

economic deprivation. The growing divide between the rich and poor, coupled with a lack of

means to secure a livelihood, often drives individuals towards criminal activities, as

highlighted in the material.

Furthermore, the identification of gang-related activities as a significant perceived cause (5

respondents) aligns with the concerns raised in the Gleaner article titled "Clarendon police

report upsurge in youth involved in crime", which cites the pervasive nature of youth

involvement in crime, gang activity, and the need for targeted interventions in trouble spots

like Denbigh, Palmers Cross, and Toll Gate. The article's discussion on peer pressure and the

lack of opportunities driving youth towards crime resonates with the respondents'

perceptions.

Broken families and lack of parental guidance, cited by (4 respondents), echo the

perspectives shared in the Jamaica Observer article titled “Poverty is the root cause of crime”

by Hanna, who asserts that poverty leads to inadequate parenting and erosion of family

values, perpetuating a vicious cycle of antisocial behaviour. Hanna's advocacy for addressing

poverty through investments in sports, culture, mentorship, and economic opportunities

aligns with the proposed solutions to break this cycle.

The identification of drug trafficking and substance abuse (2 respondents) and inadequate law

enforcement resources (2 respondents) as contributing factors further reflects the multifaceted

nature of the issue, as highlighted in the materials from blog.ipleaders.in, which cite drug

addiction and a flawed justice system as significant factors contributing to increasing crime

rates. Overall, the data from Figure 3 reinforces the notion that a comprehensive approach
 24

targeting socioeconomic factors, family support systems, substance abuse, gang intervention,

and law enforcement is crucial in addressing the root causes of crime in May Pen and other

communities facing similar challenges.

The data from Figure 4 “In your opinion, how much does the availability of firearms

contribute to the crime problem in May Pen?” aligns with the concerns raised in the

Caribbean American Weekly article titled “Gun Violence in Jamaica: The Journey So Far”

(Linda Nwoke, 2024), which is about the prevalence of gun violence and illegal firearm

proliferation in Jamaica. A staggering 70% of respondents (combining the 40% who believe

firearm availability ‘significantly’ contributes to crime and the 30% who see a ‘moderate’

contribution) acknowledge the role that access to firearms plays in fuelling criminal activities

in May Pen. This perception mirrors the article's assertion that illegal firearms and the drug

trade are significant contributing factors to Jamaica's high rates of gun violence. However,

the remaining (30%) of respondents who perceive ‘minimal’ or ‘no link’ between firearm

availability and crime suggest a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted nature of the

problem, which the article also touches upon by mentioning factors like poverty and social

inequality. Overall, the data reflects the complex interplay of various elements in driving

crime rates within the community.

The data from Figure 5, illustrates the far-reaching impacts of crime on the daily lives of May

Pen residents. Fear of violence and insecurity emerged as the most significant consequence,

affecting (30%) of respondents, aligning with the commonly felt effects of crime such as

shock, fear, and anxiety mentioned on victimsupport.org.uk. This pervasive fear likely

contributes to the (20%) who experienced limited mobility due to safety concerns.

Additionally, (20%) cited emotional stress and trauma, reflecting the potential long-term

psychological toll of crime, including conditions like PTSD. Tangible financial losses from

theft and damage affected (15%), while another (15%) avoided certain areas altogether,
 25

disrupting normalcy. The diverse impacts highlight how crime pervades various aspects of

daily life, necessitating comprehensive strategies to address its root causes and consequences.

These tangible consequences not only affect individuals but also the broader community, as

evidenced by the data's depiction of crime's detrimental effect on the local economy and

businesses (Fig. 6). The data from Figure 6 aligns with the broader economic and social costs

of crime highlighted in the World Bank's 2021 report, "Crime and Violence in Jamaica: A

Cost Assessment" and the Gleaner article titled "Business owners feeling the effects of

crime" (Corey Robinson, 2023). The most frequently cited impact, decreased revenue from

the loss of customers (7 respondents), directly correlates with the Gleaner article's mention of

businesses losing customers due to fear of crime. Additionally, the closure of local businesses

and job losses (5 respondents) echo the article's examples of small businesses closing due to

gun violence. The higher security costs for businesses (5 respondents) represent an additional

financial burden, while the deterrence of business investment (3 respondents) hinders

economic growth and job opportunities, as noted in the World Bank report. These findings

illustrate how crime can create a vicious cycle, hampering economic development and

exacerbating societal challenges within the community.

The data from Figures 7 and 8 provide valuable insights into the existing measures and

proposed strategies for preventing and addressing crime in May Pen. These findings align

with the comprehensive and proactive approach advocated in the Gleaner article "Viable

Solutions to Crime" by Paul Gyles.

Figure 7 highlights the current measures in place, with a significant emphasis on more police

patrols and enforcement (35%), which aligns with the government's efforts to deploy mobile

police units and enhance surveillance systems. Additionally, the identification of youth

education and programs (25%) as an existing measure resonates with the article's emphasis
 26

on proactive citizen engagement and community involvement initiatives. However, the data

also reveals that 20% of respondents believe the current measures are insufficient or

ineffective, underscoring the need for continued efforts and a multi-faceted approach.

Figure 8 outlines the strategies respondents believe could reduce crime and enhance safety in

May Pen. Enhancing education and job access (6 respondents) and targeting root causes (3

respondents) align with the article's recognition that addressing underlying socioeconomic

factors like poverty and inequality is crucial for sustainable crime reduction. Furthermore, the

emphasis on installing surveillance and lighting (4 respondents), increasing law enforcement

(4 respondents), and community policing and trust-building (3 respondents) directly aligns

with the government's proposed solutions of strict laws, enhanced surveillance, and fostering

community engagement.

Overall, the data highlights the need for a comprehensive approach that combines law

enforcement efforts with addressing root causes, promoting education and economic

opportunities, and fostering community involvement. This multi-faceted strategy, as

advocated in the Gleaner article "Viable Solutions to Crime", is crucial for ensuring long-

term public safety and economic prosperity in May Pen and Jamaica as a whole.
 27

Conclusion

The investigation offers insightful perspectives into the multifaceted nature of crime in May

Pen, Clarendon, illuminating its underlying causes, impacts, and existing preventive

measures. While a significant segment expresses apprehension over the prevalence of crime,

particularly violent offenses, perceptions of crime levels within the community vary.

Socioeconomic disparities and gang-related activities emerged as primary contributing

factors, underscoring the significance of addressing economic inequalities and implementing

gang intervention initiatives. Crime's repercussions extend beyond direct victims, affecting

community members' sense of security, mobility, and emotional well-being. Furthermore,

criminal activities have had an adverse impact on the local economy and businesses,

impeding economic growth and job opportunities.

Despite current efforts such as increased police presence and youth education programs,

respondents emphasized the need for targeted interventions tackling root causes and

enhancing community-oriented policing efforts. Strategies identified as key approaches to

reducing crime and improving safety include enhancing access to education and employment

opportunities, implementing surveillance systems, and fostering community trust.

Although progress has been made in curbing certain types of crime, persistent challenges

remain, including the availability of firearms and the involvement of youth in criminal

activities. Sustained, multi-faceted efforts involving collaboration between government

agencies, community organizations, and residents are crucial to effectively address these

challenges and create a safer and more prosperous environment for all.

In conclusion, addressing the root causes of crime, strengthening community resilience, and

fostering proactive citizen engagement are vital steps towards realizing May Pen's potential
 28

as a vibrant and secure community. By implementing evidence-based strategies and fostering

collaboration among stakeholders, May Pen can work towards achieving its goal of becoming

an ideal place to live, work, and raise families, free from the scourge of crime and violence.
 29

Limitations

While the study on the causes and effects of crime in May Pen provides valuable insights into

the community's perceptions and experiences, it is essential to acknowledge potential

limitations that may influence the interpretation and generalizability of the findings.

One notable limitation pertains to the sampling method utilized in the study. The research

relied on convenience sampling to select participants from the local community, potentially

resulting in a non-representative sample. The study may have inadvertently excluded voices

from marginalized or underrepresented groups within May Pen, leading to a limited

understanding of the diverse range of perspectives on crime and its impacts.

Additionally, the data collection process primarily involved structured questionnaires with

closed-ended questions. While this approach allowed for systematic data collection, it may

have restricted participants' ability to fully express nuanced experiences and opinions.

Moreover, the presence of the researcher during data collection could have influenced

participants' responses, potentially introducing biases or inaccuracies.

Furthermore, the study represents a snapshot of perceptions and experiences at a specific

point in time. As crime dynamics and community responses may evolve over time, the

findings may not fully capture the dynamic nature of crime in May Pen or reflect long-term

trends accurately.

Lastly, while efforts were made to ensure objectivity, researcher bias may have influenced

various aspects of the study, including the design, data collection, and analysis processes.

Awareness of the potential for bias is crucial for interpreting the findings accurately and

ensuring transparency in reporting.

 30

To address these limitations and enhance the credibility of future research on crime in May

Pen, researchers could consider employing more robust sampling methods to ensure a

representative sample. Additionally, incorporating mixed-methods approaches and

longitudinal studies would provide a more comprehensive understanding of crime dynamics

and their impacts over time. Moreover, implementing measures to mitigate potential biases,

such as independent verification of findings and triangulation of data sources, would

strengthen the validity and reliability of the research.

 31

Recommendations

Based on the insights gathered from research on the causes and effects of crime in May Pen,

several recommendations are proposed to address the underlying factors and mitigate its

impact on the community.

Firstly, May Pen should prioritize investment in crime prevention initiatives aimed at

addressing root causes such as poverty, lack of economic opportunities, and broken family

structures. This could involve implementing targeted interventions to alleviate poverty,

promoting job creation and skill development programs, and providing support services for

at-risk families and individuals. By addressing these socioeconomic factors, May Pen can

effectively reduce the incidence of crime and create a more resilient and prosperous

community.

Secondly, enhancing community policing efforts and fostering greater collaboration between

law enforcement agencies and residents is essential. May Pen should invest in community

policing programs, neighborhood watch initiatives, and citizen engagement platforms to

strengthen trust, communication, and cooperation between police and the community.

Empowering residents to play an active role in crime prevention, reporting suspicious

activities, and supporting law enforcement efforts can significantly improve public safety and

security.

Thirdly, May Pen should prioritize the implementation of targeted interventions to address

specific crime hotspots and high-risk areas within the community. This could involve

deploying additional law enforcement resources, enhancing surveillance measures, and

implementing urban revitalization projects to improve the physical environment and reduce

opportunities for criminal activities. By focusing resources and interventions in areas most
 32

affected by crime, May Pen can maximize the effectiveness of its crime prevention efforts

and achieve tangible results.

Lastly, fostering collaboration and partnerships among government agencies, community

organizations, businesses, and residents is crucial for addressing the complex challenges of

crime in May Pen. By leveraging collective expertise, resources, and networks, stakeholders

can work together to develop and implement comprehensive strategies that address the

multifaceted nature of crime and its impacts on the community. This collaborative approach

will enable May Pen to build a safer, more resilient, and thriving community for all residents.

In conclusion, by implementing these recommendations, May Pen can effectively address the

root causes of crime, strengthen community resilience, and create a safer and more

prosperous environment for its residents.

 33

Appendices

QUESTIONNAIRE
TOPIC: An Investigation into the Causes and Effects of Crime in the Town of May Pen.
Instructions: Kindly mark the box next to the preferred response.
Gender
☐ Male ☐ Female

What age range do you belong to?

☐ Under 18 years ☐ 18-25 years ☐ 26-35 years ☐ 36-45 years
☐ 46-55 years ☐56-65 years ☐ Over 65 years

1) How would you describe the current crime rate in May Pen?
☐ Extremely high ☐ High ☐ Moderate ☐ Low ☐ Not sure

2) Do you feel unsafe when going about your daily activities in May Pen?

☐ Yes, I feel very unsafe ☐Yes, I feel somewhat unsafe ☐ No, I feel generally safe

3) Have you or someone you know been directly affected by crime in the area?
☐ Yes, I have been directly affected.

☐ Yes, someone I know has been directly affected.

☐ No, neither I nor anyone I know has been directly affected.

4) Which categories of criminal activity do you believe are most common in the region?

☐ Violent crimes (e.g., murder, assault, robbery)

☐ Property crimes (e.g., burglary, theft, vandalism)

☐ Drug-related crimes (e.g., possession, trafficking)

☐ White-collar crimes (e.g., fraud, embezzlement)

 34

5) In your opinion, what are the primary causes of crime in May Pen?
☐ Poverty and lack of economic opportunities

☐Gang-related activities

☐ Broken families and lack of parental guidance

☐ Drug trafficking and Substance abuse (drugs, alcohol)
☐ Inadequate law enforcement resources

6) In your opinion, how much does the availability of firearms contribute to the crime
problem in May Pen?
☐ Significantly
☐ Moderately
☐ Minimally
☐ Not at all

7) In your viewpoint, what impact has crime had on the daily lives of May Pen residents?
☐ Fear of violence and insecurity

☐ Limited mobility due to safety concerns

☐ Financial losses from theft and damage

☐ Emotional stress and trauma

☐ Avoiding certain areas for safety

8) How has crime affected the local economy and businesses in May Pen, in your opinion?
☐ Business closures and job losses

☐ Decreased revenue from lost customers

☐ Trouble attracting new businesses or investors

☐ Higher security costs for businesses

9) What effect do you believe crime has had on the sense of community and togetherness in
May Pen?
☐ Strengthened community bonds
 35

☐ Weakened community cohesion

☐ No noticeable impact

☐ Not sure

10) Are there any particular parts in May Pen, Clarendon that are considered to be high-crime
zones?
☐ Yes, there are specific area ☐ No, crime is spread evenly ☐ Not sure

11) How effectively do you believe the local law enforcement authorities in May Pen are
handling criminal activity?
☐ Very effectively - They are doing an excellent job.

☐ Moderately effectively - They are doing an okay job, but there is room for improvement.

☐ Ineffectively - They are not doing enough to address criminal activity.

12) What measures, in your personal view, are currently in place to prevent and address crime
in May Pen?
☐ More police patrols and enforcement
☐ Community outreach and neighborhood watch
☐ Youth education and programs
☐ Better judicial processes and policies
☐ Insufficient or ineffective measures

13) How effective do you think harsher penalties and stricter enforcement of laws would be
in deterring criminal activity?
☐ Very effective
☐ Somewhat effective
☐ Not effective at all
☐ Not sure

14) What strategies do you believe may be employed to reduce crime and enhance safety in
May Pen?
☐Increasing community policing efforts and trust-building initiatives

☐Implementing targeted interventions to address root causes of crime

 36

☐Enhancing access to education, job training, and economic opportunities

☐Installing surveillance systems and improving public lighting in high-risk areas

☐ Increase law enforcement presence.

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https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crime
 37

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