The_Art_Of_War

Classic Etexts Series
Sun Tzu on the

Art of War
THE OLDEST MILITARY TREATISE IN THE WORLD
Allandale Online
Publishing
Sun Tzu on the
Art of War
THE OLDEST MILITARY TREATISE IN THE WORLD
Translated from the Chinese

By LIONEL GILES, M.A. (1910)
Published by
Allandale Online Publishing
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Leicester LE2 1WS, England
Published 2000
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ISBN 1-903328-03-9
CONTENTS
I: Laying Plans 1
II: Waging War 5
III: Attack by Stratagem 8
IV: Tactical dispositions 12
V: Energy 15
VI: Weak Points and Strong 19
VII: Maneuvering 25
VIII: Variation in Tactics 30
IX: The Army on the March 33
X: Terrain 40
XI: The Nine Situations 46
XII: The Attack by Fire 56
XIII: The Use of Spies 59

Sun Tzu on the Art of War
I
Laying Plans
1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to

the State.
2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safe-

ty or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can
on no account be neglected.
3. The art of war, then, is governed by five

constant factors, to be taken into account in one’s delib-
erations, when seeking to determine the conditions
obtaining in the field.
4. These are:
(1) The Moral Law;
(2) Heaven;
(3) Earth;
(4) The Commander;
(5) Method and discipline.
5,6. The Moral Law causes the people to be in com-

plete accord with their ruler, so that they will follow
him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any dan-
ger.
7. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times

and seasons.
1
8. Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger

and security; open ground and narrow passes; the
chances of life and death.
9. The Commander stands for the virtues of

wisdom, sincerely, benevolence, courage and strict-
ness.
10. By method and discipline are to be understood the

marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the
graduations of rank among the officers, the mainte-
nance of roads by which supplies may reach the army,
and the control of military expenditure.
11. These five heads should be familiar to every gener-

al: he who knows them will be victorious; he who
knows them not will fail.
12. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to

determine the military conditions, let them be made the
basis of a comparison, in this wise:—
13. (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the

Moral law?
(2) Which of the two generals has most ability?
(3) With whom lie the advantages derived from
Heaven and Earth?
(4) On which side is discipline most rigorously
enforced?
(5) Which army is stronger?
2
(6) On which side are officers and men more high-

ly trained?
(7) In which army is there the greater
constancy both in reward and punishment?
14. By means of these seven considerations I can fore-

cast victory or defeat.
15. The general that hearkens to my counsel and

acts upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in
command! The general that hearkens not to my coun-
sel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:—let such a one
be dismissed!
16. While heading the profit of my counsel, avail your-

self also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond
the ordinary rules.
17. According as circumstances are favorable, one

should modify one’s plans.
18. All warfare is based on deception.
19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem

unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive;
when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we
are far away; when far away, we must make him
believe we are near.
20. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disor-

der, and crush him.
3
21. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If

he is in superior strength, evade him.
22. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irri-

tate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arro-
gant.
23. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his

forces are united, separate them.
24. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear

where you are not expected.
25. These military devices, leading to victory, must not

be divulged beforehand.
26. Now the general who wins a battle makes

many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought.
The general who loses a battle makes but few calcula-
tions beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to
victory, and few calculations to defeat: how much more
no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point that
I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.
4
II
Waging War
1. Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war, where there
are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as many
heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad sol-
diers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand
li, the expenditure at home and at the front, including
entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and
paint, and sums spent on chariots and armor, will reach
the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Such
is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.
2. When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is

long in coming, then men’s weapons will grow dull and
their ardor will be damped. If you lay siege to a town,
you will exhaust your strength.
3. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of

the State will not be equal to the strain.
4. Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor

damped, your strength exhausted and your treasure
spent, other chieftains will spring up to take advantage
of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be
able to avert the consequences that must ensue.
5. Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war,

cleverness has never been seen associated with long
delays.
5
6. There is no instance of a country having benefited

from prolonged warfare.
7. It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the

evils of war that can thoroughly understand the prof-
itable way of carrying it on.
8. The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy, nei-

ther are his supply-wagons loaded more than twice.
9. Bring war material with you from home, but forage

on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for
its needs.
10. Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be

maintained by contributions from a distance.
Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes
the people to be impoverished.
11. On the other hand, the proximity of an army caus-

es prices to go up; and high prices cause the people’s
substance to be drained away.
12. When their substance is drained away, the peas-

antry will be afflicted by heavy exactions.
13,14. With this loss of substance and exhaustion of

strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare,
and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated;
while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-
out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows,
6
spears and shields, protective mantles, draught-oxen

and heavy wagons, will amount to four-tenths of its
total revenue.
15. Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on

the enemy. One cartload of the enemy’s provisions is
equivalent to twenty of one’s own, and likewise a sin-
gle picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from
one’s own store.
16. Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be

roused to anger; that there may be advantage from
defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards.
17. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more

chariots have been taken, those should be rewarded
who took the first. Our own flags should be substituted
for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and
used in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers
should be kindly treated and kept.
18. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment

one’s own strength.
19. In war, then, let your great object be victory, not

lengthy campaigns.
20. Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is

the arbiter of the people’s fate, the man on whom it
depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.
7
III
Attack by Stratagem
1. Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best
thing of all is to take the enemy’s country whole and
intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too,
it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it,
to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company
entire than to destroy them.
2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not

supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in
breaking the enemy’s resistance without fighting.
3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the

enemy’s plans; the next best is to prevent the junction
of the enemy’s forces; the next in order is to attack the
enemy’s army in the field; and the worst policy of all is
to besiege walled cities.
4. The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can pos-

sibly be avoided. The preparation of mantlets, movable
shelters, and various implements of war, will take up
three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over
against the walls will take three months more.
5. The general, unable to control his irritation, will

launch his men to the assault like swarming ants, with
the result that one-third of his men are slain while the
8
town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous

effects of a siege.
6. Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy’s

troops without any fighting; he captures their cities
without laying siege to them; he overthrows their king-
dom without lengthy operations in the field.
7. With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of

the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph
will be complete. This is the method of attacking by
stratagem.
8. It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the

enemy’s one, to surround him; if five to one, to attack
him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two.
9. If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly

inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy; if quite
unequal in every way, we can flee from him.
10. Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a

small force, in the end it must be captured by the larg-
er force.
11. Now the general is the bulwark of the State; if the

bulwark is complete at all points; the State will be
strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will be
weak.
9
12. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring

misfortune upon his army:—
13. (1) By commanding the army to advance or to

retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey.
This is called hobbling the army.
14. (2) By attempting to govern an army in the same

way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the
conditions which obtain in an army. This causes rest-
lessness in the soldier’s minds.
15. (3) By employing the officers of his army without

discrimination, through ignorance of the military prin-
ciple of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the
confidence of the soldiers.
16. But when the army is restless and distrustful, trou-

ble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This
is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging
victory away.
17. Thus we may know that there are five essentials

for victory:
(1) He will win who knows when to fight and when
not to fight.
(2) He will win who knows how to handle both
superior and inferior forces.
(3) He will win whose army is animated by the
same spirit throughout all its ranks.
10
(4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take

the enemy unprepared.
(5) He will win who has military capacity and is not
interfered with by the sovereign.
18. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and

know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hun-
dred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy,
for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If
you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will suc-
cumb in every battle.
11
IV
Tactical Dispositions
1. Sun Tzu said: The good fighters of old first put them-
selves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then wait-
ed for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.
2. To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own

hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is
provided by the enemy himself.
3. Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself

against defeat, but cannot make certain of defeating the
enemy.
4. Hence the saying: One may know how to conquer

without being able to do it.
5. Security against defeat implies defensive tactics;

ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive.
6. Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient

strength; attacking, a superabundance of strength.
7. The general who is skilled in defense hides in the

most secret recesses of the earth; he who is skilled in
attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heav-
en. Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect our-
selves; on the other, a victory that is complete.
12
8. To see victory only when it is within the ken of the

common herd is not the acme of excellence.
9. Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and

conquer and the whole Empire says, “Well done!”
10. To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength;

to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight; to
hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear.
11. What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who

not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.
12. Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for

wisdom nor credit for courage.
13. He wins his battles by making no mistakes. Making

no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory,
for it means conquering an enemy that is already
defeated.
14. Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a posi-

tion which makes defeat impossible, and does not miss
the moment for defeating the enemy.
15. Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only

seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he
who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards
looks for victory.
13
16. The consummate leader cultivates the moral law,

and strictly adheres to method and discipline; thus it is
in his power to control success.
17. In respect of military method, we have, firstly,

Measurement; secondly, Estimation of quantity; third-
ly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances; fifthly,
Victory.
18. Measurement owes its existence to Earth;

Estimation of quantity to Measurement; Calculation to
Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to
Calculation; and Victory to Balancing of chances.
19. A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a

pound’s weight placed in the scale against a single
grain.
20. The onrush of a conquering force is like the burst-

ing of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms
deep.
14
V
Energy
1. Sun Tzu said: The control of a large force is the same
principle as the control of a few men: it is merely a
question of dividing up their numbers.
2. Fighting with a large army under your command is

nowise different from fighting with a small one: it is
merely a question of instituting signs and signals.
3. To ensure that your whole host may withstand the

brunt of the enemy’s attack and remain unshaken—this
is effected by maneuvers direct and indirect.
4. That the impact of your army may be like a grind-

stone dashed against an egg—this is effected by the sci-
ence of weak points and strong.
5. In all fighting, the direct method may be used for

joining battle, but indirect methods will be needed in
order to secure victory.
6. Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible

as Heaven and Earth, unending as the flow of rivers
and streams; like the sun and moon, they end but to
begin anew; like the four seasons, they pass away to
return once more.
15
7. There are not more than five musical notes, yet the
combinations of these five give rise to more melodies
than can ever be heard.
8. There are not more than five primary colors (blue,

yellow, red, white, and black), yet in combination they
produce more hues than can ever been seen.
9. There are not more than five cardinal tastes (sour,

acrid, salt, sweet, bitter), yet combinations of them
yield more flavors than can ever be tasted.
10. In battle, there are not more than two methods of

attack—the direct and the indirect; yet these two in
combination give rise to an endless series of maneu-
vers.
11. The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in

turn. It is like moving in a circle—you never come to
an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their com-
bination?
12. The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent

which will even roll stones along in its course.
13. The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop

of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy its vic-
tim.
14. Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his

onset, and prompt in his decision.
16
15. Energy may be likened to the bending of a cross-

bow; decision, to the releasing of a trigger.
16. Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be

seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all; amid
confusion and chaos, your array may be without head
or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.
17. Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline,

simulated fear postulates courage; simulated weakness
postulates strength.
18. Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is sim-

ply a question of subdivision; concealing courage
under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent
energy; masking strength with weakness is to be effect-
ed by tactical dispositions.
19. Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy on

the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to
which the enemy will act. He sacrifices something,
that the enemy may snatch at it.
20. By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march;

then with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him.
21. The clever combatant looks to the effect of com-

bined energy, and does not require too much from indi-
viduals. Hence his ability to pick out the right men and
utilize combined energy.
17
22. When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting

men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones.
For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain motion-
less on level ground, and to move when on a slope; if
four-cornered, to come to a standstill, but if round-
shaped, to go rolling down.
23. Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is

as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a
mountain thousands of feet in height. So much on the
subject of energy.
18
VI
Weak Points and Strong
1. Sun Tzu said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits
the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight;
whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to bat-
tle will arrive exhausted.
2. Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on

the enemy, but does not allow the enemy’s will to be
imposed on him.
3. By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the

enemy to approach of his own accord; or, by inflicting
damage, he can make it impossible for the enemy to
draw near.
4. If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him; if

well supplied with food, he can starve him out; if qui-
etly encamped, he can force him to move.
5. Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to

defend; march swiftly to places where you are not
expected.
6. An army may march great distances without distress,

if it marches through country where the enemy is not.
7. You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you

only attack places which are undefended.You can
19
ensure the safety of your defense if you only hold posi-

tions that cannot be attacked.
8. Hence that general is skillful in attack whose oppo-

nent does not know what to defend; and he is skillful in
defense whose opponent does not know what to attack.
9. O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you

we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible; and
hence we can hold the enemy’s fate in our hands.
10. You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if

you make for the enemy’s weak points; you may retire
and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more
rapid than those of the enemy.
11. If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an

engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high
rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is attack some
other place that he will be obliged to relieve.
12. If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the

enemy from engaging us even though the lines of our
encampment be merely traced out on the ground. All
we need do is to throw something odd and unaccount-
able in his way.
13. By discovering the enemy’s dispositions and

remaining invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces
concentrated, while the enemy’s must be divided.
20
14. We can form a single united body, while the enemy

must split up into fractions. Hence there will be a
whole pitted against separate parts of a whole, which
means that we shall be many to the enemy’s few.
15. And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force

with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire
straits.
16. The spot where we intend to fight must not be made

known; for then the enemy will have to prepare against
a possible attack at several different points; and his
forces being thus distributed in many directions, the
numbers we shall have to face at any given point will
be proportionately few.
17. For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will

weaken his rear; should he strengthen his rear, he will
weaken his van; should he strengthen his left, he will
weaken his right; should he strengthen his right, he will
weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements every-
where, he will everywhere be weak.
18. Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare

against possible attacks; numerical strength, from com-
pelling our adversary to make these preparations
against us.
19. Knowing the place and the time of the coming bat-
tle, we may concentrate from the greatest distances in
order to fight.
21
20. But if neither time nor place be known, then the left
wing will be impotent to succor the right, the right
equally impotent to succor the left, the van unable to
relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van. How
much more so if the furthest portions of the army are
anything under a hundred LI apart, and even the near-
est are separated by several LI!
21. Though according to my estimate the soldiers of

Yueh exceed our own in number, that shall advantage
them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then that
victory can be achieved.
22. Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may

prevent him from fighting. Scheme so as to discover
his plans and the likelihood of their success.
23. Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or

inactivity. Force him to reveal himself, so as to find out
his vulnerable spots.
24. Carefully compare the opposing army with your

own, so that you may know where strength is super-
abundant and where it is deficient.
25. In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch

you can attain is to conceal them; conceal your dispo-
sitions, and you will be safe from the prying of the sub-
tlest spies, from the machinations of the wisest brains.
22
26. How victory may be produced for them out of the

enemy’s own tactics—that is what the multitude cannot
comprehend.
27. All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but
what none can see is the strategy out of which victory
is evolved.
28. Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you

one victory, but let your methods be regulated by the
infinite variety of circumstances.
29. Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its
natural course runs away from high places and hastens
downwards.
30. So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to

strike at what is weak.
31. Water shapes its course according to the nature of

the ground over which it flows; the soldier works out
his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.
32. Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape,

so in warfare there are no constant conditions.
33. He who can modify his tactics in relation to his

opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be
called a heaven-born captain.
23
34. The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth)

are not always equally predominant; the four seasons
make way for each other in turn. There are short days
and long; the moon has its periods of waning and wax-
ing.
24
VII
Maneuvering
1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his com-
mands from the sovereign.
2. Having collected an army and concentrated his

forces, he must blend and harmonize the different ele-
ments thereof before pitching his camp.
3. After that, comes tactical maneuvering, than which

there is nothing more difficult. The difficulty of tactical
maneuvering consists in turning the devious into the
direct, and misfortune into gain.
4. Thus, to take a long and circuitous route, after entic-

ing the enemy out of the way, and though starting after
him, to contrive to reach the goal before him, shows
knowledge of the artifice of DEVIATION.
5. Maneuvering with an army is advantageous; with an

undisciplined multitude, most dangerous.
6. If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to

snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be
too late. On the other hand, to detach a flying column
for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage
and stores.
25
7. Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-

coats, and make forced marches without halting day or
night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch,
doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage, the
leaders of all your three divisions will fall into the
hands of the enemy.
8. The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will

fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth of your
army will reach its destination.
9. If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver the

enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division,
and only half your force will reach the goal.
10. If you march thirty LI with the same object, two-

thirds of your army will arrive.
11. We may take it then that an army without its bag-

gage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost; without
bases of supply it is lost.
12. We cannot enter into alliances until we are

acquainted with the designs of our neighbors.
13. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless

we are familiar with the face of the country—its moun-
tains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes
and swamps.
26
14. We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to

account unless we make use of local guides.
15. In war, practice dissimulation, and you will suc-

ceed.
16. Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops,

must be decided by circumstances.
17. Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your com-

pactness that of the forest.
18. In raiding and plundering be like fire, is immov-

ability like a mountain.
19. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night,

and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt.
20. When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be

divided amongst your men; when you capture new ter-
ritory, cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the sol-
diery.
21. Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.
22. He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of devi-

ation. Such is the art of maneuvering.
23. The Book of Army Management says: On the field

of battle, the spoken word does not carry far enough:
hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor can
27
ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the

institution of banners and flags.
24. Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means

whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focused
on one particular point.
25. The host thus forming a single united body, is it

impossible either for the brave to advance alone, or for
the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art of handling
large masses of men.
26. In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-

fires and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and
banners, as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of
your army.
27. A whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a com-

mander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of
mind.
28. Now a soldier’s spirit is keenest in the morning; by

noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening, his
mind is bent only on returning to camp.
29. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when

its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish and
inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods.
28
30. Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of

disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy:—this is the
art of retaining self-possession.
31. To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from
it, to wait at ease while the enemy is toiling and strug-
gling, to be well-fed while the enemy is famished:—
this is the art of husbanding one’s strength.
32. To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose ban-

ners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking an
army drawn up in calm and confident array:—this is
the art of studying circumstances.
33. It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against

the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.
34. Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do

not attack soldiers whose temper is keen.
35. Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy. Do not

interfere with an army that is returning home.
36. When you surround an army, leave an outlet free.

Do not press a desperate foe too hard.
37. Such is the art of warfare.
29
VIII
Variation in Tactics
1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his com-
mands from the sovereign, collects his army and con-
centrates his forces.
2. When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country

where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies.
Do not linger in dangerously isolated positions. In
hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem. In
desperate position, you must fight.
3. There are roads which must not be followed, armies

which must be not attacked, towns which must be
besieged, positions which must not be contested, com-
mands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.
4. The general who thoroughly understands the advan-

tages that accompany variation of tactics knows how to
handle his troops.
5. The general who does not understand these, may be

well acquainted with the configuration of the country,
yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to practi-
cal account.
30
6. So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of

war of varying his plans, even though he be acquainted
with the Five Advantages, will fail to make the best use
of his men.
7. Hence in the wise leader’s plans, considerations of

advantage and of disadvantage will be blended togeth-
er.
8. If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this

way, we may succeed in accomplishing the essential
part of our schemes.
9. If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we

are always ready to seize an advantage, we may extri-
cate ourselves from misfortune.
10. Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on

them; and make trouble for them, and keep them con-
stantly engaged; hold out specious allurements, and
make them rush to any given point.
11. The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likeli-

hood of the enemy’s not coming, but on our own readi-
ness to receive him; not on the chance of his not attack-
ing, but rather on the fact that we have made our posi-
tion unassailable.
12. There are five dangerous faults which may affect a

general:
(1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction;
31
(2) cowardice, which leads to capture;

(3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by
insults;
(4) a delicacy of honor which is sensitive to shame;
(5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him
to worry and trouble.
13. These are the five besetting sins of a general,

ruinous to the conduct of war.
14. When an army is overthrown and its leader slain,

the cause will surely be found among these five dan-
gerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation.
32
IX
The Army on the March
1. Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of
encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy.
Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neigh-
borhood of valleys.
2. Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb

heights in order to fight. So much for mountain war-
fare.
3. After crossing a river, you should get far away from

it.
4. When an invading force crosses a river in its onward

march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will
be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver
your attack.
5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet

the invader near a river which he has to cross.
6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and fac-

ing the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy.
So much for river warfare.
7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should

be to get over them quickly, without any delay.
33
8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have

water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump
of trees. So much for operations in salt-marches.
9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible

position with rising ground to your right and on your
rear, so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie
behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.
10. These are the four useful branches of military

knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to van-
quish four several sovereigns.
11. All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny

places to dark.
12. If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard

ground, the army will be free from disease of every
kind, and this will spell victory.
13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the

sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you
will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and uti-
lize the natural advantages of the ground.
14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a

river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked
with foam, you must wait until it subsides.
15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with

torrents running between, deep natural hollows, con-
34
fined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevass-

es, should be left with all possible speed and not
approached.
16. While we keep away from such places, we should

get the enemy to approach them; while we face them,
we should let the enemy have them on his rear.
17. If in the neighborhood of your camp there should

be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic
grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with
thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out
and searched; for these are places where men in
ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking.
18. When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet,

he is relying on the natural strength of his position.
19. When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle,

he is anxious for the other side to advance.
20. If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is

tendering a bait.
21. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that

the enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number
of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the
enemy wants to make us suspicious.
35
22. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an

ambuscade. Startled beasts indicate that a sudden
attack is coming.
23. When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the

sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but
spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach of
infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it
shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood.
A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the
army is encamping.
24. Humble words and increased preparations are signs

that the enemy is about to advance. Violent language
and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he
will retreat.
25. When the light chariots come out first and take up
a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is
forming for battle.
26. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn

covenant indicate a plot.
27. When there is much running about and the soldiers

fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has
come.
28. When some are seen advancing and some retreat-

ing, it is a lure.
36
29. When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears,

they are faint from want of food.
30. If those who are sent to draw water begin by drink-

ing themselves, the army is suffering from thirst.
31. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and

makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted.
32. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamor

by night betokens nervousness.
33. If there is disturbance in the camp, the general’s

authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted
about, sedition is afoot. If the officers are angry, it
means that the men are weary.
34. When an rmy feeds its horses with grain and kills
its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their
cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they
will not return to their tents, you may know that they
are determined to fight to the death.
35. The sight of men whispering together in small

knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffec-
tion amongst the rank and file.
36. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at

the end of his resources; too many punishments betray
a condition of dire distress.
37. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at

37
the enemy’s numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelli-

gence.
38. When envoys are sent with compliments in their

mouths, it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce.
39. If the enemy’s troops march up angrily and remain

facing ours for a long time without either joining battle
or taking themselves off again, the situation is one that
demands great vigilance and circumspection.
40. If our troops are no more in number than the enemy,

that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct
attack can be made. What we can do is simply to con-
centrate all our available strength, keep a close watch
on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements.
41. He who exercises no forethought but makes light of

his opponents is sure to be captured by them.
42. If soldiers are punished before they have grown

attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and,
unless submissive, then will be practically useless. If,
when the soldiers have become attached to you, pun-
ishments are not enforced, they will still be unless.
43. Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first

instance with humanity, but kept under control by
means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to vic-
tory.
38
44. If in training soldiers commands are habitually

enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not, its
discipline will be bad.
45. If a general shows confidence in his men but

always insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will
be mutual.
39
X
Terrain
1. Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of ter-
rain, to wit:
(1) Accessible ground;
(2) entangling ground;
(3)temporizing ground;
(4) narrow passes;
(5) precipitousheights;
(6) positions at a great distance from the enemy.
2. Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides

is called accessible.
3. With regard to ground of this nature, be before the

enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots, and
carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you will be
able to fight with advantage.
4. Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-

occupy is called entangling.
5. From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unpre-

pared, you may sally forth and defeat him. But if the
enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to
defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will
ensue.
40
6. When the position is such that neither side will gain

by making the first move, it is called temporizing
ground.
7. In a position of this sort, even though the enemy

should offer us an attractive bait, it will be advisable
not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the
enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has
come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.
8. With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy

them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await
the advent of the enemy.
9. Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass,

do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but
only if it is weakly garrisoned.
10. With regard to precipitous heights, if you are

beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the
raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come
up.
11. If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not

follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away.
12. If you are situated at a great distance from the
enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal, it is
not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be to
your disadvantage.
41
13. These six are the principles connected with Earth.

The general who has attained a responsible post must
be careful to study them.
14. Now an army is exposed to six several calamities,

not arising from natural causes, but from faults for
which the general is responsible. These are:
(1) Flight;
(2) insubordination;
(3) collapse;
(4) ruin;
(5) disorganization;
(6) rout.
15. Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled

against another ten times its size, the result will be the
flight of the former.
16. When the common soldiers are too strong and their
officers too weak, the result is insubordination. When
the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too
weak, the result is collapse.
17. When the higher officers are angry and insubordi-

nate, and on meeting the enemy give battle on their
own account from a feeling of resentment, before the
commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a
position to fight, the result is ruin.
18. When the general is weak and without authority;

when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there
42
are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men, and

the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner,
the result is utter disorganization.
19. When a general, unable to estimate the enemy’s

strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger
one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful
one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front
rank, the result must be rout.
20. These are six ways of courting defeat, which must

be carefully noted by the general who has attained a
responsible post.
21. The natural formation of the country is the soldier’s

best ally; but a power of estimating the adversary, of
controlling the forces of victory, and of shrewdly cal-
culating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes
the test of a great general.
22. He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his

knowledge into practice, will win his battles. He who
knows them not, nor practices them, will surely be
defeated.
23. If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must

fight, even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not
result in victory, then you must not fight even at the
ruler’s bidding.
43
24. The general who advances without coveting fame

and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only
thought is to protect his country and do good service
for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
25. Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will

follow you into the deepest valleys; look upon them as
your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you
even unto death.
26. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make

your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce
your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling
disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt
children; they are useless for any practical purpose.
27. If we know that our own men are in a condition to

attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open to
attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
28. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are

unaware that our own men are not in a condition to
attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
29. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and

also know that our men are in a condition to attack, but
are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fight-
ing impracticable, we have still gone only halfway
towards victory.
44
30. Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is

never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is
never at a loss.
31. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and

know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt; if
you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your
victory complete.
45
XI
The Nine Situations
1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine vari-
eties of ground:
(1) Dispersive ground;
(2) facile ground;
(3) contentious ground;
(4) open ground;
(5) ground of intersecting highways;
(6) serious ground;
(7) difficult ground;
(8) hemmed-in ground;
(9) desperate ground.
2. When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is

dispersive ground.
3. When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to

no great distance, it is facile ground.
4. Ground the possession of which imports great

advantage to either side, is contentious ground.
5. Ground on which each side has liberty of movement

is open ground.
6. Ground which forms the key to three contiguous

states, so that he who occupies it first has most of the
46
Empire at his command, is a ground of intersecting

highways.
7. When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hos-

tile country, leaving a number of fortified cities in its
rear, it is serious ground.
8. Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens—

all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult
ground.
9. Ground which is reached through narrow gorges,

and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths so
that a small number of the enemy would suffice to
crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in
ground.
10. Ground on which we can only be saved from

destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate
ground.
11. On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile

ground, halt not. On contentious ground, attack not.
12. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy’s

way. On the ground of intersecting highways, join
hands with your allies.
13. On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult

ground, keep steadily on the march.
47
14. On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On des-

perate ground, fight.
15. Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew

how to drive a wedge between the enemy’s front and
rear; to prevent co-operation between his large and
small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescu-
ing the bad, the officers from rallying their men.
16. When the enemy’s men were united, they managed

to keep them in disorder.
17. When it was to their advantage, they made a for-

ward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.
18. If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy

in orderly array and on the point of marching to the
attack, I should say: “Begin by seizing something
which your opponent holds dear; then he will be
amenable to your will.”
19. Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of

the enemy’s unreadiness, make your way by unexpect-
ed routes, and attack unguarded spots.
20. The following are the principles to be observed by

an invading force: The further you penetrate into a
country, the greater will be the solidarity of your
troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against
you.
48
21. Make forays in fertile country in order to supply

your army with food.
22. Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do

not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard
your strength. Keep your army continually on the
move, and devise unfathomable plans.
23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is

no escape, and they will prefer death to flight. If they
will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve.
Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost
strength.
24. Soldiers wheen in desperate straits lose the sense of

fear. If there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm.
If they are in hostile country, they will show a stubborn
front. If there is no help for it, they will fight hard.
25. Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers

will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to
be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions,
they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be
trusted.
26. Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with

superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes, no
calamity need be feared.
27. If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it

is not because they have a distaste for riches; if their
49
lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are dis-
inclined to longevity.
28. On the day they are ordered out to battle, your sol-
diers may weep, those sitting up bedewing their gar-
ments, and those lying down letting the tears run down
their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay, and
they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.
29. The skillful tactician may be likened to the shuai-

jan. Now the shuai-jan is a snake that is found in the
ChUng mountains. Strike at its head, and you will be
attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you will be
attacked by its head; strike at its middle, and you will
be attacked by head and tail both.
30. Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-

jan, I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the
men of Yueh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a
river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they
will come to each other’s assistance just as the left hand
helps the right.
31. Hence it is not enough to put one’s trust in the teth-

ering of horses, and the burying of chariot wheels in the
ground
32. The principle on which to manage an army is to set

up one standard of courage which all must reach.
50
33. How to make the best of both strong and weak—

that is a question involving the proper use of ground.
34. Thus the skillful general conducts his army just as

though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the
hand.
35. It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus

ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain
order.
36. He must be able to mystify his officers and men by

false reports and appearances, and thus keep them in
total ignorance.
37. By altering his arrangements and changing his

plans, he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge.
By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes, he
prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.
38. At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts

like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks
away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep
into hostile territory before he shows his hand.
39. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots;

like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives his
men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he
is going.
51
40. To muster his host and bring it into danger:—this

may be termed the business of the general.
41. The different measures suited to the nine varieties

of ground; the expediency of aggressive or defensive
tactics; and the fundamental laws of human nature:
these are things that must most certainly be studied.
42. When invading hostile territory, the general princi-

ple is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion; pene-
trating but a short way means dispersion.
43. When you leave your own country behind, and take
your army across neighborhood territory, you find
yourself on critical ground. When there are means of
communication on all four sides, the ground is one of
intersecting highways.
44. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is seri-

ous ground. When you penetrate but a little way, it is
facile ground.
45. When you have the enemy’s strongholds on your

rear, and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in
ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it is
desperate ground.
46. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire

my men with unity of purpose. On facile ground, I
would see that there is close connection between all
parts of my army.
52
47. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.
48. On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my

defenses. On ground of intersecting highways, I would
consolidate my alliances.
49. On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continu-

ous stream of supplies. On difficult ground, I would
keep pushing on along the road.
50. On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of

retreat. On desperate ground, I would proclaim to my
soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.
51. For it is the soldier’s disposition to offer an obsti-

nate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard when he
cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he has
fallen into danger.
52. We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring

princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We
are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are
familiar with the face of the country—its mountains
and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and
swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages
to account unless we make use of local guides.
53. To be ignored of any one of the following four or

five principles does not befit a warlike prince.
53
54. When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his

generalship shows itself in preventing the concentra-
tion of the enemy’s forces. He overawes his opponents,
and their allies are prevented from joining against him.
55. Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and
sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states. He
carries out his own secret designs, keeping his antago-
nists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their cities and
overthrow their kingdoms.
56. Bestow rewards without regard to rule, issue orders

without regard to previous arrangements; and you will
be able to handle a whole army as though you had to do
with but a single man.
57. Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never

let them know your design. When the outlook is bright,
bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when
the situation is gloomy.
58. Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive;

plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off in
safety.
59. For it is precisely when a force has fallen into

harm’s way that is capable of striking a blow for victo-
ry.
60. Success in warfare is gained by carefully accom-

modating ourselves to the enemy’s purpose.
54
61. By persistently hanging on the enemy’s flank, we

shall succeed in the long run in killing the commander-
in-chief.
62. This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer

cunning.
63. On the day that you take up your command, block

the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies, and stop
the passage of all emissaries.
64. Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may

control the situation.
65. If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.
66. Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds

dear, and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the
ground.
67. Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate

yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive bat-
tle.
68. At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until

the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate
the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late for
the enemy to oppose you.
55
XII
The Attack by Fire
1. Sun Tzu said: There are five ways of attacking with
fire. The first is to burn soldiers in their camp; the sec-
ond is to burn stores; the third is to burn baggage trains;
the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines; the fifth is
to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy.
2. In order to carry out an attack, we must have means

available. The material for raising fire should always
be kept in readiness.
3. There is a proper season for making attacks with fire,

and special days for starting a conflagration.
4. The proper season is when the weather is very dry;

the special days are those when the moon is in the con-
stellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing or the
Cross-bar; for these four are all days of rising wind.
5. In attacking with fire, one should be prepared to

meet five possible developments:
6. (1) When fire breaks out inside to enemy’s camp,

respond at once with an attack from without.
7. (2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy’s

soldiers remain quiet, bide your time and do not attack.
56
8. (3) When the force of the flames has reached its

height, follow it up with an attack, if that is practicable;
if not, stay where you are.
9. (4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire from

without, do not wait for it to break out within, but
deliver your attack at a favorable moment.
10. (5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it. Do

not attack from the leeward.
11. A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a

night breeze soon falls.
12. In every army, the five developments connected

with fire must be known, the movements of the stars
calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days.
13. Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack

show intelligence; those who use water as an aid to the
attack gain an accession of strength.
14. By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted,

but not robbed of all his belongings.
15. Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his bat-
tles and succeed in his attacks without cultivating the
spirit of enterprise; for the result is waste of time and
general stagnation.
57
16. Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his

plans well ahead; the good general cultivates his
resources.
17. Move not unless you see an advantage; use not your
troops unless there is something to be gained; fight not
unless the position is critical.
18. No ruler should put troops into the field merely to

gratify his own spleen; no general should fight a battle
simply out of pique.
19. If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if

not, stay where you are.
20. Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation

may be succeeded by content.
21. But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can

never come again into being; nor can the dead ever be
brought back to life.
22. Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful and the

good general full of caution. This is the way to keep a
country at peace and an army intact.
58
XIII
The Use of Spies
1. Sun Tzu said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand
men and marching them great distances entails heavy
loss on the people and a drain on the resources of the
State. The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand
ounces of silver. There will be commotion at home and
abroad, and men will drop down exhausted on the high-
ways. As many as seven hundred thousand families
will be impeded in their labor.
2. Hostile armies may face each other for years, striv-
ing for the victory which is decided in a single day.
This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy’s
condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a
hundred ounces of silver in honors and emoluments, is
the height of inhumanity.
3. One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present

help to his sovereign, no master of victory.
4. Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good

general to strike and conquer, and achieve things
beyond the reach of ordinary men, is foreknowledge.
5. Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from

spirits; it cannot be obtained inductively from experi-
ence, nor by any deductive calculation.
59
6. Knowledge of the enemy’s dispositions can only be

obtained from other men.
7. Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five class-

es:
(1) Local spies;
(2) inward spies;
(3) converted spies;
(4) doomed spies;
(5) surviving spies.
8. When these five kinds of spy are all at work, none

can discover the secret system. This is called “divine
manipulation of the threads.” It is the sovereign’s most
precious faculty.
9. Having local spies means employing the services of

the inhabitants of a district.
10. Having inward spies, making use of officials of the

enemy.
11. Having converted spies, getting hold of the enemy’s

spies and using them for our own purposes.
12. Having doomed spies, doing certain things openly

for purposes of deception, and allowing our spies to
know of them and report them to the enemy.
13. Surviving spies, finally, are those who bring back

news from the enemy’s camp.
60
14. Hence it is that which none in the whole army are

more intimate relations to be maintained than with
spies. None should be more liberally rewarded. In no
other business should greater secrecy be preserved.
15. Spies cannot be usefully employed without a cer-

tain intuitive sagacity.
16. They cannot be properly managed without benevo-

lence and straightforwardness.
17. Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make

certain of the truth of their reports.
18. Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every

kind of business.
19. If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before

the time is ripe, he must be put to death together with
the man to whom the secret was told.
20. Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a

city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always neces-
sary to begin by finding out the names of the atten-
dants, the aides-de-camp, and door-keepers and sen-
tries of the general in command. Our spies must be
commissioned to ascertain these.
21. The enemy’s spies who have come to spy on us

must be sought out, tempted with bribes, led away and
comfortably housed. Thus they will become converted
spies and available for our service.
61
22. It is through the information brought by the con-

verted spy that we are able to acquire and employ local
and inward spies.
23. It is owing to his information, again, that we can

cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the
enemy.
24. Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving

spy can be used on appointed occasions.
25. The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties is
knowledge of the enemy; and this knowledge can only
be derived, in the first instance, from the converted spy.
Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated
with the utmost liberality.
26. Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I Chih
who had served under the Hsia. Likewise, the ris of the
Chou dynasty was due to Lu Ya who had served under
the Yin.
27. Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise

general who will use the highest intelligence of the
army for purposes of spying and thereby they achieve
great results. Spies are a most important element in
water, because on them depends an army's ability to
move.
62
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Sun Tzu on the

Translated from the Chinese

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II: Waging War 5

III: Attack by Stratagem 8

IV: Tactical dispositions 12

VI: Weak Points and Strong 19

VIII: Variation in Tactics 30

IX: The Army on the March 33

XI: The Nine Situations 46

XII: The Attack by Fire 56

XIII: The Use of Spies 59

1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to

2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safe-

3. The art of war, then, is governed by five

5,6. The Moral Law causes the people to be in com-

7. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times

8. Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger

9. The Commander stands for the virtues of

10. By method and discipline are to be understood the

11. These five heads should be familiar to every gener-

12. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to

13. (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the

(6) On which side are officers and men more high-

14. By means of these seven considerations I can fore-

15. The general that hearkens to my counsel and

16. While heading the profit of my counsel, avail your-

17. According as circumstances are favorable, one

18. All warfare is based on deception.

19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem

20. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disor-

21. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If

22. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irri-

23. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his

24. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear

25. These military devices, leading to victory, must not

26. Now the general who wins a battle makes

2. When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is

3. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of

4. Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor

5. Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war,

6. There is no instance of a country having benefited

7. It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the

8. The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy, nei-

9. Bring war material with you from home, but forage

10. Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be

11. On the other hand, the proximity of an army caus-

12. When their substance is drained away, the peas-

13,14. With this loss of substance and exhaustion of

spears and shields, protective mantles, draught-oxen

15. Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on

16. Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be

17. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more

18. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment

19. In war, then, let your great object be victory, not

20. Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is

2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not

3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the