TPO 69-1Reading_ Why Snakes Have Forked Tongues(1)

TPO 69-1 Why Snakes Have Forked Tongues
The forked tongue of snakes has intrigued people for millennia, inspiring many hypotheses. In many
cultures and religions, the forked tongue symbolizes malevolence and deceit. The first person known to
inquire about the functional significance of the forked tongue was Aristotle; he suggested that it would
double the pleasure of sensations of taste. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the consensus
was that the snake’s tongue is a tactile organ, that is, the snake uses it to tap the group much as a blind
person uses a cane.
In 1920, Broman suggested what seemed to be a winning hypothesis: When the snake retracts its
tongue, the tips (or tines) of the forked tongue are inserted into openings on both sides of the roof of
the mouth, through these openings chemical stimuli reach special organs that help snakes detect smells
– the vemeronasal organs (VNO). These organs are highly developed in snakes, lizards, and many
mammals. They are a second system for detecting smells that appear to have evolved specifically to
detect pheromones, the chemical signals that animals secrete as messages to other animals of their
species. Broman suggested that forked tongue flicks out, picking up chemical signals, and then delivers
these to the VNO. This hypothesis was widely accepted into the 1980s. Then X-ray movie studies of
tongue flicks in snakes and lizards with forked tongue disproved the hypothesis; they showed that when
the tongue is withdrawn into the mouth, it enters a sheath and the tips do not go into the openings to
the VNO. Instead, the chemical molecules are deposited on pads at the bottom of the mouth, and
closing the mouth presses the pads and molecules against the opening.
If the tongue is not forked to fit into the VNO, then what function could the forked shape serve?
Schwenk proposes a solution that encompasses observations from several fields – animal behavior,
ecology, sensory physiology, and neuroanatomy. He hypothesizes that the forked tongue allows the
snake to sense chemical stimuli at two points simultaneously, thereby giving it the ability to detect
differences in an odor trail. Obtaining two simultaneous readings enhances the ability of the snake to
detect the edges of odor trails, and thus to follow pheromone trails accurately. This ability is important
in seeking both prey and mates.
This spatial chemical perception is like other systems for spatial perception that are based on
simultaneous stimulation of two separated sense organs – for example, auditory localization, which
depends on differential stimulation at the two ears. Similarly, the use of two eyes permits stereovision.
Several kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that forked tongues evolved as chemosensory edge
detectors to enhance the ability to follow odor trails: Snakes and lizards spread the tines of their tongue
apart when they retrieve odor molecules, then draw the tines together when retracting the tongue. The
greater the distance between sampling points, the better the animals sample differences within an odor
trail.Lizards that forage widely have forked tongues, whereas lizard species without forked tongues tend
not to forage widely.Forked tongues have evolved independently at least twice in different families of
reptiles, indicating their value as an adaption. In the snake nervous system, each tine of the tongue is
linked to a nucleus in the other side of the brain, and the two nuclei are linked across the two
hemispheres. This arrangement is similar to the anatomy of auditory centers in mammals and birds that
permits the computation of differences between what one ear hears and what the other ear hears and
thus mediates auditory localization.
Species in other orders have also evolved paired chemical receptors to guide individuals to mates or
prey. For example, male gypsy moths have large, elaborate, odor-detecting antennae with which they
track potential mates over large distances, and the ant nest beetle has spoon-shaped antennae
extending from each side of the head with which it detects and follows the pheromones of the ants that
are its food.

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