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ALLEN® Biology : Structural Organisation in Animals (Animal Tissue)
Pre-Medical

eSjh Ýkadksbl tsfo;j fcpSV (14 uoEcj 1771 – 22 tqykbZ 1802) ,d Ýkalhlh
'kjhjjpukfon~ rFkk 'kjhj foKkuh Fks ftUgsa vk/kqfud Ård foKku vkSj o.kZukRed
'kjhj jpuk ds firk ds :i esa lcls vPNk ;kn fd;k tkrk gSA ekbØksLdksi ds fcuk
dke djus ds ckotwn] mUgksusa lcls igys Årdksa dh vyx&vyx laLFkkvksa ds :i
esa /kkj.kk is'k dh vkSj bl ckr dks cuk, j[kk fd jksx iwjs vaxksa ;k iwjs 'kjhj ds
ctk; Årdksa ij geyk djrs gS] ftlls 'kkjhfjd foÑfr esa Økafr gksrh gSA fcpsV dk
tUe fFk;ksjsVs] tqjk esa] Ýkal esa gqvk FkkA muds firk thu&cSfIVl fcpSV Fks] tks ,d
fpfdRld Fks ftUgksusa eksaVisfy;j esa izf'k{k.k fy;k Fkk vkSj fcpSV ds igys izf'k{kd
FksA mudh ek¡ thu&jkst fcpSV] firk dh igyh vkSj ppsjh cgu FkhA mUgksusa ukUVqvk&dkWyst esa izos'k fy;k
vkSj ckn esa Y;ksu esa v/;;u fd;kA mUgksusa xf.kr vkSj HkkSfrd foKku esa izxfr dh] ysfdu vUrr% fy;ksu esa
gksVy&fM;w ds eq[; ltZu ekdZ&,.Vksuh isfVV (1766-1811) ds ekxZn'kZu esa 'kjhj jpuk vkSj ltZjh ds

®
v/;;u ds fy;s [kqn dks lefiZr dj fn;kA ØkfUrdkjh xM+cM+h esa mUgsa 1793 esa Y;ksu ls Hkkxus vkSj jsQw ysus
ds fy;s etcwj fd;kA ogk¡ os ih- ts- MslkWYV ds f'k"; cu x;s] tks mudh izfrHkk ls brus izHkkfor gq;s fd
mUgksusa mUgsa vius ?kj esa ys fy;k vkSj vius nÙkd iq= ds :i esa ekukA nks lky ds fy;s mUgksusa MslkYV ds
dke esa lfØ; Hkkx fy;k] lkFk gh lkFk 'kjhj jpuk foKku vkSj 'kjhj foKku esa vius Lo;a ds 'kks/k dk ihNk
fd;kA 1795 esa MslkWYV dk fu/ku gks x;kA 29 o"kZ dh vk;q esa mUgsa gksVy fM;w esa eq[; fpfdRld ds :i esa
fu;qDr fd;k x;kA 1796 esa mUgksusa o dbZ vU; lg;ksfx;ksa us vkWipkfjd :i ls lkslkbVh Mh&bE;wys'ku
Mh&isfjl dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlus fpfdRlk esa leL;kvksa ij cgl djus ds fy;s ,d ckSf+)d eap iznku fd;kA
gksVy&fM;w esa lhf<+;ksa ds ,d lsV ls uhps fxjus vkSj yxkrkj cq[kkj vkus ls 14 fnu ckn] 30 o"kZ dh vk;q esa
mudh e`R;q gks xbZA mUgsa isjsykfpl dfczLrku esa nQuk;k x;kA

eklsZyks esfYih?kh
(10 ekpZ 1628 – 29 uoEcj 1694) ,d bVkfy;u tho foKkuh vkSj fpfdRld Fks
ftUgsa ^lw{e 'kjhj jpuk foKku* mÙkd foKku] 'kjhj foKku vkSj Hkwz.k foKku dk
tud* dgk tkrk gSA eSYih?kh dk uke tSfod mRltZu iz.kkyh ls lEcfU/kr dbZ
'kkjhfjd fo'ks"krkvksa ls lEcfU/kr gS] tSls fd eSYihf?k;u dkiZYlYl vkSj xqnsZ ds
eSfYi?kh;u fijkfeM vkSj dhM+ksa dh eSYihf?k;u V~;wC;wy iz.kkyhA Iyhgk fuEQuksM
uksM~;wYl dks vDlj *Iyhgk ds eSfYi?kh;u ckWMht* ;k^eSfYi?kh;u dkWiZlYl* dgk
tkrk gSA ouLifr dqy esYihf?k,lh dk uke Hkh mUgha ds uke ij j[kk x;kA
os izkf.k;ksa ds dsf'kdkvksa dks ns[kus okys izFke O;fDr Fks vkSj mUgksusa /kefu;ksa o
f'kjkvksa ds chp dh dM+h dh [kkst dh tks fofy;e gkosZ ls nwj Fkh vkSj eSYih?kh ekbØksLdksi ds }kjk yky jDr
dksf'kdkvksa dk fujh{k.k djus okys lcls igys O;fDr FksA mudk xzUFk Mh&ikWfy;ks dkWfMZl (1666) jDr laxBu
dks le>us ds lkFk&lkFk jDr ds FkDdksa dk le>usa esa egRoiw.kZ FkkA blesa eSfYi?kh us o.kZu fd;k gs fd fdl
izdkj jDr ds FkDds ds :i nk;ha vkSj dh rqyuk esa ân; ds ck;ha vksj vyx&vyx gksrs gSA
ekbØksLdksi ds mi;ksx us eSYih?kh dks ;g irk yxkus esa l{ke cuk;k fd vd'ks:dh lk¡l ysus ds fy;s QsQM+ksa
dk mi;ksx ugha djrs gS fdUrq mudh Ropk esa NksVs&NksVs Nsn gksrs gS ftUgsa Vªsfd;k dgrs gSA eSYih?kh us
efLr"d dh 'kkjhfjd jpuk dk Hkh v/;;u fd;k vkSj fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd ;g vax ,d xzfUFk gSA vk/kkqfud
,.MksØkbuksykWth ds lUnHkZ esa ;g dVkSrh lgh gS D;ksafd efLr"d ds gkbiksFkSysel dks yEcs le; ls
gkeksZu&L=o.k dh {kerk ds fy;s ekU;rk nh xbZ gSA

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izkf.k;ksa esa lajpukRed laxBu ¼tUrq Ård½
(Structural Organisation in Animals (Animal Tissue)
01. ifjp; (Introduction)
,d dksf'kdh; izkf.k;ksa esa thou dh leLr tSfod fØ;k,a tSls&
 ifjp;
 vax rFkk vax&rU= ikpu] 'olu rFkk tuu] ,d gh dksf'kdk }kjk laiUu gksrh gaSA
 midyk Ård cgqdks'kdh; izkf.k;ksa ds tfVy 'kjhj esa mi;qDZr vk/kkjHkwr fØ;k,a
 dksf'kdk laf/k;k¡ fHkUu&fHkUu dksf'kdk lewgksa }kjk O;ofLFkr :i ls laiUu dh tkrh gSA
 xzfUFk;k¡ ljy izk.kh gkbMªk dk 'kjhj fofHkUu izdkj dh dksf'kdkvksa dk cuk
 la;ksth mÙkd gqvk gS] ftuesa izR;sd dksf'kdk dh la[;k gtkjksa esa gksrh gSA ekuo dk
 mikfLFk
'kjhj vjcksa dksf'kdkvksa dk cuk gqvk gS] tks fofo/k dk;Z laiUu djrk
 vfLFk

®
gSA ;s dksf'kdk,a 'kjhj esa ,d lkFk dSls dke djrh gSa \
cgqdksf'kdh; izkf.k;ksa esa leku dksf'kdkvksa dk lewg] varjdksf'kdh; inkFkksZ lfgr ,d fo'ks"k dk;Z djrk gS]
dksf'kdkvksa dk ,slk laxBu Ård ¼tissue½ dgykrk gSA
vkidks vk'p;Z gks ldrk gS fd lHkh tfVy izkf.k;ksa dk 'kjhj dsoy pkj izdkj ds vk/kkjHkwr Årdksa dk cuk
gqvk gSA ;s lc Ård ,d fo'ks"k vuqikr ,oa izfr:i laxfBr gksdj vaxksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gS]a tSls& vkek'k;]
QqIQql ¼lungs½] ân; vkSj o`Dd ¼kidney½A tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd vax viuh HkkSfrd ,oa jklk;fud
ikjLifjd&fØ;k ls ,d fuf'pr dk;Z dks laiUu dj vax&ra= dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa tSls&ikpu ra=] 'olu ra=
bR;kfnA leLr 'kjhj dh tSfod fØ;k,a] dksf'kdk] Ård] vax rFkk vax ra= eas Je foHkktu ds }kjk laiUu
gksrh gSa vkSj iwjs 'kjhj dks thfor j[kus ds fy, ;ksxnku nsrh gSaA

02. vax vkSj vaxra= (Organ and Organ system)

cgqdks'kh; izkf.k;ksa esa mi;qZDr of.kZr Ård laxfBr gksdj vax vkSj vaxra= dh jpuk djrs gSaA bl rjg dk
laxBu yk[kksa dksf'kdkvksa }kjk fufeZr tho dh lHkh fØ;kvksa dks vf/kd n{krkiwoZd ,oa lefUor :i ls pykus
ds fy, vko';d gksrk gSA 'kjhj ds izR;sd vax ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd izdkj ds Årdksa ls cuk gksrk gSaA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] ân; esa pkjksa rjg ds Ård gksrs gSa] midyk] la;ksth] is'kh; rFkk ra=dh; ÅrdA /;ku iwoZd
v/;;u ds ckn ge ;g ns[krs gSa fd vax vkSj vaxra= dh tfVyrk ,d fuf'pr bafnz;xkspj izo`fÙkdks iznf'kZr
djrh gSA ;g bafnz;xkspj izo`fÙk ,d fodklh; izo`fÙk dgykrh gSA ¼blds ckjs esa vki d{kk 12 esa foLrkj ls
i<saxs½A
;gkWa ij vkidks rhu thoksa ds fofHkUu fodklh; Lrj ds ckjs esa crk;k tk jgk gS] ftlesa vkidks 'kjhj
(anatomy) vkSj vkdkfjdh (morphology) ds laxBu ,oa fØ;kfof/k ds ckjs eas tkudkjh izkIr gksxhA
vkdkfjdh vkidks thoksa dh cká lajpuk ;k cká fn[kus okys vkdkj dk v/;;u djkrh gSA izkf.k;ksa ds laca/k
esa vkdkfjdh dk eryc 'kjhj ds cká vaxksa dh cukoV ;k 'kjhj ds cká Hkkxksa dk v/;;u gSA izkf.k;ksa esa
'kjhj dk ikjaifjd eryc vkarfjd vaxksa dh lajpuk ds v/;;u ls gSA vc vki dsapq,] dkWdjksp rFkk esa<d ds
vkdkfjdh ,oa 'kkjhjdh dk v/;;u djsaxsA tks vd'ks:dh rFkk d'ks:dh dk Øe'k% izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA
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ALLEN® Biology : Structural Organisation in Animals (Animal Tissue)
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Ård (Tissue) : dksf'kdkvksa dk ,slk lewg ftldh dksf'kdk,sa mRifÙk] ljapuk vkSj dk;Z esa leku gksrh
gS] Ård dgykrk gSA
leku dksf'kdkvksa dk lewg] varjkdksf'kdh; inkFkks± lfgr ,d fo'ks"k dk;Z djrk gS] dksf'kdkvksa dk ,slk
laxBu Ård dgykrk gSA
Ård dksf'kdk,sa lajpuk vkSj dk;Z esa fHké Hkh gks ldrh gS] ysfdu mRifÙk esa lnSo leku gksrh gSA
Ård ,d fo'ks"k vuqikr ,oa izfr:i esa laxfBr gksdj vaxksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
nks ;k nks ls vf/kd vax viuh HkkSfrd vkSj@;k jlk;fud ikjLifjd fØ;k ls ,d fuf'pr dk;Z dks
lEié dj vax&ra= dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
leLr 'kjhj dh tSo fØ;k,sa] dksf'kdk] Ård] vax] vax ra= esa Je foHkktu ds }kjk lEié gksrh gSA
fØ;k rFkk lajpuk ds vk/kkj ij Ård 4 izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

®
1. midyk Ård (Epithelium tissue) – j{kkRed vkoj.k cukus okyk Ård
2. la;ksth Ård (Connective tissue) - lajpukvksa dks tksM+us dk dk;Z] 'kjhj dks vkyEcu o
lgkjk iznku djuk ,oa 'kjhj esa inkFkks± ds ifjogu dk dk;Z
3. is'kh; Ård (Muscular tissue) - ladqpu o xeu esa lgk;d
4. raf=dk Ård (Nervous tissue) -'kjhj esa vkosxksa dk laogu] 'kjhj fØ;kvksa dk fu;a=.k
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
  (Epithelium) 'kCn Ruysch }kjk fn;k x;kA
 Ård 'kCn (Tissue) - ckbdkWV (Bichat) tUrq 'kjhj ds fy,
¼ikni 'kjhj ds fy, Grew)
 Study of tissue - Histology
 Histology 'kCn - Mayer
 Father of Histology - Bichat
 Detail study of tissue - lw{en'khZ; 'kkfjjhdh (Microscopic Anatomy)
 Founder of Microscopic Anatomy - Marcello Malpighi

03. midyk Ård (Epithelial Tissue)

1. Hkwz.kh; ifjo/kZu ds nkSjku (Epithelium) loZizFke mRié
gksus okyk Ård gSA
2. bl Ård esa iqu:n~Hkou dh vR;f/kd {kerk ik;h
tkrh gSA raf=dk dksf'kdkvksa esa iqu:nHkou dh {kerk
lcls de gksrh gS ;k vuqifLFkr gksrh gSA
Basement
3. bl Ård esa ,d eqDr Lrj gksrk gS] tks ,d vkSj rks membrane Connective tissue
nsg rjy vkSj nwljh vkSj cká okrkoj.k ds lEidZ esa
jgrk gS] vkSj bl izdkj nsg dk vkoj.k ;k vkLrj dk fuekZ.k
djrk gSA

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4. Epithelium nks 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gSA
Epi  upon Thelia  growth
vr% ,d ,slk Ård tks fdlh vU; Ård ij o`f) djrk gS] Epithelium dgykrk gSA
5. Epithelium lnSo la;ksth Ård ij o`f) djrk gSA dsoy ,d ek= ,slk Ård ftldh dksf'kdk, lnSo
,d fu;fer Lrj ds :i esa O;ofLFkr jgrh gSA dksf'kdk,sa vUrjkdksf'kdh; vk/kk=h }kjk n`<+rkiwoZd tqM+h
jgrh gSaA
6. Intercellulars spaces u gksus ds dkj.k Ård dks jDr okfgfu;ka] yfldk okfgfu;ka vkSj dsf'kdk;sa Hksn
ugha ldrh vFkkZr~ Ård esa jDr lapj.k vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA dksf'kdk,sa vius iks"k.k ds fy, vk/kkjh;
la;ksth Ård ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA
7. midyk vkSj la;ksth Ård ds chp iryh] vdksf'kdh;] futhZo vk/kkj dyk (Basement membrane)
mifLFkr gksrh gS] tks vR;f/kd ikjxE; gksrh gSAvk/kkj dyk nks ijrksa dh cuh gksrh gSA

®
 midyk dh rjQ csly ysfeuk – Glycoprotein dh cuh gksrh gS] ftldk lzo.k Epithelium
dksf'kdk, djrh gSA
 la;ksth Ård dh rjQ QkbZczl ysfeuk (Fibrous lamina)– blesa la;ksth Ård dh esfVªDl
Mucopolysaccharide esa dksystu rarqvksa ds lewg vkSj jsfVdqyj rarq fuyafcr jgrs gSA
Mucopolysaccharide ds :i esa gk;ywjksfud vEy ik;k tkrk gSA
vr% vk/kkj dyk dk lzo.k midyk o la;ksth Ård lfEefyr :i ls djrs gSA
8. varjdksf'kdh; lfU/k & midyk Ård dh lehiLFk dksf'kdkvksa dh dksf'kdk f>fYy;k¡ fo'ks"k lajpuk,sa
cukrh gSA tks lajpukRed vkSj dk;kZRed laf/k iznku djus gsrq fuEufyf[kr lajpukvksa esa :ikUrfjr
gksrh gSaA
tSls%&
(i) buVjMhthVs'ku (Interdigitation) : ;s vaxqfy;ksa ds leku izo/kZ gksrs gS tks lehiLFk dksf'kdk dh
dksf'kdk f>Yyh dks /kdsyrs gq, dksf'kdk æO; esa /kals jgrs gSA ;s lEcU/k eq[;r% laØe.k midyk
(Transitional Epithelium) esa ik;s tkrs gSA
(ii) vklath laf/k @ MsLekslkse (Desmosome) : dqN LFkkuksa ij lehiLFk dksf'kdkvksa dh dksf'kdk
f>fYy;k¡ eksVh gksdj cVu ds leku lajpuk cukrh gSA ftUgsa Desmosome ;k Macula adherens
Hkh dgrs gSA
buesa Tono filament ik, tkrs gS] tks fdjsVhu ds leku izksVhu ds cuss gksrs gSaA
;s rUrq viuh vksj dh dksf'kdk ds dksf'kdk æO; esa xgjkbZ rd /kals jgrs gSA
bl izdkj ds lEcU/k Lrfjr midyk Ård (Stratified Epithelium) esa ik;s tkrs gSA
(iii) n`<+ laf/k (Tight Junction) : ;g laf/k inkFkks± dks Ård ls ckgj fudyus ls jksdrh gSA dqN
LFkkuksa ij lehiLFk dksf'kdkvksa dh dksf'kdk f>fYy;k¡ ,d nwljs ls la;qDr gks tkrh gS vkSj Tight
Junction cukrh gSA ;s lEcU/k eq[;r% LrEHkh midyk esa ik;s tkrs gSA
(iv) varjkyh laf/k (Gap Junction) : ;g lehi fLFkr dksf'kdkvksa ds dksf'kdknzO; ds chp vk;uksa
¼NksVs v.kqvksa rFkk dHkh&dHkh cM+s v.kqvksa½ ds rhoz LFkkukUrj.k dk lapj.k djus esa lgk;rk djrs
gSaA mnkgj.k % raf=dk Ård] is'kh Ård

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Adjacent plasma Gap between cells Adjacent plasma Adjacent plasma

membranes membranes membranes
Trans
Gap between Connexons
membrane
cells proteins
Plaque
Tono
filaments
transmembrane Gap between cells
glycoproteins
Tight junction Gap junction Desmosome

9. IykTek dyk dh Lora= lrg ds dk;kZRed :ikUrj.k &

®
lw{ekadqj (Microvilli) i{ekHk (Cilia or Kinocilium) n`< i{ekHk (Stereocilia)
1. vfrlw{e izo/kZ yEcs csyukdkj izo/kZ yEcs izo/kZ ¼'kadd
q kj½
(vk/kkj ls 'kh"kZ rd leku) vk/kkj&pkSM+k rFkk 'kh"kZ=ldjk
2. xfrghu xfr'khy xfrghu
3. vladqpu'khy ladqpu'khy vladqpu'khy
4. dk;Z :- dk;Z :- dk;Z :-
;s vo'kks"k.k o lzo.k dk ;s xfr o pyu esa lgk;d gksrs lrgh {ks=Qy c<+krs gSA
lrgh {ks=Qy dks gSA ;s midyk ij d.kksa o
c<+k nsrk gSA E;qdl dks fof'k"V fn'kk esa
eksM+ ldrs gSA

mnk- vka= dh nhokj] mnkgj.k% [kks[kys vaxks dh mnk- ,fiMhMkbfel rFkk

fiÙkk'k;] usÝksu dh vkUrfjd lrg tSls&czksfd;ksYl o okl fMQjsl a
PCT Qsyksfi;u ufydk xHkkZ'k;] Vªfs d;k
,isUMk;ey midyk ¼efLr"d xqgk
dk vkarfjd Lrj rFkk es:jTtq dh
dsUnzh; uky½ tgk¡ ;g izefLr"d
es:nzo ds laogu esa lgk;rk djrk
gSA

midyk Ård dh mRifÙk

midyk Ård ek= ,d ,slk Ård gS] ftldh mRifr rhuksa tuu Lrjksa ls gksrh gS %&

mnk- (i) ,DVksMeZ (Ectoderm) – Ropk dh vf/kpeZ ¼Lrfjr 'kYdh midyk½

(ii) ehlksMeZ (Mesoderm) – ehlksfFkfy;e] ,aMksfFkfy;e ¼ljy 'kYdh midyk½

(iii) ,aMksMeZ (Endoderm) – vkgkjuky dh nhokj dh midyk ¼ljy LrEHkkdkj midyk½

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BEGINNER’S BOX midyk Ård

1. midyk Ård mRiUu gksrk gS %&

(1) ,DVksMeZ ls (2) ,.MksMeZ ls (3) ehlksMeZ ls (4) mijksDr lHkh ls

2. vk/kkj dyk cuh gksrh gS %&

(1) gk;Y;wjksfud vEy + XykbdksizksVhUl (2) E;wdksiksyhlsdjkbMl
(3) ,.MksMeZy dksf'kdk (4) vf/kpeZ dksf'kdk

3. LVhfj;ksflfy;k mifLFkr gksrs gaS %&

(1) ,fiMhMk;fel (2) 'kqØk'k; (2) ew=okfguh (4) xqnkZ

®
4. efLr"d dh izxqgk vkSj es:jTtw dh dsUnzh; uky dh ykbfuax fdldh cuh gksrh gS %&
(1) ,isUMkbey midyk (2) ,.MksfFkfy;y
(3) felksFkhfy;e (4) raf=dk laosnh ,fiFkhfy;e

5. MsLekslksEl gS %&
(1) midyk dksf'kdkvksa dks tksM+us okys (2) ykblkslkse dk izdkj
(3) is'kh rUrq (4) vfLFk;ksa esa mifLFkr rarq

6. flfy;sVsM midyk feyrh gS %&

(1) v.Mokfguh (2) Vªsfd;k (3) xHkkZ'k; (4) mijksDr lHkh

7. varjkyh laf/k;k¡ (Gap Junctions) %&

(1) inkFkks± dks Ård ls ckgj fudyus ls jksdrh gSA
(2) iM+kslh dksf'kdkvksa dks ,d&nwljs ls tksM+rh gSA
(3) midyk dks izR;kLFkrk iznku djrh gSA

(4) layXu dksf'kdkvksa ds dksf'kdk æO; dks tksM+us esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
8. vaxra= ds fuekZ.k ds fy, vko';d voLFkk;s &
(1) pkjks izdkj ds Ård dh mifLFkfr (2) jklk;fud ikjLikfjd fØ;k
(3) HkkSfrd ikjLikfjd fØ;k (4) mijksDr lHkh

9. og Ård tks 'kjhj dks lgkjk iznku djrk gS &

(1) ,fifFkfy;y Ård (2) la;ksth Ård
(3) eLd;wyj Ård (4) raf=dk Ård

10. og vUrjdksf'kdh; laf/k tks inkFkksZ ds vknku&iznku esa lgk;d gksrh gS mls dgrs gS &
(1) <`<+ laf/k (2) vUrjkyh laf/k
(3) bUVjfMftVs'ku (4) vkalth laf/k (Desmosomes)
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midyk Ård dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of epithelium tissue)
midyk Ård nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

(1) ljy midyk (Simple epithelium) (2) la;qDr midyk (Compound epithelium)
– dksf'kdkvksa ds ,d gh Lrj dh cuh gksrh gSA – nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Lrjksa dh cuh gksrh gSA
– ;g nsgxqgkvksa] okfgdkvksa ,oa ufydkvksa – bldk dk;Z j{kkRed gS tSls gekjh Ropk
dks vkLrfjr djrh gSA
– dksf'kdkvksa ds lajpukRed :ikarj.k
;k vkÑrh ds vk/kkj ij (B) Nonstretchable
(A) Stretchable
(A) Sample Squamous (Transitional)
ljy 'kYdh midyk (i) Stratified squamous
(B) Simple Cuboidal (ii) Stratified
ljy ?kukdkj midyk (iii) Stratified cuboidal
(C) Simple Columnar

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ljy LrEHkkdkj midyk
(D) Pseudostratified
vHkklh Lrfjr midyk

(1) ljy midyk Ård (Simple Epithelium)

(A) ljy 'kYdh midyk (Simple Squamous Epithelium) :
 'kYdh midyk Ård ;g ,d] piVh dksf'kdkvksa ds irys Lrj ls curk gS ftlds fdukjs
vfu;fer gksrs gSaA ;g Ård jDr okfgdkvksa dh fHkfÙk esa rFkk QsQM+s ds ok;q dks'k (air sac) esa
ik;k tkrk gS vkSj folj.k lhek dk dk;Z djrh gSA
 bldh dksf'kdk,sa Q'kZ ij yxh Vkbyksa ds leku fn[kkbZ nsus ds dkj.k bl Ård dks isoesaV ;k
[kaMth (Pavement) midyk Hkh dgrs gSA

Cell
Nucleus Cytoplasm boundary

Flattened cell

Simple epithelium: Squamous

(Simple squamous epithelium)
NCERT XI Page No. 101, Figure No. 7.1 (a)
 ;g rjafxr fn[kkbZ nsus ds dkj.k ygjnkj (Tessellated) midyk dgykrh gSA

Nucleus
Cement
substance

 ;g Ård folj.k vkSj fuL;anu ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA

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mnkgj.k %
 vka= dh ckgjh fHkfÙk ij
 cksesu lEiqV (Bowman's Capsule) - 'kYdh dksf'kdk,sa ^iksMkslkbV* dgykrh gSA
 QsaQM+ksa ds ok;q dks'k (Alveoli of lungs) - 'kYdh dksf'kdk,sa ^U;wekslkbV~l* dgykrh gSA
 ehlksfFkfy;e (Mesothelium) : lhykse ds vkoj.kA
 ,.MksfFkfy;e (Endothelium) : jDr okfguh ,oa yfldk okfguh dk vkUrfjd LrjA
 ,.MksdkfMZ;e (Endocardium) ân; dh van:uh fHkfÙk dh ljy 'kYdh midykA
 usÝksu (Nephron) ds gsUys ds ywi ds irys Hkkx esaA
 isfjVksfu;e (Peritoneum) – nsgxqgk dk Lrj

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(B) ljy ?kukdkj midyk (Simple Cuboidal Epithelium)
;g Ård ,d Lrjh; ?ku tSlh dksf'kdkvksa ls cuk gksrk gSA ;g lkekU;r% o`Ddksa ds usÝksu
(nephrons) ds ufydkdkj Hkkxksa rFkk xzafFk;ksa dh okfgfu;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA budk eq[; dk;Z
L=o.k vkSj vo'kks"k.k gSA o`Dd esa usÝksu dh lehiLFk oyf;r (concoluted) lw{e ufydk dh
midyk esa lw{ekadqj (microvilli) gksrs gSaA
 dksf'kdk,sa vkÑfr esa ?kukdkj gksrh gSA
  dksf'kdk,sa yEckbZ o pkSM+kbZ esa yxHkx cjkcj gksrh gS] blfy, mnxz dkV (Vertical section) esa
oxkZdkj fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

Cell membrane

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Basement membrane
(Simple cuboidal epithelium)

Cube-like cell
Simple epithelium Cuboidal

NCERT XI Page No. 101, Figure No.7.1 (b)

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 izR;sd dksf'kdk esa ,d xksykdkj dsUæd dksf'kdk ds e/; esa fLFkr gksrk gSA
  ;g Ård eq[;r% vo'kks"k.k] mRltZu o lzo.k ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
  ;g midyk eq[;r% xzfUFk;ksa] mudh okfgfu;ksa ,oa usÝksUl ds ufydkdkj Hkkxksa esa ikbZ tkrh
gSA
 Fkk;jkWbM xzafFk dh iqfVdk,Wa (Follicle of Thyroid Gland)
  ok;q dwfidkvksa dh U;wekslkV~l&II
 vXuk'k; dh ,lhuh (Acini of Pancreas)
 Losn xzafFk;ksa dh L=kfor bdkbZ (Secretory unit of sweat glands)
 us=ksa dh vkbfjl] dksjkWbM] flfy;jhdk; o jsfVuk dh midyk
 usÝksu ds nwjLr laofyr ufydk (DCT) o gsUys ds ywi (Loop of Henle) dh eksVh
Hkqtkvksa esaA
bl midyk dks tuu midyk (Germinal Epithelium) Hkh dgrs gS] D;ksafd bl midyk dh

®


?kukdkj dksf'kdk,sa foHkktu }kjk tunksa esa ;qXedksa@tuu dksf'kdkvksa ('kqØk.kq@v.Mk.kq) dk fuekZ.k
djrh gSA
ljy ?kukdkj midyk ds :ikUrj.k (Modification of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium) :-
(i) cqz'k ckWMZj ?kukdkj midyk (Brush border cuboidal epithelium) :-
tc ?kukdkj dksf'kdkvksa dh Lora= lrg ij lw{ekadqj (Microvilli) mifLFkr gksrs gS rks bls
cqz'k ckWMZj ?kukdkj midyk (Brush border cuboidal epithelium) dgrs gSA
mnkgj.k %& usÝksu dh lehiLFk dq.Mfyr ufydk (P.C.T) esaA
Microvilli
Cuboidal cell
Nucleus
Basement membrane
(ii) i{ekHkh@jksekHkh ?kukdkj midyk (Ciliated cuboidal epithelium) :-
tc ?kukdkj dksf'kdkvksa dh Lora= lrg ij i{ekHk (Cilia) mifLFkr gksrs gS rks bls
i{ekHkh@jksekHkh ?kukdkj midyk (Ciliated cuboidal epithelium) dgrs gS tks laxzkgd
ufydk esa gksrh gSA
Cilia
Cuboidal cell
Nucleus
Basement membrane
(C) ljy LrEHkkdkj midyk (Simple Columnar Epithelium)
 ;g yach ,oa iryh dksf'kdkvksa ds ,d Lrj dk cuk gksrk gSA dsasnzd izk;% dksf'kdk ds vk/kkjh Hkkx
esa gksrk gSA eqDr lrg ij izk;% lw{ekadqj ik, tkrs gSaA lw{ekadqj vkek'k;] vka= ds vkarfjd
vkLrj esa ik, tkrs gSa vkSj ;g lzo.k vksj vo'kks"k.k esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA ;fn bu LraHkkdkj ;k
?kukdkj dksf'kdkvksa dh eqDr lrg ij i{ekHk gksrs gSa rks bls i{ekHkh (ciliated) midyk dgrs
gSaA budk dk;Z d.kksa vFkok 'ys"ek dks midyk dh lrg ij ,d fuf'pr fn'kk esa ys tkuk gSA
;g eq[;r% 'olfudk (broncheol) rFkk fMacokfguh ufydkvksa (Fallopian tube) tSls [kks[kys vaxks
dh Hkhrjh lrg esa ik, tkrs gSaA
 ;g midyk vkek'k; ,oa vkU= dks vkLrfjr djrh gSA ;g ;d`r (Liver), fiÙk ufydk (Bile
duct), xHkkZ'k; (Uterus) esa Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSA

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Tall cell

Long columnar cell

Nucleus (Basal and Simple epithelium Columnar
elongated)
NCERT XI Page No.101, Figure No. 7.1 (c)
Basement membrane
ljy LraHkkdkj midyk ds :ikUrj.k (Modifications of Simple Columnar epithelium)
(i) ljy LraHkkdkj cz'kckWMZj midyk (Brush border columnar epithelium)
LraHkkdkj dksf'kdkvksa ds Lora= fljs ij lw{ekadqkj (Microvilli) mifLFkr gksrs gSaA
mnk- % fiÙkk'k; (Gall bladder) ¼fiÙkjl ds lkaæ.k esa enn djrh gS½ esaA

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microvilli

Basement
membrane
Connective Nucleus
tissue

(ii) LraHkkdkj xzafFky midyk (Glandular columnar epithelium)

blesa LrEHkh dksf'kdkvksa ds chp ,d
dksf'kdh; 'ys"ek lzkoh xzafFk Glandular surface
Columnar cell
mifLFkr gSA ftUgsa xksCysV dksf'kdk,a Nucleus
(Goblet cell) ;k dy'k dksf'kdk,¡ Basement membrane
dgrs gSaA
mnk- % vkek'k;] lhde] dksyksu] jsDVe ¼eyk'k;½ esaA
(iii) ljy LraHkkdkj cz'k ckWMZj xzafFky midyk (Brush bordered glandular columnar
epithelium)
blesa LrEHkh dksf'kdkvksa ij lw{ekadqj (Microvilli) vkSj chp&chp esa xksCysV dksf'kdk
(Goblet cells) mifLFkr gksrh gSA
mnk- % NksVh vka= (Small intestine) xzg.kh] tstque o bfy;e esaA
Glandular surface
Microvilli
Columnar cells
Nucleus
Basement membrane

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(iv) jksekHkh LraHkkdkj midyk (Ciliated columnar epithelium)
blesa LrEHkh dksf'kdkvksa ij xfr'khy i{ekHk@jksekHk (Cilia) mifLFkfr gksrs gSA
mnk- : 'olfudkvksa (Bronchioles) esa
: QSyksfi;u ufydk (Fallopian tube) esa ¼;qXed LFkkukUrj.k½
: ,isUMkbey midyk (Ependymal epithelium) ¼efLr"d xqgkvksa dk vUr%Lrj½
¼C.S.F. LFkkukUrj.k½
Cilia
Columnar cell
Nucleus
Basement membrane

®
Tall cell

Simple epithelium Columnar cells bearing cilia

NCERT XI Page No. 101, Figure No. 7.1 (d)
(v) n`< i{ekHkh LrEHkh midyk (Steriociliated columnar epithelium) : blesa LrEHkh
dksf'kdkvksa dh Lora=
lrg ij n`< i{ekHk Stereocili
(Steriocilia) mifLFkfr Columnar cell
gksrs gSA Nucleus
mnk- % ,fifMMkbel] Basement membrane
oklk fMQjsUl
d.kZ ds eSdqyk (Macula) o fØLVk (Crista)
(D) vkHkklh Lrfjr@dwV Lrfjr midyk (Pseudo stratified Epithelium)
  ;g mÙkd Hkh LrEHkh midyk dk :ikUrj.k gksrk gSA
ftlesa NksVh o cM+h dksf'kdk,sa gksrh gSA
  nksuksa izdkj dh dksf'kdkvksa esa dsUæd ds ry vyx&vyx
gksus ds dkj.k ;g mÙkd f}Lrfj; fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ysfdu
lHkh dksf'kdk;sa ,d gh vk/kkj dyk ij fLFkr gksus ds
dkj.k ;g okLro esa ljy ¼,dijrh;½ midyk gksrk gSA
:ikUrj.k (MODIFICATION) :
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated glandular epithelium (PSCCGE) :
tc yEch dksf'kdkvksa dh Lora= lrg ij cilia mifLFkr gksrs gS vkSj chp&chp esa Goblet cells
Hkh mifLFkr gks rks bls (PSCCGE) Hkh dgrs gSaA
mnk-% 'okl uyh (Trachea), 'oluh (Bronchi), uklk dks"B dh 'olu midyk

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Goblet cell
Cilia
Tall cell
Short cell
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue

Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated Glandular Epithelium { PSCCGE }

(2) la;qDr midyk (Compound Epithelium)

la;qDr midyk ,d ls T;knk dksf'kdk Lrjksa ¼cgq

®
Lrfjr½ dh cuh gksrh gS vkSj bl izdkj lzo.k vkSj
vo'kks"k.k esa bldh Hkwfedk lhfer gSA bldk eq[;
Multi-
dk;Z jklk;fud o ;kaf=d izfrcyksa (stresses) ls layered
cells
j{kk djuk gSA ;g Ropk dh 'kq"d lrg] eq[k xqgk
dh ue lrg ij] xzluh] ykj xzafFk;ksa vkSj vXuk'k;h
NCERT XI Page No. 102, Figure No. 7.3
dh okfgfu;ksa ds Hkhrjh vkLrj dks <drk gSA
izlkj {kerk ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA
(A) izlkj&{kerk;qDr ¼laØe.k ;k vUrorhZ midyk½ (Transitional Epithelium/Stretchable)
(B) izlkj&{kerkfoghu (Non-Stretchable)
(A) laØe.k ;k vUrorhZ midyk (Transitional Epithelium) :
 foJkekoLFkk esa ,d iryh vk/kkjdyk mifLFkr gksrh gSA ijarq [khapus ds nkSjku ;g yxHkx vn`';
gks tkrh gSA
 bl Ård esa dksf'kdkvksa dh pkj ls Ng ijrsa gksrh gSA
 lcls vk/kkj ijr dh dksf'kdk,sa vkÑfr esa ?kukdkj gksrh gSA
 e/; dh nks ls pkj ijrsa uk'kirh ds leku ;k cgqèkzqoh; dksf'kdkvksa dh cuh gksrh gSA
 ckáre ,d ;k nks ijrsa v.Mkdkj dksf'kdkvksa dh cuh gksrh gSA
 tc bl Ård esa izlkj gksrk gS rks lHkh dksf'kdk,sa vkÑfr esa piVh gks tkrh gSA
 Ård esa lcls ckgj dh rjQ D;wfVdy dk vkoj.k gksrk gS tks bls tyjks/kh cukrk gSA
 dksf'kdk;s ,d nwljs ls Interdigitation }kjk tqMh+ gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k%   o`Dd æksf.k (Renal pelvis)
 ew=okfguh (Ureter)
 ew=k'k; (Urinary Bladder)
 uj ew=ekxZ ds vxzHkkx esa
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Epithelium Epithelial cells

Underlying
connective Underlying
tissue connective
tissue

(B) Lrfjr midyk Ård (Non Stretchable Epithelium) :

lcls ckáre ijr dh dksf'kdkvksa dh vkÑfr ds vk/kkj ij rhu izdkj dk gksrk gS &

®


(i) Stratified squamous epithelium

(ii) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
(iii) Stratified columnar epithelium
(i) Lrfjr 'kYdh midyk %
 lcls vkUrfjd ijr dh dksf'kdk,as ?kukdkj ;k LrEHkkdkj gksrh gSaA bu dksf'kdkvksa esa
foHkktu dh mPp {kerk ik;h tkrh gSA ;s viuk iks"k.k vk/kkjh; la;ksth Ård ls xzg.k dj
lfØ; foHkktu }kjk Åij dh rjQ u;s dksf'kdk Lrj cukrh gSA blfy, bl Lrj dks
'Germinative layer' ;k ^vadqj.k Lrj* dgrs gSA
 e/; dh dksf'kdk ijrsa cgqHkqth; dksf'kdkvksa dh cuh gksrh gSa] ;s ,d nwljs ls
Desmosomes }kjk tqM+h gksrh gS] ftuesa Vksuksa rUrq ik;s tkrs gSA vr% ;g Lrj Lrfjr
midyk dks n`<+rk iznku djrk gSA
 lcls ckáre ijr dh dksf'kdk,sa 'kYd ds leku piVh gksrh gSA ckáre 'kYdh dksf'kdkvksa
esa fdjsVhu izksVhu ds vk/kkj ij ;g Ård nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA
(a) fdjsVhuhÑr Lrfjr 'kYdh midyk% fdjsVhu mifLFkr rFkk dksf'kdk,sa dsUæd jfgr
vkSj e`r gksrh gSA
mnk- Ropk dh ,fiMfeZl] 'kYd] lhax] u[k] ij vkfnA
(b) fdjsVhu foghu Lrfjr 'kYdh midyk % fdjsVhu vuqifLFkr rFkk dksf'kdk,sa dsUæd
;qDr vkSj thfor gksrh gSA
mnk-  eq[kxqgk dh Hkhrjh ue lrg] xzluh] xzkluky] xqnuky] ;ksuh vkfn dk
vUr%Lrj esaA
 uS=ksa dh dkWfuZ;k o dUtfDVok
 xky] gksaB o dBksj rkyq]
(ii) Lrfjr ?kukdkj midyk (Stratified cuboidal epithelium)
 lcls ckáre ijr dh dksf'kdk;sa vkÑfr esa ?kukdkj gksrh gS tks dsUæd ;qDr vkSj thfor
gksrh gSA
mnk-  ykj xzfUFk;ksa] rsy xzfUFk;ksa] Losn xzfUFk;ksa rFkk Lru xzfUFk;ksa dh L=koh
ufydkvksa esa
 vXuk'k;h okfguh esa
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(iii) Lrfjr LrEHkh midyk (Stratified columnar epithelium)
lcls ckáre ijr dh dksf'kdk,sa vkÑfr esa LrEHkkdkj gksrh gSA
dksf'kdk,sa dsUæd ;qDr ,oa thfor gksrh gSaA
i{ekHk (Cilia) dh mifLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij ;g mÙkd nks izdkj dk gksrk gS %&
   (a) i{ekHk Lrfjr LrEHkh midyk (Ciliated Stratified columnar epithelium)
mnk- Loj ;a= (Larynx)
esa<+d dh eq[k xqgk (Buccal cavity of frog)
(b) i{ekHk&foghu Lrfjr LrEHkh midyk (Non-Ciliated st. columnar epithelium)
mnk- uj eq=ekxZ dk nwjLr Hkkx, Epiglottis
Lrfjr LrEHkh midyk (Stratified Epithelium)

®
Squamous Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Columnar
Nonkeratinised Keratinised Ciliated Non-Ciliated
Dead non nucleated
Living nucleated flat cells Cilia
flat cells Cuboidal
Top most-layer Keratin
cells
Middle 2 to 4
Layers of pear
shaped cells
Inner most layer
of cells are cube like

04. xzafFk;k¡ (Glands)

fo'ks"k jklk;fud inkFkZ L=kfor djus okyh ,d dksf'kdk ;k dksf'kdkvksa dk lewg xzafFk dgykrh gSA
lHkh xzafFk;k¡ midyk Ård dh cuh gksrh gSA dqN ?kukdkj ;k LraHkkdkj dksf'kdkvksa esa L=o.k dh fo'ks"krk
gksrh gS] ,slh midyk dks xazfFky midyk dgrs gSaA
xzafFk;ksa dh mRifÙk Hkh rhuksa izkFkfed tuu Lrjksa ls gks ldrh gSA

xzafFk dk oxhZdj.k
(1) L=koh dksf'kdk ls L=ko ds fu"dklu ds vk/kkj ij
(On the basis of method of the secretion)
(A) vUr%L=koh (Endocrine Glands) :
L=koh ufydk vuqifLFkr] gkeksZu L=kfor djrh gSA tks lh/ks ml rjy esa NksM+sa tkrs gSa ftlesa xzafFk
fLFkr gksrh gSA
(B) cfgL=koh (Exocrine gland) :
L=koh ufydk mifLFkrA ;s 'ys"ek] ykj] d.kZ ekse] rsy] nw/k] ,atkbe vkSj vU; dksf'kdk mRikn
L=kfor djrh gSA
(C) fefJr@fo"ke L=koh (Heterocrine/mixed gland) :
buesa vUr% L=koh o cfgL=koh nksuksa Hkkx ,d gh Comman gland esa mifLFkr gksrs gSA
mnk- vXuk'k;] tun vkfnA
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(2) L=ko.k izÑfr ds vk/kkj (On the basis of nature of the secretion)
L=ko.k izÑfr ds vk/kkj ij rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA
(A) va'kL=koh xzafFk (Eccrine / Acrine/Merocrine Gland) :
bu xzafFk;ksa esa L=koh dksf'kdk ls L=kfor gksus okys
inkFkZ lkekU; folj.k }kjk ;k Exocytosis }kjk eqDr
gks tkrs gS] vr% L=o.k fØ;k esa dksf'kdk æO; dh dksbZ
{kfr ugha gksrhA Detachment of whole
bu xzafFk;ksa dk L=ko ty ds leku rjy gksrk gSA cell along with
secretory material
mnk- 'osn xzafFk] xkscysV dksf'kdk] ykj xzafFk] vk¡lw
xzafFk] vkaf=d xzafFk] E;wdl xzafFkA
Holocrine
(B) viL=koh (Apocrine Gland) :
bu xzafFk;ksa esa L=koh dksf'kdk ls L=kfor gksus okys
inkFkZ igys dksf'kdk ds Lora= fljs ij ,d= gks tkrs

®
gS vkSj fQj dqN dksf'kdk æO; ds lkFk L=ko ds :i esa Pinched off apical
portion of cell
i`Fkd gks tkrs gSA vr% L=o.k fØ;k esa dksf'kdk æO;
dh vkaf'kd {kfr gksrh gSA bu xzafFk;ksa dk L=ko
vis{kkÑr lkUæ gksrk gSA Apocrine
mnk- Lru xzafFk
(C) iw.kZL=koh (Holocrine Glands) :
bu xzafFk;ksa esa L=koh dksf'kdk L=ko ls iw.kZ :i ls Hkjus Intact cell
ds ckn xzafFky midyk ls L=ko ds :i esa i`Fkd gks Secretory product
tkrh gS vr% L=o.k fØ;k esa dksf'kdk æO; dh iw.kZ
{kfr gksrh gSA bu xzafFk;ksa dk L=ko vR;f/kd lkUæ Merocrine
gksrk gSA
mnk- flcsfl;l xzafFk] ekbcksfe;u] tkbl dh xzafFk
(3) dksf'kdkvksa dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij (On the basis of number of cells)
(A) ,d dksf'kdh; xzafFk (Unicellular glands) :
mnk- xksCysV@'ys"e dksf'kdk,sa (Goblet cells), iSusFk dksf'kdk,sa (Paneth cells)
(B) cgqdksf'kdh; xzafFk (Multicellular glands)
mnk- lHkh xzfUFk;ka voikn xksCysV dksf'kdk,a o iSusFk dksf'kdk,a
,d dksf'kdh; tks i`Fkd xzafFky dksf'kdkvksa dk cuk gksrk gS] tSls vkgkj uky dh dy'k (goblet cell)
rFkk cgqdksf'kdh; tks dksf'kdkvksa ds iqat ¼mnkgj.k & ykj xzafFk½ dk cuk gksrk gSA

Unicellular
gland
Multicellular
gland

(a) (b)
NCERT XI Page No. 102, Figure 7.2 (a) & (b)

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BEGINNER’S BOX midyk ds izdkj rFkk xzafFk;k¡

1. dwV Lrfjr midyk ik;h tkrh gS %&

(1) usÝksu rFkk U;wjkWu esa (2) Loj;a= rFkk xzluh esa
(3) 'okluky rFkk 'oluh esa (4) ew=k'k; rFkk vkar esa
2. vUrorhZ midyk ik;h tkrh gS %&
(1) jhuyisfYol rFkk ew= okfguh esa (2) ew=k'k; esa
(3) uj ew= okfguh ds Åijh Hkkx esa (4) mijksDr lHkh esa
3. ljy LrEHkh ,fiFkhfy;k ftlesa lq{ekadqj fn[kk;h nsrk gS %
(1) fiÙkk'k; (2) vkek'k; (3) d`fe:ih ifj'ksf"kdk (4) xzluh

®
4. :f/kj okfguh dks vkLrfjr djus okyh midyk dgykrh gS %&
(1) ehlksFkhfy;e (2) ,.MksFkhfy;e
(3) [kaMth ,fiFkhfy;k (4) Lr`r ,fiFkhfy;k
5. buesa ls dkSu eq[k xqgk rFkk QSafjaDl dh ue lrg dks ?ksjrh gSA
(1) ?kukdkj midyk (2) LrEHkkdkj midyk (3) varoZrhZ midyk (4) la;qDr midyk
6. fdjsfVu foghu Lr`r 'kYdh ,fiFkhfy;k ik;h tkrh gS %&
(1) Ropk (2) vkek'k; (3) xzkluky (4) NksVh vkWar
7. vkgkjuky] vkek'k; vkSj ;d`r dks vkLrfjr djus okyh midyk gS %&
(1) lkekU; 'kYdh (2) lkekU; ?kukdkj
(3) lkekU; LrEHkh (4) L;qMksLr`r LrEHkh ,fiFkhfy;k
8. nsgxqgh; vkoj.k curk gS %&
(1) jksekHkh ,fiFkhfy;e (2) xzfUFky ,fiFkhfy;e (3) LrEHkh ,fiFkhfy;e (4) 'kYdkdkj ,fiFkhfy;e
9. Lrfjr 'kYdh midyk gS %&
(1) ckgjh Lrj 'kYdkdkj rFkk vkUrfjd Lrj ?kukdkj
(2) ckgjh Lrj ?kukdkj rFkk vkUrfjd Lrj 'kYdkdkj
(3) ckgjh Lrj LrEHkkdkj rFkk vkUrfjd Lrj ?kukdkj
(4) ckgjh Lrj ?kukdkj rFkk vkUrfjd Lrj LrEHkkdkj
10. midyk Ård ds lUnHkZ esa lgh dFku gS %&
A- dksf'kdk,¡ l?ku :i ls O;ofLFkr
B- dksf'kdk,¡ varjdksf'kdh; vk/kk=h ugha j[krh gS
C- dksf'kdk,¡ varjdksf'kdh; inkFkZ ;qDr
D- ;g ,d irhZ; vFkok cgqirhZ; gksrk gSA
(1) A ,oa D (2) B ,oa C (3) A, C ,oa D (4) mijksDr lHkh

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05. la;ksth Ård (Connective tissue)
tfVy izkf.k;ksa ds 'kjhj esa la;ksth Ård cgqrk;r ,oa foLr`r :i ls QSyk gqvk ik;k tkrk gSA la;ksth Ård
uke 'kjhj ds vU; Årdksa ,oa vax dks ,d nwljs ls tksM+us rFkk vkyacu ds vk/kj ij fn;k x;k gSA la;ksth
Ård esa dksey Ård ls ysdj fo'ks"k izdkj ds Ård tSls& mikfLFk] vfLFk] olh; Ård rFkk jDr lfEefyr
gSaA
O.Hartwig us lEiw.kZ la;ksth Ård dks Mesenchyme uke fn;kA la;ksth Ård dh mRifÙk Hkwz.kh;
Mesoderm ls gksrh gSA
;g tksM+us ,oa vkyEcu gsrq lokZf/kd foLr`r ,oa cgqrk;r ls ik;k tkus okyk Ård gSA
esfVªDl dh izÑfr ds vk/kkj ij la;ksth Ård ds izdkj ¼rhu½ %
1. okLrfod ;ksth Ård (Connective tissue proper) : eqyk;e] rUrqe; esfVªDl
2. vkyEch ;ksth Ård (Skeleton Connective tissue) : n`<+@l?ku] [kfut yo.k ;qDr esfVªDlA
[kfutksa ds teko ls ;g dBksj gks tkrh gSA

®
3. laoguh; ;ksth Ård (Vascular Connective tissue) : rjy vkSj rarq jfgr esfVªDl
jDr dks NksM+dj lHkh la;ksth Årdksa esa dksf'kdk lajpukRed izksVhu ds cus rarq ¼tSls fd dksystu]
bykfLVu vkfn½ vkSj esfVªDl lzkfor djrh gSA
la;ksth Ård
okLrfod ;ksth Ård
f'kfFky la;ksth Ård l?ku la;ksth Ård fof'k"Vhd`r
(vf/kd eSfVªDl ,oa rarq ;qDr) (vf/kd rarq ,oa eSfVªDl ;qDr)

vUrjkyh olh; l?ku fu;fer l?ku vfu;fer dadkyh; la;ksth rjy la;ksth Ård
;ksth ;ksth la;ksth Ård la;ksth Ård Ård
Ård Ård eSfVªDl Bksl ,oa eSfVªDl rjy ,oa
yo.k;qDr rarqjfgr
mnk- mifLFkr mnk- jDr o
,oa vfLFk

(1) okLrfod ;ksth Ård (Connective tissue proper)

bldk fuekZ.k rhu ?kVdks ls gksrk gSA
(1) dksf'kdk (Cells)  (2) rarq (Fibres) (3) vk?kk=h (Matrix)
(A) okLrfod ;ksth Ård dh dksf'kdk,sa (Cells of Connective Tissue Proper) :
(i) rUrq dksjd dksf'kdk,sa (Fibroblast cells)

 la;ksth Ård dh lcls cM+h dksf'kdk

 ;g la[;k esa lokZf/kd gksrs gSA
 dksf'kdkæO;h izo/kks± dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k ;s Cytoplasmic
vfu;fer fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA processes

 bu dksf'kdkvksa dk eq[; dk;Z izksVhu ds cus rUrqvksa dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA

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 ;s dksf'kdk,sa ;ksth Ård dh Matrix dk eq[; Hkkx L=kfor djrh gSA
 iqjkuh Fibroblast dks fibrocyte dgrs gS tks fuf"Ø; gksrh gS] ysfdu U;wu ek=k esa Matrix
L=kfor djrh gSA
 fibroblast dks ;ksth Ård dh vfoHksfnr dksf'kdk ekuk tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd ;s :ikUrfjr
gksdj Osteoblast ;k Chondrioblast cukrh gS ftuls vfLFk rFkk mikfLFk dk fuekZ.k gksrk
gSA
 ok;oh; la;ksth Ård Ropk ds uhps ik;k tkrk gSA
dk;Z % (1) rUrq dk fuekZ.k (2) esfVªDl L=kfor djuk
(ii) eSØksQst@fgfLV;kslkbV (Macrophages (Histeocyte))
 izR;sd dksf'kdk esa lse ds cht@o`Dd dh Lysosomes
vkÑfr dk dsUæd gksrk gSA

®
 buesa dksf'kdk æO; df.kdkfoghu vkSj LoPN
Kidney shaped
gksrk gS] ysfdu ykblkslksEl dh vf/kd nucleus
la[;k ds dkj.k d.kh; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
 ;s dksf'kdk,sa LoHkko ls Hk{kk.kq gksrh gS] tks Hk{k.k
}kjk thok.kq@okbjl dks u"V djrh gSA
 bUgsa ;ksth Ård dh lQkbZ dksf'kdk,sa Hkh dgrs gS] D;ksafd ;s Hk{k.k }kjk e`r dksf'kdkvksa ;k
muds eycs dks u"V dj ;ksth Ård dh lQkbZ djrh gSA
(iii) ekLV dksf'kdk,s (Mast cells (Mastocytes))
 vkÑfr esa vehch; gksrh gSA
 ;s lajpuk vkSj dk;Z esa jDr dh Basophils ds
Basophilic
leku gksrh gSA granules
 izR;sd dksf'kdk esa s-shape dsUæd ik;k tkrk S-shaped
nucleus
gS] tks nks ;k rhu ikfy;ksa esa foHkDr gksrk gSA
 buds dksf'kdk æO; esa Basophilic df.kdk,sa
ik;h tkrh gS tks {kkjh; vfHkjatd Methylene
Blue }kjk vfHkjaftr gks tkrh gSA
 Mast cells ;ksth Ård dh egRoiw.kZ dk;Z djus okyh dksf'kdk,sa gksrh gSA
Mast cell ds dk;Z %
(a) fgLVkfeu dk L=o.k djuk % ;g ,d vehuks vEy O;qRié inkFkZ gSA ;g ,d
Vasodilator gS tks jDr okfgfu;ksa dk izlkj.k djus ds lkFk&lkFk dsf'kdkvksa dh ikjxE;rk
dks c<+k nsrk gSA
 tks izHkkoh {ks= dh jDr okfgfu;ksa dk izlkj.k dj jDr lapj.k dks c<+krk gS
 'kjhj esa ,yftZd inkFkZ ds izos'k djus ij ekLV cells mÙksftr gksdj fgLVkfeu L=kfor
djrh gSaA vkSj lkFk gh jDr dsf'kdkvksa dh ikjxE;rk c<+ tkus ls jDr dk dqN Hkkx
(W.B.C lfgr) dsf'kdkvksa ls ckgj fudydj vUrjkdksf'kdh; vodk'kksa esa Hkj tkrk gS] bl
jDr ds Hkkx dks Exudate dgrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k lwtu vk tkrh gS] tks yky] xeZ o nnZ
;qDr gksrh gSA ,slh lwtu Inflammation ;k iznkg dgykrh gSA
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(b) fljsVksfuu dk L=o.k (Serotonin secretion)
 bls 5–Hydroxy tryptamin Hkh dgrs gSA
 ;g ,d vehuks vEy O;qRié gS ,d okfguh ladkspd gS tks jDr okfgfu;ksa dk ladqpu dj
jDr lapj.k dks ?kVkrk gSA
 pksV yxus ij ekLV dksf'kdk,sa fljVksfuu L=kfor dj jDr dh gkfu dks de
djrh gSaA
(c) fgisfju dk L=o.k (Heparin Secretion) : ;g ,d E;wdksiksyhlsdsjkbM gSA ;g d'ks:fd;ksa
esa mifLFkr izkÑfrd izfrLdUnd gksrk gSA ;g jDr okfgfu;ksa esa jDr LdUnu dks jksdrk gS]
¼izks&FkzksfEcu ds FkzksfEcu esa ifjorZu dks jksddj½
(d) ekLV Cells dqN ek=k esa ;ksth Ård dh matrix Hkh L=kfor djrh gSA

®
(iv) olk dksf'kdk (Adipose cells)
 v.Mkdkj vkÑfr dh dksf'kdk,sa tks olk dk laxzg.k djrh gSA
 olk dk laxzg.k olk xksfydk ds :i esa gksrk gS rFkk olk xksfydk dk fuekZ.k NksVh&NksVh
olk cwanksa ds la;kstu ls gksrk gSA
 olk xksfydkvksa dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij ;s dksf'kdk,sa nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
(a) ,d xksydh; olk dksf'kdk (Mono locular adipocyte)
 buesa izR;sd esa ,d cM+h dsUæh; olk xksfydk gksrh gS
 dsUæd o dksf'kdk æO; ifj/kh; gksrs gSA dksf'kdk æO; de ek=k esa gksrk gSA
 olk xksfydk ds nkc ds dkj.k dsUæd vkd`fr esa piVk gksrk gSA ;s olk dksf'kdk,sa 'osr
olk cukrh gSA
(b) cgqxksydh; olk dksf'kdk (Multi locular adipocyte) :
 buesa vusdksa NksVh&NksVh olk xksfydk;sa dksf'kdk æO; esa dsUæd ds pkjksa vksj fc[kjh jgrh gSAa
 dksf'kdk æO; vf/kd ek=k esa gksrk gSA
 dsUæd vkÑfr esa xksykdkj vkSj dksf'kdk ds e/; esa fLFkr gksrk gSA
 ;s dksf'kdk,sa Hkwjh olk (Brown fat) cukrh gSA bldk Hkwjk jax lkbVksØkse o.kZd dh
mifLFkrh dh otg ls gksrk gSA
(v) fyEQkslkbV dksf'kdk (Lymphocyte cells)
 vkÑfr esa vehch; izR;sd dksf'kdk esa ,d cM+k dsUæd
gksrk gS] tks dksf'kdk dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx ?ksjs jgrk gS
Clear
rFkk dksf'kdk æO; iryh ifj/kh; ijr ds :i esa gksrk cytoplasm
gSA dksf'kdk æO; ek=k esa de gksrk gSA
 Anti body dk fuekZ.k] L=o.k o ifjogu djukA
 ;s foHkktu ds }kjk IykTek dksf'kdk,sa cukrh gSA
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(vi) IykTek dksf'kdk (Plasma cell :- cart wheel cell)
 vkÑfr esa vehch; gksrh gSA
 izR;sd dksf'kdk esa ,d xksykdkj dsUæd ik;k
tkrk gS] ftlesa ØksesfVu inkFkZ xkM+h ds ifg;ksa Cart wheel
like nucleus
esa yxh rhfy;ksa ds leku forfjr ;k vjh;
drkjksa ds :i esa gksrk gSA blfy, bUgsa Cart
wheel cell dgrs gSA
 ;s dksf'kdk,sa la;ksth Ård ds fyEQkslkbV ds foHkktu ls curh gS] blfy, bUgsa
^fyEQkslkbV ds Dyksu* dgrs gSA
dk;Z %,UVhckWMh dk fuekZ.k] L=o.k o ifjogu djukA
(vii) ehlsudkbe dksf'kdk (Mesenchyme cell)

®
 la;ksth Ård dh ,dy vkdkj dh cgqos"k/kkjh dksf'kdk (Pleuripotent cells)
(B) okLrfod ;ksth Ård ds rUrq (Fibres) :
(i) 'osr rUrq (Collagen fibres (White fibres))
 ;s jax esa 'osr vkSj pedhys gksrs gSA budk fuekZ.k dksystu izksVhu ls gksrk gSA
 Collagen 'kjhj esa lcls vf/kd ek=k esa mifLFkr izksVhu gSA
 ;s rUrq ygjnkj] v'kkf[kr vkSj n`<+ gksrs gSaA ;s lnSo lewg esa O;ofLFkr] buds lewg dks
Fascia dgrs gSA
 bUgsa mckyus ij ;s ?kqy tkrs gS vkSj ftysVhu esa cny tkrs gSaA
(ii) ihr rarq (Elastic fibres — (Yellow fibres))
 ;s jax esa ihys gksrs gSA budk fuekZ.k Elastin Protein ls gksrk gSA
 ;s rUrq 'kkf[kr gksrs gS] tks lnSo ,dy :i esa O;ofLFkr jgrs gSA ysfdu budh 'kk[kk,sa
tky cukrh gSA
 buesa lokZf/kd izR;kLFkrk ik;h tkrh gSA
 jlk;uksa ds fy, lokZf/kd izfrjks/kdrk ik;h tkrh gSA
 ;s ty ds lkFk mckyus ij ?kqyrs ugha gSaA
(iii) tkfydk rUrq (Reticular Fibres)
 budk fuekZ.k Reticulin Protein ls gksrk gSA
 bUgsa Arzyrophil fibres Hkh dgrs gSa D;ksafd budk vfHkjatu] flYoj yo.kksa }kjk gksrk gSA
 ;s vR;f/kd 'kkf[kr gksrs gS] ftudh 'kk[kk,sa lnSo l?ku tky cukrh gSaA
 ;s rUrq vR;f/kd dksey gksrs gS] tks vk?kkr yxus ij VwV tkrs gS] vr% buesa izR;kLFkrk
iw.kZr;k vuqifLFkr gksrh gSA
 ;s eq[;r;k yfldk vaxksa esa ik;s tkrs gSA tSls & Iyhgk] yfldk xkaBsa
(C) Matrix (Ground substance) :
 ;ksth Ård dh Matrix Mucopolysaccharide ¼:ikUrfjr ikWyhlsdsjkbM½ dh cuh gksrh gS] tks
gkbY;qjksfud vEy ds :i esa ik;h tkrh gSA
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MESENCHYME-CELL FIBROBLAST
ALLEN®

• la;ksth Ård dh ,dy vkdkj dh • la;ksth Ård dh lcls cM+h dksf'kdk,Wa

cgqos"k/kkjh dksf'kdk (Pleuripotent cells) ELASTIC FIBRES ¼ihr rarq½ • la[;k esa lcls T;knk gksrh gS
• yacs dksf'kdh; izo/kZ ds lkFk vfu;fer vkdkj
MONOLOCULAR-ADIPOCYTE • bykfLVu izksVhu }kjk fufeZr
• dksf'knzO; var% iznzO;h tkfydk ls Hkjiwj
• 'kkf[kr fdarq ,dy O;ofLFkr
• ,dy] cM+k dsUnzh; oklxksyd mifLFkr • izFkfed dk;Z izksVhu rarqvksa dk fuekZ.k
• vR;f/kd izR;kLFk
• dksf'kdk nzO; rFkk dasnzd ifj/kh ij fLFkr • jlk;u ds izfr izfrjks/kd • la;ksth Ård ds eSfVªDl dk L=ko.k
• 'osr olk dk fuekZ.k

COLLAGEN FIBRES ¼'osr&rarq½

MULTILOCULAR-ADIPOCYTE
• dksystu izksVhu ds cus gksrs gS] tks fd tarq txr
• olk ds dbZ NksVs nkus dsanzd ds pkjks esa feyus okyk lokZf/kd izksVhu gksrk gS
rjQ forfjr • ygjnkj] vizR;LFk js'ks tks caMy (fascia) esa ik;s
• dksf'kdk nzO; vf/kd tkrs gSa
BLOOD CAPILLARY
• ihr olk dk fuekZ.k • mckyus ij ftysfVu feyrk gS
LYMPHOCYTES
• dksf'kdk nzO; ifj/kh ij vkSj RETICULAR FIBRES ¼ikjn'khZ rarq½
MACROPHAGES
dsanzd dsanz esa mifLFkr foHkktu
•
la[;k esa nwljs LFkku ij • vkjthjksfQy rarq] pkanh ds yo.k }kjk vfHkjaftr
• izfrj{kk ra= dh izeq[k dksf'kdk }kjk
•
vkdkj esa nwljs LFkku ij • jsfVdqfyu izksVhu dk cuk gqvk
vkSj ,aVhckWMh fuekZ.k esa Hkwfedk
•
vehch; dksf'kdk] o`Ddkdkj dsanzd • vR;f/kd 'kkf[kr rarq • lnSo ?kus tky dk fuekZ.k
PLASMA CELLS •
dksf'kdknzO; nkusjfgr ijarq T;knk • dksey rarq • izR;kLFkrk iw.kZr;k vuqifLFkr
ykblkslkse ds dkj.k nkusnkj fn[krk gS • izeq[krk ls fyEQkbM vaxksa tSls Iyhgk ,oa yfldk
• NksVh vehch; dksf'kdk;sa
• Hk{kk.kq izo`fÙk] thok.kq rFkk fo"kk.kq dk uk'k ?kqafM;ksa esa ik, tkrs gS
• ØksesfVu nzo cSyxkM+h ds ifg, tSlk Hk{k.k }kjk
O;ofLFkr • la;ksth Ård ds viektZd Hkh dgs tkrs
®
• fyEQkslkbV ds Dyksu D;ksafd gSa D;ksafd ;g u"V ,oa e`r dksf'kdk dk MAST CELLS
fyEQkslkbV ds foHkktu }kjk fufeZr uk'k djds la;ksth Ård dks lkQ djrh • vehch; vkdkj dh NksVh dksf'kdk] S-vkdkj dsanzd
• ,aVhckWMh dk fuekZ.k ,oa ogu gS • fgLVsfeu fljsVksfuu (5–HT) o fgiSfju ,oa eSfVªDl dk L=ko.k
• bUgsa fgfLV;kslkbV~l Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Biology : Structural Organisation in Animals (Animal Tissue)
Biology : Structural Organisation in Animals (Animal Tissue) ALLEN®
Pre-Medical
(2) okLrfod ;ksth Årdksa ds izdkj (Type of connective tissue proper)
(A) varjkyh ;ksth Ård (Areolar Connective Tissue) :
Macrophages
Elastic fibres
Fibroblast Fat storage area
Monolocular adipocytes Nucleus
Collagen fibres
Plasma
Blood capillary
Membrane
(a) Areolar tissue Mast cell (b) Adipose tissue
NCERT XI Page No. 103, Figure No.7.4 (a), (b)
 bl Ård dks <+hyk la;ksth Ård ;k Liath Ård ;k ok;oh; Ård Hkh dgrs gSA

®
 ;g 'kjhj esa lokZf/kd QSyk gqvk Ård gSA
 bl Ård esa lokZf/kd vUrjkdksf'kdh; inkFkZ ;k vodk'k mifLFkr gksrs gSA
 bl Ård esa dksystu rarqvksa ds lewg vfu;fer :i ls forfjr jgrs gS] ftlls muds chp
vodk'k cu tkrs gS] ftUgsa ,fj;ksyh (Areolae) dgrs gSA
 Areolae esa ;ksth Ård ds vU; ?kVd ¼rarq] dksf'kdk;sa] esfVªDl½ O;ofLFkr jgrs gSA
 vU; rarqvksa esa dsoy dqN Elastic fibres mifLFkr gksrs gS] tcfd Reticular fibres iw.kZr;k
vuqifLFkr gksrs gSA
 dksf'kdk esa Fibroblast, Mast cell o Macrophage vf/kd la[;k esa ik;h tkrh gSA
 Areolae esa jDr okfgfu;k¡ vkSj raf=dk rarq Hkh mifLFkr gksrh gSA vr% bl Ård esa jDr lapj.k
mifLFkr gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k % Tela Subcutanea Ropk ds uhps vUrjkyh ;ksth Ård dh cuh iryh lrr ijr tks
Ropk dks is'kh Lrj (Panniculas cornosus) ls tksM+rh gS] vr% Lru/kkfj;ksa dh lEiw.kZ Ropk n`<+rk
ls is'kh Lrj ls tqM+h gksrh gSA
Sub Mucosa of Trachea, Bronchi, Intestine
 ;s Ropk ds uhps Hkh ik;s tkrs gSaA
(B) olk ;ksth Ård (Adipose Connective Tissue) :
 okLro esa ;g Ård vUrjkyh ;ksth Ård@yphys ;ksth Ård dk :ikUrj.k gS] ysfdu blesa
eq[; :i ls olk dksf'kdk;sa lcls vf/kd la[;k esa gksrh gS tks olk laxzg.k djrh gSA bl Ård
esa :f/kj laogu ra= Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA ;s Ropk ds uhps Hkh ik;s tkrs gSaA
 ;fn olk ;ksth Årdks dh fØ;k Alcohal ;k fdlh vU; dkcZfud foyk;d ls djok;h tk;s rks
laxzfgr lEiw.kZ olk ?kqy tkrh gS vkSj dksf'kdk;sa ^fjfDrdke;* fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
 tUrqvksa esa nks izdkj dh olk ik;h tkrh gS&
(i) 'osr olk (White fat) (ii) Hkwjh olk (Brown fat)
(i) 'osr olk : bldk fuekZ.k Mono locular Adipocytes ls gksrk gSA ftuesa ,d cM+h dsfUæ;
olk xksfydk o dksf'kdkæO; iryh ifj/kh; ijr ds :i esa rFkk ifjèkh; Hkkx esa dsUæd
mifLFkr gksrk gSA dksf'kdk æO; dh de ek=k ds dkj.k Mitochondria Hkh la[;k esa de
gksrh gSA vr% ;g olk de ÅtkZ eqDr djrh gSA
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mnk- Panniculas Adiposus Ropk ds uhps laxzfgr olk dh iryh lrr ijr] ftls ekuo
esa Ropk dh gkbiksMfeZl Hkh dgrs gSA
ihr vfLFk eTtk (Yellow bone marrow)
frfeolk ¼Blubber) : Ropk ds uhps laxzfgr olk dk vR;f/kd eksVk Lrj Whale,
Seal, Elephant esa mifLFkrA
dwcM (Hump of Camal), eSjhuks HksM+ dh iw¡N esa (Tail of Marino sheep)
(ii) Hkwjh olk:- bldk fuekZ.k Multi locular Adipocyte ls gksrk gS] ftuesa vusdksa NksVh&NksVh
olk xksfydk;sa dsUæd ds pkjksa vksj dksf'kdk æO; esa fc[kjh jgrh gSA dksf'kdk æO; dh
vf/kd ek=k vkSj mitochondria dh vf/kd la[;k ds dkj.k ;g olk 'osr olk dh rqyuk
esa chl xquk vf/kd ÅtkZ eqDr djrh gSA Hkwjh olk dk Hkwjk jax Cytochrome o.kZd dh
vf/kdrk ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
 New born baby esa dqN ek=k esa Hkwjh olk mifLFkr gksrh gSA vr% ;s 'khr ds izfr
izfrjks/kdrk n'kkZrh gSA uotkr f'k'kq esa 'khr ds fy, izfrjks/kdrk laxzfgr Hkwjh olk ds
dkj.k gksrh gSA
Rodents - Rat, Shrew ,sls Lru/kkjh tks 'khr fu"Øh;rk iznf'kZr djrs gS] vkSj fu"Øh;rk ds

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

le; vko';d ÅtkZ laxzfgr Hkwjh olk ls izkIr djrs gSA

(C) la?ku la;ksth Ård (Dense Connective Tissue) :
 blesa rarq vkSj rarq dksf'kdk,a n`<+rk ls O;ofLFkr jgrh gSA
Collagen fibres

Collagen fibres
(a) Dense regular connective tissue (b) Dense irregular connective tissue
NCERT XI Page No. 103, Figure No. 7.5 (a), (b)
(i) 'osr rarqe; la;ksth Ård (White fibrous connective tissue)
 bl Ård esa 'osr dksystu rarq vf/kd ek=k esa ik;s tkrs gS] tcfd ;ksth Ård ds vU;
?kVd de ek=k esa gksrs gSA
 ihr rarq o tkfydk rarq iw.kZr;k vuqifLFkr gksrs gSA
 dksf'kdkvksa esa Fibroblast o Mast cells vf/kd la[;k esa ik;h tkrh gSA
bl Ård esa rarqvksa ds lewg vkSj Matrix ds forj.k ds vk/kkj ij ;g Ård nks :iksa esa
ik;k tkrk gSA
(a) jTtw (Cord) :
 blesa rarqvksa ds lewg o Matrix dk forj.k fu;fer ,dkUrj Øe esa gksrk gSA
 eSfVªDl esa fibroblast cells ,d J`a[kyk esa O;ofLFkr gksrh gSA rFkk Mast cells
b/kj&m/kj fc[kjh jgrh gSA
mnk- & daMjk (Tendon) : ;s is'kh dks vfLFk ls tksM+rh gSA
'kjhj dk lcls etcwr daMjk VsUMksdsYdsfu;l (Tendocalcaneius Tendon) gksrk gSA ;g
fi.Myh esa mifLFkr Gastrocnemius muscle dks Ankle ¼,sMh½ dh dSYdsfu;e vfLFk ls
tksM+rk gSA
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(b) ijr (Sheath) :
blesa rarqvksa o Matrix dk dksbZ fu;fer forj.k ugha gksrk ;g vUrjkyh ;ksth Ård ds
leku gksrk gS] ysfdu bldh Areolae esa ihr rarq iw.kZr;k vuqifLFkr gksrs gSA
mnkgj.k vfLFk dk vkoj.k – Periosteum
mikfLFk dk vkoj.k – Perichondrium
ân;koj.kh xqgk dk cká vkoj.k – Pericardium
is'kh dk cká vkoj.k – Epimysium
o`Dd dk vkoj.k – Renal Capsule
;Ñr ikfy;ksa dk vkoj.k – Glisson's Capsule
efLr"d dk ckáre vkoj.k – Duramater
us= dh dkfuZ;k – Cornea of eye
o`"k.k dk vkoj.k – Tunica albuginea

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(ii) ihr rarqe; ;ksth Ård (Yellow fibrous C.T.) :
 bl Ård esa ihr rarqvksa dk vkf/kD; gksrk gS ysfdu dksystu rarq Hkh ik;s tkrs gSA
 tkfydk rUrq vuqifLFkr gksrs gSA
 rarq rFkk eSfVªDl ds vk/kkj ij] ;s nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA
(a) jTtw (Cord) :- blesa dksystu rarqvksa ds lewg vkSj esfVªDl dk fu;fer forj.k ik;k tkrk
gS rFkk Matrix esa ihr rarq tky cukrs gSA tSls & Luk;q (Ligament) – vfLFk dks vfLFk ls
tksM+rs gSA
 'kjhj dk lcls etcwr Ligament –Ilio - femoral ligament gSA
 ;g Luk;q i'p ikn ds Pelvic girdle dh Ilium vfLFk dks Femur vfLFk ls tksM+rk gSA
(b) ijr (Sheet) / l?ku vfu;fer ;ksth Ård & Matrix vkSj rUrqvksa dk Elastic rUrqvksa
ds lkFk vfu;fer foLrkj gksrk gSA
mnk- yfldk okfgfu;ksa dh nhokj esa (Wall of Lymphatic Vessels), jDr okfgfu;ksa dh nhokj esa
(Wall of Blood Vessels), okLrfod Loj jTtw (True Vocal cord), QsQM+s dh dwfidk dh
nhokj (Wall of alveoli of lungs), czksafd;ksy dh nhokj (Wall of Bronchiole), Ropk esa Hkh
ik;k tkrk gSA
(D) tkfydk rarqe; ;ksth Ård (Reticular Fibrous Connective Tissue) :
 bl Ård dks Lymphoid tissue Hkh dgrs gSA
 ;g eq[;r% yfldk vaxksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
 ;g Ård eqyk;e vaxks ds Stroma ds fy, vkyEcu o lgkjk iznku djrk gSA
mnk- Iyhgk (Spleen)
 yfldk xkaB (Lymph Nodes (Tonsils, Payer's patches))
 ,sUMksfLV;e (Endosteum) (Covering of bone marrow cavity)
(E) 'ys"e ;ksth Ård (Mucoid Connective Tissue) :
;g Ård ^Hkwz.kh; Ård* Hkh dgykrk gS] D;ksfa d ;s eq[; :i ls Hkwz.kh; ifjo/kZu ds nkSjku ik;k
tkrk gSA bl Ård dh Matrix tSyh ds leku gksrh gS] ftls 'Wharton's Jelly' dgrs gSA
e.g. Umbilical cord ¼;g lajpuk IyslsUVk dks QhVl (Foetus) ls tksM+rh gSA½
Comb of cock ¼eqxZs dh dyxh½
Vitreous humour ¼dkpkHk æo½
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BEGINNER’S BOX la;ksth Ård

1. is'kh;kWa vfLFk;ksa ls tqM+rh gS %&

(1) mikfLFk ls (2) fyxkesUV ls (3) VsUMUl ls (4) ,Mhiksl Ård ls
2. Hkwjh olh; dksf'kdk,a j[krh gS %&
(1) dsoy ,d olh; df.kdk (2) ,d ls vf/kd olh; df.kdk
(3) olh; df.kdk vuqifLFkr (4) dsUnzd ifjf/k ij
3. fgLVh;kslkbV~l thok.kqvksa dks u"V djrh gS %&
(1) Hk{k.k }kjk (2) ,UVhVkWDlhu ds mRiknu }kjk
(3) ,UVhckWMht ds mRiknu }kjk (4) ,UVhtu ds mRiknu }kjk

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4. IykTek dksf'kdk %&
(1) B- fyEQkslkbV dksf'kdk dk :ikUrj.k gS (2) ,UVhtu L=kfor djrh gS
(3) gsisfju] fgLVsfeu] fljsVksuhu L=kfor djrh gS (4) vk/kk=h rFkk rUrq mRiUu djrh gSA
5. ihyk] lQsn vkSj jsfVdwyj rUrq fdl izksVhu ds cus gksrs gS (Øe'k%) %&
(1) bykLVhu] jsfVdwfyu] dkWystu (2) jsfVdwfyu] bykLVhu] dkWystu
(3) dkWystu] bykLVhu] jsfVdwfyu (4) bykLVhu] dkWystu] jsfVdwfyu
6. fuEu esa ls dkSulk ok;oh; la;ksth Ård tkuk tkrk gS :-
(1) l?ku rarqe; la;ksth Ård (2) olk;ksth la;ksth Ård
(3) vrajkyh la;ksth Ård (4) tkfydke; rarqe;
7. fuEu esa ls dkSulk Ård vka= dh LcE;wdkslk dk fuekZ.k djrk gS %&
(1) l?ku rarqe; la;ksth Ård (2) olk;ksth Ård
(3) tkfydke; rarqe; la;ksth Ård (4) varjkyh la;ksth Ård
8. a. ,dxksydh; b. de ekbVkssdkfUMª;k c. de ÅtkZ
mijksDr fo'ks"krk,sa lacaf/kr gS
(1) 'osr olk & pwgk (2) 'osr olk & uotkr f'k'kq
(3) /kwlj olk & ÅaV dk dwacM (4) 'osr olk & ihr vfLFk eTtk
9. ihr rarqe; la;ksth Ård ik;k tkrk gS :-
a. jhuy dSIlwy esa b. okLrfod Loj jTtq esa c. jDr okfgfu;ksa dh fHkfÙk;ksa esa
d. ,ihekbfl;e esa
(1) a, b (2) b, c (3) c, d (4) a, b, c
10. fyEQkslkbV~l vf/kd ek=k esa gksrs gS :-
(1) 'osr rarqe; la;ksth Ård (2) tkfydk rarqe; la;ksth Ård
(3) ihr rarqe; la;ksth Ård (4) olk la;ksth Ård

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(3) fof'kf"VÑr la;ksth Ård (Specialised connective tissue)

(A) SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE (B) VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

(i) Cartilage (ii) Bone (i) Blood (ii) Lymph

(Included in circulatory system)

(A) dadkyh; la;ksth Ård (Skeletal Connective Tissue) :

 bldk eSfVªDl l?ku ,oa [kfut;qDr gksrk gSA
 bl Ård dks vkyEch Ård ¼Supporting Tissue) Hkh dgrs gS] D;ksafd ;s 'kjhj dks vkyEcu rFkk
lgkjk iznku djrk gSA
 ;g nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA

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(i) Cartilage mikfLFk (ii) Bone vfLFk
(i) mikfLFk (Cartilage)
 mikfLFk dk ckáre
vkoj.k Perichondrium
dgykrk gS tks 'osr
rarqe; ;ksth Ård dh Collagen fibers
cuh gksrh gS
 dkWfVZyst iSnk djus okyh
Cartilage cells (chondrocyte)
dksf'kdk,a ifj/kh ij
O;ofLFkr gksrh gSa ftUgs
Chondroblast dgk tkrk
gSA NCERT XI Page No. 104, Figure No. 7.6 (a)
 ;s lfØ; dksf'kdk;s gksrh
gS tks foHkkftr gksdj Chondrocyte dk fuekZ.k djrh gSa vkSj dkWfVZyst ds Matrix dk
la'ys"k.k djrh gSA
 dkWfVZyst dh ifjiDo dksf'kdkvksa dks Chondrocyte dgk tkrk gSA
 ;s dksf'kdk,a Matrix esa fjfDrdk ds leku vodk'kksa esa fLFkr gksrh gSA ftUgs Lacuna dgk
tkrk gSA ,d Lacuna esa 1-4 rd Chondrocyte gks ldrh gSA
 dkWfVZyst dks rksM+us okyh dksf'kdk,a Chondroclast dgykrh gSA
 mikfLFk dh Matrix dks dkWfUMªu (Chondrin) dgrs gSA ;s Chondromucoprotein dh cuh
gksrh gS] ftldk fuekZ.k nks ?kVdks ls gksrk gSA
 Chondrotin-6- Sulphate rFkk Mucopoly saccharide (Hyluronic acid)
 mikfLFk dh Matrix fo'ks"k izdkj dh gksrh gS] tks bls n`<+rk vkSj yphykiu iznku djrh gSA
;g Bksl] fof'k"V vkuE; (pliable) vkSj laihMujksèkh gksrh gSA
 blds Matrix esa :f/kj ifjogu vuqifLFkr gksrk gSa] ysfdu Pericondrium esa :f/kj izokg
mifLFkr gksrk gSA
Types of Cartilage :
(a) dkpkHk mikfLFk (Hyline Cartilage) :-
 ;g 'kjhj esa lcls vf/kd ik;h tkus okyh mikfLFk gSA
 Hkwz.kh; ifjo/kZu ds nkSjku vf/kdka'k vUr dadky blh mikfLFk dk cuk gksrk gSA vr% 'kjhj
dh vf/kdka'k vfLFk;k¡ mikfLFktkr gksrh gS tks mikfLFk ds vfLFkHkou }kjk curh gSA
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 lcls ckgj dh rjQ Perichondrium mifLFkr gksrh gSA
 mikfLFk dh Matrix dk¡p dh rjg lkQ gksrh gS] D;ksafd bldh Matrix esa rarq yxHkx
vuqifLFkr gksrs gSA
 mikfLFk dh Matrix dk jax gYdk uhyk gksrk gS] vkSj ;g vYi ikjn'khZ ;k dk¡p dh rjg
gksrh gSA
Eg. :  Nasal septum ¼uklk iê½
 'C' shape rings of Trachea and Bronchi: ;s oy; i`"B lrg ij viw.kZ gksrs gSA
 Sternal part of Ribs (Coastal cartilage)
 Larynx
 Articular cartilage : yEch vfLFk;ksa ds lfU/kry (Articular Surface) ij Periosteum
vuqifLFkr gksrh gS vkSj Hyaline cartilage ik;h tkrh gS ftls Articular Cartilage
dgrs gSA

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(b) rarqe; mikfLFk (Fibrous cartilage) :
(I) izR;kLFk mikfLFk (Elastic Cartilage)
 bl mikfLFk dh Matrix esa ihr rarqvksa dk tky gksrk gS] tks fdlh lajpuk dks yphyk
cukrs gS vr% ;s 'kjhj dh lcls yphyh mikfLFk gksrh gSA
 Matrix dk jax gYdk ihyk gksrk gSA
mnk- uklk Nksj] d.kZ&iYyo] cká d.kZ laf/k;k¡] ,fiXyksfVl] ;wLVsfp;u ufydk
(II) 'osr rarqe; mikfLFk (White fibrous Cartilage)
 ,dek= ,slh mikfLFk ftlesa Perichondrium vuqifLFkr gksrh gS] D;ksafd lEiw.kZ 'osr
rarqe; ;ksth Ård gh mikfLFk esa :ikUrfjr gks tkrk gSA
 bldh Matrix esa 'osr rarqvksa dk vkf/kD; gksrk gS] tks lajpukvksa dks n`<+rk iznku
djrs gS vr% ;g 'kjhj dh lcls etcwr mikfLFk gksrh gSA
mnk- (a) I;wfcd flEQkbfll (Pubic - Symphysis) : Jks.kh es[kyk ds nksuksa v)ZHkkxksa
(Os-innominatum) dh I;wfcl vfLFk;k¡ ,d nwljs ls Pubic symphysis }kjk
tqM+h jgrh gSA
(b) varjd'ks:d fcEc (Intervertebral disc) : nks d'ks:dkvksa ds chp fLFkr
xn~nh ds leku lajpuk tks ;kaf=d >Vdksa dk vo'kks"k.k dj d'ks:d n.M dks
lqjf{kr j[krh gSA bl fcEc dk dsUæh; Hkkx dksystu rarqvksa dh de ek=k ds
dkj.k yphyk gksrk gS] ftls ^U;wfDyvl iYiksll* dgrs gSA
e`R;q ds ckn ;k lksrs le; 'kjhj dh yEckbZ esa gYdh lh o`f) vUrjkds'ks:d
fcEc ds f'kfFkyu ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
(c) dsYlhÑr mikfLFk (Calcified cartilage) :
 :ikUrfjr dkpkHk mikfLFk gksrh gS] ysfdu bldh Matrix esa vR;f/kd ek=k esa Calcium
yo.k tek gks tkus ls ;g vfLFk ds leku dBksj gks tkrh gS]
 ;g 'kjhj dh lcls dBksj mikfLFk gSA
 Ca yo.k Hydroxy apetite ds :i esa tek gksrs gSA [Ca10 (PO4 )6 (OH)2]
mnk- Head of Femur and Humerus in man.
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(ii) vfLFk (Bone)
 Study of Bones Osteology
 vfLFk fuekZ.k dh fØ;k Ossification
 dBksjre Ård vfLFk
 dkseyre Ård jDr
dBksjre inkFkZ busey
 vfLFk dk ckáre vkoj.k Periosteum
dgykrk gS tks 'osr rarqe; ;ksth Ård
(b) Bone
dk cuk gksrk gSA
NCERT XI Page No. 104,
 vfLFk cukus okyh dksf'kdk Osteoblast QkbczksCykLV ds Figure No. 7.6 (b)
:ikUrj.k ls curh gSA Osteoblast foHkktu ds }kjk

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Osteocyte cukus ds lkFk vfLFk dh Matrix dk dkcZfud Hkkx L=kfor djrh gSA
 vfLFk dh dksf'kdk Osteocyte dgykrh gSA ;s Lacuna esa fLFkr gksrh gSA ;s iw.kZr;k vfØ;
gksrh gSa tks foHkkftr ugha gksrh vr% izR;sd Lacuna esa dsoy ,d Osteocyte gksrh gSA
 vfLFk u"V djus okyh dksf'kdk Osteoclast
dgh tkrh gSA
Matrix & Bksl rFkk vukuE;
Proximal Articular cartilage
(Non-pliable) Epiphysis Spongy bone
;g nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA Red bone marrow
Metaphysis Epiphyseal line
 vfLFk [kfut ;qDr Bksl la;ksth Ård gS]
bldk vkuX; vk/kk=h dkWystu rarq ,oa Endosteum
dSfYl;e yo.k ;qDr gksrk gS tks vfLFk dks Compact bone
Periosteum
etcwrh iznku djrkgSA Diaphysis
Medullary cavity
 Inorganic Part 65-68%
Nutrient artery in
nutrient foramen
blesa Ca3 (PO4 )2  80% lokZf/kd gksrk gS
'ks"k 20% Hkkx esa CaCO3 (10%), Mg3 (PO4 )2
(10%), Floride Salts ¼cgqr de½ ik;s tkrs gSA Metaphysis
 Organic Part 32-35% Distal
epiphysis
Articular cartilage
bls Ossein dgrs gSA blesa lYQj ;qDr
Partially sectioned long bone
E;wdksikWyhlsdsjkbM esa dksystu rarqvksa ds
lewg fuyafcr jgrs gSA
Structure of a long bone
,d yEch vfLFk dh lajpuk esa rhu {ks= gksrs gSA
(1) Epiphysis (2) Diaphysis (3) Metaphysis

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(a) Epiphysis :-
 yEch gfM~M;ksa ds vfUre Hkkx dks Epiphysis dgrs gSA ;g Hkkx Liath vfLFk dk cuk gksrk
gSA ;fn yEch vfLFk laf/kry esa mifLFkr gS rks blds fljs ij PeriostiumvuqifLFkr gksrh gS
vkSj Hyaline Cartilage ik;h tkrh gS] ftls Articular Cartilage dgrs gSA
 ;s vfu;fer vkdkj ds irys LrEHkksa esa O;ofLFkr ijrksa dk cuk gksrk gS ftUgsa Trabeculae
dgrs gSaA buds e/; fLFkr vodk'kksa esa yky vfLFk eTtk Hkjk gksrk gSA
 bldk fuekZ.k ek;yksftul ;k Myeloid Ård ls cuk gksrk gS tks jDr df.kdkvksa dk
fuekZ.k djrk gSA vr% vfLFk dk Epiphysis Hkkx Haemopoietic vax dk dk;Z djrk gSA
(b) Diaphysis :
 yEch vfLFk dk e/; Hkkx Compact Bone dk cuk gksrk gSA
bl Hkkx dh iw.kZ yEckbZ esa [kks[kyh xqgk ik;h tkrh gS] ftls eTtk xqgk dgrs gSA blesa

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

ihr vfLFk eTtk Hkjk gksrk gS] tks 'osr olk dk cuk gksrk gSA vr% olk laxzg.k djrk gSA
(c) Metaphysis :
 Epiphysis o Diaphysis ds chp fLFkr NksVk Hkkx
 bl Hkkx esa Epiphyseal plate gksrh gS] tks lfØ; Osteoblast dksf'kdkvksa dh cuh gksrh gS]
tks foHkktu }kjk Osteocyte cukus ds lkFk Matrix L=kfor djrh gS] vr% Epiphysial
Plate vfLFk ds nh?khZdj.k ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA
 ysfdu vfLFk ds iw.kZ ifjo/kZu ds ckn ;g IysV L=kfor ,Utkbeksa }kjk u"V dj nh tkrh gS]
vr% ,d iw.kZ ifjof/kZr yEch vfLFk esa nks {ks= gh gksrs gSA ysfdu ifjo/kZu dj jgh yEch
vfLFk esa rhu {ks= gksrs gSA

SPECIAL POINTS
Spongy Bones
 bu vfLFk;ksa esa Haversion Canal System mifLFkr ugha gksrs gSaA 'kjhj dh lHkh Liath vfLFk;k¡
Haemopoietic gksrh gSA
mnkgj.k %& Ribs, Sternum, Clavicle, Scapula, Pubis, Vertebrae, Epiphysis of long bone
Compact Bone
buesa Haversion uky ra= mifLFkr gksrs gSA
mnkgj.k %& Diaphysis of long bone
Diploic/Heterotypic
 bu vfLFk;ksa esa e/; Hkkx Spongy vfLFk dk cuk gksrk gS] ftuesa Trabeculae ds e/; yky vfLFk
eTtk Hkjk gksrk gS] ;g vfLFk viuh nksuksa lrg ¼vkUrfjd o cká½ ij Compact Bone ls <+dh
jgrh gSA
mnkgj.k %& All flat Bone of skull

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Lru/kkjh vfLFk dh vkarfjd lajpuk (Internal Structure of Mammalian Bone)
,d yEch vfLFk ds Diaphysis part dh
vuqizLFk dkV esa pkj lajpuk,a gksrh gSA Periosteum
A. Periosteum Concentric
lamellae

Haversian system
B. Matrix
C. Endosteum Haversian
canal
D. Marrow cavity Lamellae
Lacuna
(A) isfjvkWfLV;e (Periosteum) : Canaliculi
 vfLFk dh lcls ckgjh vkoj.k dks
isfjvkWfLV;e dgrs gSA
Interstitial
 vfLFk dk ckáre vkoj.k] ;g nks lamellae
ijrksa dh cuh gksrh gSA Concentric

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 ckgj dh rjQ 'osr rarqe; lamellae
;ksth Ård dh ijr gksrh gSA Endosteum
(T.S. of Mammalian long bone)
 vUnj dh rjQ vkWfLV;ksCykLV
Cells dh ,dy ijrA
 ;s foHkktu }kjk Osteocyte cukus ds lkFk Matrix dh ijrksa dk L=o.k djrh gSA
(B) esfVªDl (Matrix) :
vfLFk dh Matrix vdkcZfud o dkcZfud ?kVdksa dh cuh gksrh gSA vfLFk dh Matrix esa nks izdkj
dh ufydk;sa ik;h tkrh gSA
(i) Haversian canal (ii) Volkmann's canal
Haversian canals :
vuqnS/;Z ufydk;s gksrh gS] tks vfLFk dh yEckbZ ds lekukUrj O;ofLFkr jgrh gSA izR;sd
ufydk esa ,d ;k nks jDr dsf'kdk,sa rFkk raf=dk rarq mifLFkr gksrs gSA
Volkmann's canals :
 vkM+h] frjNh] {kSfrt ;k vuqizLFk ufydk;sa gksrh gSA
 tks gSof'kZ;u ufydkvksa dks ,d nwljs ls tksM+rh gSA
 vfLFk esa Matrix dk forj.k ijrksa ds :i esa gksrk gSA Matrix dh ijrksa dks
lamellae/iVfydk dgrs gS] tks fLFkfr vkSj forj.k ds vk/kkj ij rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA
(i) Harvesian lamellae
(ii) Interstitial lamellae
(iii) Circumferential lamellae
(i) Haversian Lamellae
 Matrix dh ,slh ladsUæh ijrsa tks Haversion
ufydk ds pkjksa vksj oy; ds :i esa fLFkr
gksrh gSA Cytoplasm
 bu ijrksa ds chp Osteocyte cells Nucleus
dh ijr gksrh gSA
Cytoplasmic
 Haversian canal, gSoZf'k;u iVfydk rFkk processes
Osteocyte lfEefyr :i ls Haversian Bone cell
system ;k osteon cukrs gSA
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 gSofl;Zu ra= dh mifLFkfr dsoy Lru/kkfj;ksa dh Compact Bone dk izk:fid y{k.k gSA
 Osteocyte ysdquk esa fLFkr gksrh gSA izR;sd Osteocyte vius fudVorhZ Osteocyte ls
dksf'kdkæO;h izo/kkZs± }kjk tqM+h jgrh gSA
Osteocyte ds dksf'kdkæO;h izo/kZ Lacuna dh ufydkvksa esa fLFkr gksrs gSa] ftUgsa canaliculi
dgrs gSA
(ii) Interstitial lamellae
Matrix dh ,slh ijrs tks nks gSofl;u ra=ksa ds chp vUrjky esa forfjr gksrh gSA
(iii) Circumferential lamellae
Matrix dh ,slh ijrs tks fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
Outer circumferential lamellae :-
;s vfLFk dh ifjf/k ij lHkh gSoflZ;u ra=ksa dks pkjksa vksj ls oy; ds :i esa ?ksjs jgrh gSA
;s Matrix dh ifj/kh; lrg gksrh gSA

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Inner circumferential lamellae :-
;s eTtk xqgk ds pkjksa vksj oy; ds :i esa fLFkr gksrh gSA
(C) Endosteum :
;g Hkh nks ijrksa dh cuh gksrh gSA
(i) eTtk xqgk dh rjQ reticular fibrous C.T. dh ijr gksrh gSA
(ii) Matrix dh rjQ Osteoblast Cells dh ijr gksrh gS tks foHkktu ds }kjk Osteocyte cukus
ds lkFk Matrix L=kfor djrh gS] vr% vfLFk dh o`f) Bidirectional gksrh gS ¼ifjf/k vkSj
dsUæ ls½
tcfd mikfLFk dh o`f) Unidirectional gksrh gS ¼dsoy ifjf/k ls½
(D) Bone marrow cavity
vfLFk ds dsUæh; Hkkx esa fLFkr [kks[kyh xqgk ftlesa ihr vfLFk eTtk Hkjk gksrk gS] tks 'osr olk
dks lafpr djrk gSA
vfLFk;ksa ds izdkj
vfLFkHkou ds LFkku ;k ifjo/kZu ds vk/kkj ij vfLFk;ksa pkj izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1. mikfLFktkr@izfrLFkkih vfLFk;k¡ (Cartilagenous/Replacing bones/Endochondral bone):-
 budk ifjo/kZu mikfLFk ls gksrk gS vFkok ;s mikfLFk esa vfLFkHkou }kjk curh gSA
 blds fuekZ.k ds fy;s nks izdkj dh dksf'kdk;s vko';d gksrh gSA
(i) Chondroclast :- ;s mikfLFk ds inkFkZ dk iqujko'kks"k.k djrh gSA
(ii) Osteoblast :- ;g mikfLFk esa vfLFk ds inkFkZ dk fu{ks"k.k djrh gS] ftlls mikfLFk dk
ifjorZu vfLFk esa ;k mikfLFk dk izfrLFkkiu vfLFk }kjk gks tkrk gSA
Eg. :- 'kjhj dh vf/kdka'k vfLFk;k¡ tSls vxzikn o i'pikn dh vfLFk;k¡] ilfy;ka (RIBS)
2. dyktkr@peZ vfLFk;k¡ (Membranous/Dermal Bones/Investing bone) :-
bu vfLFk;ksa dk fodkl Ropk ds Dermis ds la;ksth Ård ds Ossification }kjk gksrk gSA
Eg. Pubis, Sternum, Clavicle, Scapula bone, Flat bones of skull
3. daMjkfLFk (Sesamoid Bone)
daMjk cukus okys la;ksth Ård esa vfLFkHkou }kjk curh gSA
Eg. (a) euq"; dk Pisiform (dykbZ dh vfLFk)
(b) iVsyk lcls cM+h sesamoid bone (?kqVus dh vfLFk)
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4. vkUrjkaxh vfLFk;k¡ (Visceral Bones)
 ;s vkrjkaxksa ds la;ksth Ård esa vfLFkHkou }kjk curh gSA dsoy dqN tUrqvksa esa ik;h tkrh gSA
ekuo o Rabbit esa iw.kZr;k vuqifLFkr gksrh gSA
mnk- Os-Cordis fgj.k ds ân; ds vUrjkfuy; iê esa mifLFkr vfLFk
Os-Palpebrae  exjePN ds us= dh iyd eas mifLFkr
Os-penis Rodents Rat, Bat, Shrew, Squirral, Whale, Tiger ds Penis esa
Os-rostralis - lwvj ds FkwFku (Snout) esa


(i) Decalcified Bone : yEch vfLFk dks de ls de rhu fnu rd ruq HCl esa j[kus ij mldh Matrix
dk lEiw.kZ [kfut Hkkx vEy esa ?kqy tkrk gS] vkSj vfLFk esa dsoy dkcZfud Hkkx cpk jgrk gS] ftls
Decalcified bone dgrs gSA ;g vfLFk ewyk;e vkSj yphyh gks tkrh gSA
(ii) Dried Bone : vfLFk dks yEcs le; rd /kwi esa j[kus ij mldk lEiw.kZ ty Hkkx u"V gks tkrk gS]

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ysfdu vfLFk dh vkÑfr esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk] bl vfLFk esa fjDr Lacuna o fjDr eTtk xqgk
mifLFkr gksrs gSA bls Dried bone ¼lw[kh vfLFk½ dgrs gSA
vfLFk dks vfr mPp rki ij tykus ls mldk lEiw.kZ dkcZfud Hkkx xgjs ?kq,¡ ds lkFk tydj u"V gks
tkrk gS] vkSj dsoy vdkcZfud Hkkx jk[k (Ash) ds :i esa cpk jgrk gSA
(iii) Bright Bone : vfLFk dks KOH esa j[kus ij og vifjofrZr jgrh gS] ysfdu mldh lrg ij fpids
is'kh rarq vkSj la;ksth Ård rarq {kkj esa ?kqy tkrs gS] ftlls vfLFk lkQ vkSj pedhyh gks tkrh gS]
bls Bright Bone dgrs gSA
Eg. Bones of laboratory
(iv) Special Types of Epithelium
(a) fof'k"VhÑr midyk & raf=dk laosnh midyk :
bl midyk dh lajpuk esa yEch] LrEHkh voyEcu dksf'kdkvksa ds
Neurosensory cells
chp :ikUrfjr laosnh dksf'kdk,sa gksrh gS] ftuds Lora= fljs] ij
laosnh jkse fudyk gksrk gS] ftldh lgk;rk ls ;s m}hiu xzg.k
djrh gSA bu dksf'kdkvksa ds vk/kkj Hkkx dk lEcU/k laosnh
raf=dkvksa ls gksrk gS] tks m}hiu dks efLr"d rd igq¡pkrh gSA
raf=dk laosnh midyk ,d fof'k"VhÑr midyk dk mnkgj.k gSA
Eg.  Gustatory epithelium : blh izdkj dk midyk
thHk ij Lokn dfydkvksa esa ik;k tkrk gS tgk¡ ;s
Lokn dk m}hiu xzg.k djrk gSA
 Olfactory epithelium ¼?kzk.k midyk½ bls
Columnar cells Sensory hair
'uhMsfj;u dyk Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g uklk dks"B esa
ik;h tkrh gS] vkSj xa/k dk míhiu xzg.k djrh gSA
 Stato-acoustic epithelium – ;g vard.kZ esa ik;h tkrh gSA
 ;g Lrj us= dh jsfVuk esa Hkh gksrk gS tgk¡ ;g n`f"V laosnukvksa dks xzg.k djrk gSA
(b) Myoepithelium :- ;s ladqpu'khy dksf'kdk,sa gksrh gSA tks Losn vkSj Lru xzfFk;ksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
(c) Pigmented epithelium (Cuboidal) :- vka[k dh jsfVuk esa]
(v) lcls etcwt Luk;q ilio-femoral ligament gksrk gSA nwljk lcls T;knk etcwr Luk;q ligamentum
flava gksrk gSa tks fd nks ikl dh vertebrae ds chp esa ik;k tkrk gSA
(vi) pkSik;ksa esa tSls fd xk;] HkSal vkfn esa lcls etcwr Luk;q ligamentum nuchea gksrk gSa tksfd nks ikl
dh cervical vertebrae ds chp esa ik;k tkrk gSA
(vii) Sharpey's fibres :- vfLFk esa matrix dh ckáre ijrksa esa mifLFkr dksystu rarqvksa ds vfrfjDr lewg
'kkjis rarq dgykrs gS] ;s rarq vfrfjDr n`<+rk vkSj ;kaf=d lkeF;Z iznku djrs gSaA
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BEGINNER’S BOX dadkyh; la;ksth Ård

1. vuqnS/;Z ufydk,a tks vfLFk esa mifLFkr gS] dgykrh gS %&

(1) gsojf'k;u ufydk (2) oksdeku ufydk (3) ladjh xqgk (4) ysdquh
2. dkap ds leku mikfLFk gS %&
(1) dkapkHk mikfLFk (2) rarqe; mikfLFk (3) dsYlhHkwr (4) izR;kLFk
3. mikfLFky vfLFk ds fuekZ.k esa gksrk gS &
(1) vksfLV;ksCykLV }kjk vfLFk inkFkZ dk tek gksuk rFkk dkaMªksDykLV }kjk vo'kks"k.k
(2) dsoy vksfLV;ksDykLV }kjk vfLFk inkFkZ dk tek gksuk
(3) vfLFk inkFkZ dk vksfLV;ksDykLV }kjk tek gksuk rFkk dkaMªksIykLV }kjk vo'kks"k.k
(4) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha

®
4. o`gn vdkcZfud ?kVd gS vfLFk ds %&
(1) dsfY'k;e QkLQsV (2) dsfY'k;e dkcksZusV
(3) lksfM;e gkbMªksDlkbM (4) iksVsf'k;e gkbMªksDlkbM
5. gsojf'k;u ra= ,d y{k.k gS %&
(1) mHk;pkjh;ks dh vfLFk (2) ljhl`i vfLFk (3) U;wesfVd vfLFk (4) Lru/kkjh vfLFk
6. vfLFk Hk{kd dksf'kdk gS %&
(1) vkWfLV;ksCykLV (2) vksfLV;kslkbV (3) vksfLV;ksDykLV (4) QkbczksCykLV
7. ;wLVsfd;u ufydk j[krh gS %&
(1) bykfLVd dkfVZyst (2) 'osr rUrwe; (3) dsfYld`r (4) dkpkHk mikfLFk
8. isjhdkWfMª;e gS &
(1) olk Ård (2) 'osr rarqe; la;ksth Ård
(3) ihr rarqe; la;ksth Ård (4) ok;oh; la;ksth Ård

BEGINNER’S BOX ANSWERS KEY

midyk Ård
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 2 2
midyk ds izdkj rFkk xzafFk;k¡
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 3 4 1 2 4 3 3 4 1 3
la;ksth Ård
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 3 2 1 1 4 3 4 4 2 2
dadkyh; la;ksth Ård
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. 1 1 1 1 4 3 1 2

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 Ård varjkdksf'kdh; inkFkZ lfgr dksf'kdkvksa dk ,d ,slk lewg tks fd leku mRifr
vkSj fo'ks"k dk;Z djrk gSA

Ård lajpuk rFkk dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij ^^pkj^^ izdkj ds gksrs gSA

midyk Ård la;ksth Ård is'kh; Ård raf=dk Ård

®
• j{kkRed vkoj.k • lajpukvksa ds tksM+us dk • ladqpu ,oa xeu • raf=dk vkos'k dk
cukus okyk Ård dk;Z laogu
• 'kjhj dks lgkjk iznku
djuk
• inkFkksZ dk ifjogu

varjdksf’kdh; laf/k

bUVj MhthVs’ku MsLekslkse n`<+ laf/k vUrjkyh laf/k

• vaxqyh ds leku izoZ/k • MsLekslkse dksf'kdkvksa • inkFkksZ dks mrd • lehi fLFkr
gksrs gS tks lehiLFk ds chp tksM+us dk dk;Z ls ckgj fudyus dksf'kdkvksa ds
dksf'kdk dh dksf'kdk djrs gSA ls jksdrh gSA dksf'kdk nzO; ds
f>Yyh dks /kdsyrs gq, chp LFkkukUrj.k
dksf'kdk nzO; esa /kls dk dk;Z djrs gSA
jgrs gSA

IykTek dyk ds :ikUrj.k

lw{ekadqj i{ekHk n`<+ i{ekHk

¼vfrlw{e&izo/kZ½ ¼yEcs csyukdkj&izo/kZ½ ¼'kaDokdkj½
• vo'kks"k.k ,oa lzko.k • xfr ,oa pyu esa lgk;d • lrgh {ks=Qy c<+kuk
dk lrgh {ks=Qy dks mnk- [kks[kys vaxksa dh mnk- ,fiMksMkbfel] oklk
c<+kuk vkarfjd lrg & fMQjsal rFkk vkUrfjd
mnk- vk¡r dh nhokj d.kZ dh eSdqyk ,oa fØLVk
fiÙkk'k;] o`Ddd dh
P.C.T.

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midyk mrd ds izdkj

dljy midyk dla;qDr midyk

• dksf'kdkvksa ds ,d gh Lrj dh cuh gksrh gS½ • nks ;k nks ls vf/kd dks'kk Lrj dh cuh
• nsg xqgkvksa dks vkLrfjr djrh gSA gksrh gSA j{kkRed vkoj.k cukrs gSA

ljy 'kYdh ljy ?kukdkj ljy LrEHkkdkj i{ekfHkr midyk

• 'kYd ds leku piVh • ?kukdkj vkÑfr ds • yEch rFkk [kEHksue
q k • dksf'kdkvksa dh
ftuds fdukjs vfu;fer dksf'kdk dksf'kdk LorU= lrg ij
gksrs gSA • dk;Z&vo'kks"k.k rFkk • dk;Z&lzko.k rFkk i{ekHk mifLFkr
• dk;Z&fooj.k rFkk lzko.k vo'kks"k.k mnk- [kks[kys vax dh
fuL;eanu mnk- iSafØ;kt dh mnk- vkek'k; rFkk vkarfjd lrg

®
• QsQM+s dh dwfidk ,fluh] o`Ddd ds vka= dh fHkfÙk tSl&QSyksfi;u
¼U;wekslkbV-1) D.C.T. esa ufydk] 'olfudk
,.Mksehfy;e ¼jDr
okfguhdh vkarfjd Lrj½

izlkj {kerk] vuqifLFkr izlkj {kerk] mifLFkr

¼vUrorhZ½
• bl midyk dh vk/kkj dyk [khapus ds
nkSjku yxHkx vn`'; gks tkrh gSA

Lrfjr 'kYdh Lrfjr ?kukdkj Lrfjr LrEHkh

• ckgjh Lrj dh dksf'kdk,sa • ckgjh Lrj dh dksf'kdk,sa • ckgjh Lrj dh dksf'kdk,sa
'kYdh ¼piVh½ gksrh gSA ?kukdkj gksrh gSA LrEHkh gksrh gSA

xzafFk;k¡
dqN LraHkkdkj ;k ?kukdkj dksf'kdkvksa esa lzo.k dh
fo'ks"krk gksrh gS vkSj ,slh midyk dks midyk
xzfa Fky (glandular epithelium) dgrs gSA
ON THE BASIS OF

dksf'kdkvksa dh la[;k L=koh ds fu"dklu

,d dksf'kdh; cgqdksf'kdh; vUr% L=koh cfgL=koh

mnk- xkCysV dksf'kdk mnk- xkCysV gkeksuZ L=kfor ykj] d.kZ ekse] rsy] nw/k]
isusFk dksf'kdk dksf'kdk] isusFk djrh gSA 'ys"ek rFkk ,atkbe
dksf'kdk dks NksM+dj L=kfor djrh gSA

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la;ksth mrd

f'kfFky la;ksth Ård

¼vf/kd eSfVªDl ,oa de rarq ;qDr½ l?ku la;ksth mrd fof'k"VhÑr la;ksth mrd

varjkyh;ksth Ård olh;;ksth Ård dadkyh; la;ksth Ård rjy la;ksth Ård
• eSfVªDl Bksl ,oa • eSfVªDl rjy ,oa
yo.k;qDr rarjq fgr
mnk- mikfLFk ,oa mnk- jDr ,oa
l?ku fu;fer l?ku vfu;fer vfLFk yfldk
mnk- VsUMu] fyxkesUV mnk- Ropk esa mifLFkr

®
D;k vki tkurs gSa ??
 Macrophages/phagocytic cells of
 Liver – Kupffer cells
 Spleen – Reticulo-endothelial cells
 Brain – Microglial cells
 Lung – Dust cells
 Examples of anticoagulant
 EDTA (Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid) – (Artificial)
 Sodium citrate and oxalate - (Artificial)
 Hirudin (natural)

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