GRAMMAR……………………………………………………………… PROLOGUE GRAMMAR I. Adverbial and Adjectives: 1. Short adverbial / adjectives and long adverbial / adjectives: a. One syllable: Ex: Big, cold, hot, late, now… b. Two syllable ending in one of the following five suffixes: • y : Happy, easy, heavy, lazy,… • er : Clever,… • le : Single, simple,… • ow : Narrow,… • et : Quiet,… Note: Two syllable adverbila / adjectives that also end in -y are only considered short adverbila / adjectives when they themselves end in -y. 2. Long adverbila / adjectives are adjectives with two or more syllable but not one of the five endings above. Ex: Beautiful, handsome, intelligent,… II. Comparative: 1. Definition:
Comparatives in English are used when we went to compare one object with another and express that one of them has some superior characteristics compared to the other, for example bigger, more expensive…
2. Usage: 2.1. Comparative with short adverbila / adjectives 2.1.1. Structure:
S1 + V + adv / adj + -er + than + S2
Ex: Old → Older , Cheap → Cheaper , Big → Bigger…
My mom is older than my dad. 2.1.2. Rules:
• Most adjectives → add -er Ex: Strong → Stronger
He is stronger than his brother. • Adjective ands in -e → add -r Ex: Late → Later Tom came later than Mary. • Adjective ands in consonant + -y → Ex: Heavy → Heavier change -y to -i then add -er My tablet is heavier than my phone. • Adjective ends in one vowel ( a, e, i, o, u ) Ex: Big → Bigger and one consonant ( g, n, t, etc ) → double Headphones are bigger than earbuds. the consonant and add -er
2.2. Comparative with long adverbila / adjectives:
2.2.1. Structure:
S1 + V + more + adv / adj + than + S2
Ex: Useful → More useful , Difficult → More difficult
The new restaurant is more expensive than the one we usually go to.
2.2.2. Rules:
• Adverbial / Adjectives of two or more Ex: Carefully → More carefully
syllables , ends in -ly → Keep the -y She drives more carefully than I do suffix, add more before the word to create a comparative formula
2.3. Comparative with Noun:
S1 + V + more + N + than + S2
Ex: She has more money than me.
2.4. Note: ➢ Add the quantifiers “ much ” , “ a lot ”, “ far “ before adverbial / adjectives when you need to emphasiza the nature, characteristics, and prominence of this thing compared to other things.
Ex: She handled the situation far more professionally than anyone else in the office
➢ In English, there are words that cannot be used when making comparative sentences because the word itself has the meaning of the most perfect, the most wonderful
Ex: Perfect, unique, entire, absolutely,…
III. Superlative: 1. Definition:
Superlatives in English are used to evaluate the outstanding characteristics and
differences of an object compared to a group, which contains at least 3 or more objects.
2. Usage: 2.1. Superlative with short adverbila / adjectives: 2.1.1. Structure:
S + V + the + adv / adj + est + (N)
Ex: Easy → The easiest, Light → The lightest, High → The highest…
Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
2.1.2. Rules:
• Most adjectives → add -est Ex: Tall → Tallest
He is the tallest in my class. • Adjective ends in -e → add -st Ex: Nice → Nicest This is the nicest beach I’ve ever been to • Adjective ends in consonant + -y → change -y Ex: Easy → Easiest to -i then add -est The easiest language is Spanish. • Adjective ends in one vowel ( a, e, i , o, u ) Ex: Hot → Hottest and one consanant ( g, n, t, ect.) → double the Yesterday was the hottest day of the year. consonant and add -est 2.2. Superlative with long adverbila / adjectives:
S + V + the most + adv / adj + (N)
Ex: Handsome → The most handsome , Beautiful → The most beautiful…
Thanh is the most handsome boy in the neighborhood.
2.3. Worst comparison:
S + V + the least + adv / adj + (N)
Ex: Her ideas were the least practical suggestions.
2.4. Superlative with Noun:
S + V + the + most + N
Ex: He is a billionaire. He has the most money.
2.5. Note: ➢ When wanting to emphasize a prominent or most distinctive feature of an object compared to the rest of the group, learners can add the phrase “much” , “ almost ”, or “ by far / far ” before the original adjective / adverb.
Ex: This new laptop is by far the most powerful one on the market.
➢ Most when used with the meaning very does not have the before and does not umly comparison. ➢ We don’t use the with words like my, your, ect. IV. Irregular adjectives in comparativw structures:
In the superlative and comparative formulas, in addition to the above changes in the form of adverbila / adjectives, some other words have special changes as follow.
1. Irregular adjectives: Adjective Comparative Superlative Meaning
Good / Well Better Best Tốt
Bad Worse Worst Tệ
Far Farther/Further The farthest/The Furthest Xa
Much/Many More/Much Most Nhiều
Little Less Least Ít
Old Older/Elder Oldest/Eldest Già
2. Adjectives can be used in both the “ -er/ -est ” and “ more / most ” forms.
Adjective Comparative Superlative Meaning Clever Cleverer/ More The cleverest/ The most Thông thái clever clever Gentle Gentler/ More gentle The gentlest/ The most gentle Nhẹ nhàng Friendlier/ More The friendlest/ The most Friendly Thân thiện friendly friendly Quiet Quieter/ More quiet The quietest/ The most quiet Yên tĩnh Simple Simpler/ More The simplest/ The most Đơn giản simple simple Narrower/ More The narrowest/ The most Narrow Chật hẹp narrow narrow
3. Absolute adjectives do not use comparative form.
In addition to the above adjectives, there is one form to note: absolute adjectives so not have a comparative form.
Adjective Do not use Meaning
Wrong Wronger/ Wrongest Sai trái, không đúng Unique More unique/ Most unique Duy nhất, đơn nhất Blind More blind/ Most blind Mù Dead Deader/ Deadest Đã tử vong More fatal/ Most fatal Fatal Gây tử vong Final More final/ Most final Cuối cùng Universal More universal/ Most universal Phổ biến, phổ thông Vertical/ Horizontal Theo chiều dọc/ Theo chiều More vertical/ Most vertical ngang
