2024-Adueme et al. [HND Computer Science]

ACCRA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
COMPUTERIZATION OF A TRANSIT FARE COLLECTION SYSTEM

FOR
STATE TRANSPORT COMPANY (STC) IN ACCRA
By
ADUEME EBERECHUKWU CHRISTIAN

(01211838D)
ASIAMAH RICHARD
(01211112D)
KPONSIKOU BENSON VICTOR
(01210986)
RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT/ THESIS Submitted to the
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE,
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES,
in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the
AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) DIPLOMA
In
COMPUTER SCIENCE
JULY, 2024
DECLARATION BY STUDENTS
This project is submitted as part of fulfillment for the award of an HND in Computer Science
Title: The work is a result of our investigation. All sections of the text and results which have
been obtained from other works/ sources are fully referenced. We understand that cheating and
plagiarism constitute a breach of Accra Technical University and will be dealt with accordingly.
NAME SIGNATURE DATE

ADUEME E. CHRISTIAN ……………… ………………
(01211838D)
ASAIMAH RICHARD ……………… ………………

(01211112D)
KPONSIKOU BENSON VICTOR ……………… ………………

(01210986)
DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR
I hereby confirm that the above students are HND Students in the Department of Computer
Science under my academic and research supervision by the project work requirements in Accra
Technical University.
NAME SIGNATURE DATE
Felix Okai ……………… ………………
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DEDICATION
First of all, this project is dedicated to God Almighty for his care and protection throughout our
stay at Accra Technical University. We also dedicate this work to our guardians and loved ones
for making us come this far by the mercies of God. May God give them long life and prosperity,
not forgetting also those who contributed to our success in life especially our Lecturers and many
others who could not be mentioned.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I will take this opportunity to show my gratitude to everyone who made this project a success.
However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of my classroom
colleagues. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly indebted to my
Supervisor, HOD, Lecturer One, Lecturer Two, etc. for their guidance and constant supervision
providing necessary information regarding the project, and also their support in completion. I
would like to express my gratitude towards my mom for her kind cooperation and
encouragement which helped in the completion of this project.
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ABSTRACT
The term "Computerized of Fare Collection" describes how public transportation uses digital
technology and systems to handle and process fare transactions. This entails the use of
electronic tools that improve the accuracy and efficiency of fare transactions, automate the fare
collection process, and decrease manual labor, such as smartcards, mobile payment applications,
automated fare collection (AFC) machines, and online payment portals. Our research
investigates the current fare collection system adopted by Accra State Transport Company
(STC). We identified they use physical cash as the primary mode of fare collection and a queue
to book STC transports.
We adopted a mixed-method strategy that combines a quantitative and a Build Computer

Science research methodology. Our discoveries indicate that, the majority transport uses are
willing to adopt a mobile app ticket booking system to pay for their transport even ahead of time
before boarding the transport.
Furthermore, we designed and created a mobile software that can help users book their
transportation tickets and seats with ease. Our suggested approach aids public transport users
using (STC) transports book seats and tickets with ease at the comfort of their location and get
updates on vehicle location as well as timings.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGES
DECLARATION BY STUDENTS...............................................................................................1
DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR..........................................................................................1
DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................................3
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................4
TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................10
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY....................................................................................10
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM...................................................................................11
1.2.1 Research Questions...........................................................................................................12
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.........................................................................................13
1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................13
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY....................................................................................................13
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.....................................................................................14
1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY..................................................................................14
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................15
LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................................................15
2.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................15
2.1 Definition and Forms of Transportation..............................................................................15
2.1.0 Definition of Transportation.............................................................................................15
2.1.1 Forms of Transportation....................................................................................................15
2.2 Definition of Computerization in Fare Collection...............................................................17
2.3 Theoretical Background of Computerization in Fare Collection.........................................17
2.4 Benefits of Computerization in Fare Collection..................................................................17
2.5 Challenges of Transit Fare Collection Systems...................................................................18
2.6 Research Studies on the Effectiveness of Computerization in Fare Collection...................19
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2.7 Related Work in the Use of Computerization for Fare Collection......................................20
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................22
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................22
3.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................22
3.1 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS...........................................................................22
3.2 POPULATION AND STUDY AREA.................................................................................22
3.3 SAMPLE SIZE....................................................................................................................23
3.4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS..............................................................................................24
3.4.1 Demography and Profile of the Respondent....................................................................24
3.4.2 Accessing the Current Method of Fare Collection by Accra State Transport Company
(STC).........................................................................................................................................25
3.4.2 Accessing the Newly Proposed System for Fare Collection by Accra State Transport
Company (STC)........................................................................................................................28
3.5 RESEARCH DISCUSSION................................................................................................31
CHAPTER FOUR.......................................................................................................................32
PROPSED SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION............................................................................32
4.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................32
4.1 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT / IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS...........................................32
4.1.1 Java Programming Language...........................................................................................32
4.1.2 Firebase............................................................................................................................32
4.1.3 Material Design Components...........................................................................................33
4.1.4 Recycler View..................................................................................................................33
4.1.5 Version Control (Git and GitHub)...................................................................................33
4.1.6 Android Studio.................................................................................................................33
4.1.7 Device for Physical Testing.............................................................................................34
4.2 DATABASE IMPLEMTATION.........................................................................................34
4.2.1 Authentication (Firebase Authentication)........................................................................34
4.2.2 Real-Time Database.........................................................................................................35
4.2.3 Storage (Firebase Cloud Storage)....................................................................................36
4.3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS..............................................................................................37
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4.3.1 User Requirements...........................................................................................................38
4.3.2 Functional Requirements..................................................................................................39
4.3.3 Non – Functional Requirements.......................................................................................39
4.3.4 Requirement for System Implementation and Operations...............................................39
4.4 SYSTEM OVERVIEW........................................................................................................39
4.4.1 User Requirement and Analysis.......................................................................................39
4.5 THE PROPOSED SYSTEM’S USER INTERFACES AND EXPERIENCES..................39
4.5.1 Splash Screen...................................................................................................................39
4.5.2 Create Account Page........................................................................................................40
4.5.3 Create Profile....................................................................................................................41
4.5.4 Login................................................................................................................................42
4.5.5 Book Ticket......................................................................................................................43
4.5.6 View all tickets.................................................................................................................44
4.5.7 Cancel Ticket....................................................................................................................45
4.5.8 View and Edit Profile.......................................................................................................46
4.5.9 Wallet and Payment.........................................................................................................47
CHAPTER FIVE.........................................................................................................................49
SUMMARY, CONCULSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................49
5.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................49
5.1 SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................49
5.2 CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................49
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................................49
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................51
APPENDIX...................................................................................................................................53
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR STUDENTS....................................................................53
6.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................53
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1: Preferred Payment Method.........................................................................................27
Figure 3.2: Device Most Used.......................................................................................................28
Figure 4.1: Firebase Project Overview..........................................................................................33
Figure 4.2: Firebase Authentication..............................................................................................35
Figure 4.4: Firebase Cloud Storage...............................................................................................37
Figure 4.5: Use Case Diagram.......................................................................................................38
Figure 4.6: Splash Screen..............................................................................................................40
Figure 4.7: Create Account Page...................................................................................................41
Figure 4.8: Create Profile..............................................................................................................42
Figure 4.9: Login...........................................................................................................................43
Figure 4.10: Book Ticket...............................................................................................................44
Figure 4.11: View all Tickets........................................................................................................45
Figure 4.12: Cancel Ticket............................................................................................................46
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Profile of Respondents.................................................................................................24
Table 3.2: Survey Response to Access the Current Method of Fare Collection by Accra State
Transport Company (STC)............................................................................................................26
Table 3.3: Survey Response of the Newly Proposed System........................................................29
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Transportation refers to the movement of people, animals, goods, and services from one place to
another (Jalolaya et al., 2022). It involves the use of various modes of transport, such as: land
transport (e.g., cars, buses, trucks, trains, bicycles), air transport (e.g., airplanes, helicopters),
water transport (e.g., ships, boats, ferries), pipeline transport (e.g., for oil and gas). The Transit
Fare Collection System is an online application that operates on a centralized network (Bieler et
al., 2022). This project reviews the "Transit Fare Collection System" software and how it should
be utilized in bus transportation systems, seat-reservation facilities, reservation cancellations,
and various route inquiries to get reservations quickly.
A transportation company like STC Transport, whose main goals are to make money and
provide comfort and hospitality to passengers while they are away from home, will benefit from
the design of this online system. They will particularly value a system that can automate their
manual bus ticket reservation processes to meet the growing demand of their customers during
peak and off-peak seasons. Customers who are unable to purchase a bus ticket online at this
time must travel to the counter to do so (Shaikh et al., 2020). Nonetheless, the Transit Fare
Collection Booking System makes it simple for customers to purchase bus tickets, pay for them
online, and get information (Kuncara et al., 2021). In addition, employees can use the Transit
Fare Collection System to sell bus tickets to customers after verifying that the tickets are
available and printing them for them.
Recent research by Smith and Clarke (2020) discussed the potential of blockchain technology in
fare collection systems. Blockchain could enhance security and transparency, providing a
tamper-proof record of transactions. The authors noted that while still in experimental stages,
blockchain-based systems could address some of the trust issues associated with current digital
payment methods. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are also poised to play
significant roles in future EFC systems. Research by Kozlov (2022) demonstrated how AI could
optimize fare pricing and predict maintenance needs, enhancing the overall efficiency and
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sustainability of transit systems. Their study suggested that AI-driven systems could
dynamically adjust fares based on demand, promoting more balanced usage of transit resources.
The current study aims to address these gaps and controversies by exploring the effectiveness of
computerization in enhancing the fare collection system for the State Transport Company (STC)
in Accra. Specifically, the study will investigate the impact of a computerized fare collection
system on efficiency, revenue generation, passenger convenience, and fraud reduction within the
STC. The main contribution of this study is to provide empirical evidence on the effectiveness
of computerized fare collection systems in improving the operational efficiency and financial
sustainability of public transportation services. By investigating the effectiveness of a
computerized fare collection system, the study will provide insights into the specific
technologies and implementation strategies that are most effective in enhancing operational
efficiency, increasing revenue, and improving passenger experience. The study’s contribution to
the reader lies in the practical implications of the findings, which can be used to inform the
implementation of computerized fare collection systems in the State Transport Company and
other similar public transportation entities.
The study is conducted in Accra Ghana State Transport Company (STC) located in Tudu and
Accra Kwame Nkrumah Circle.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This section of the paper introduces the problem statement that focuses on the need to
computerize a transit fare collection system for the State Transport Company (STC) in Accra.
With an increase in the number of passengers and operations by the STC, the need for efficient
means of fare collection has become imperative. Currently, there is no automated fare collection
system. Cash fare collection is utilized, and this has resulted in several challenges, all of which
are the motivation for this study.
First of all, the STC has experienced revenue losses arising out of malpractices in revenue
collection. There have been cases of conductors and other officials using fake tickets to defraud
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the company. According to the Managing Director of the company, about 50% of revenue losses
and mismanagement are attributable to the use of manual ticketing. The process is also prone to
errors and inefficiencies in checking the tickets presented by passengers before they get on
board. At the moment, there is no centralized operational system for connecting the company's
terminal stations in Accra and other outlying regions. Every station has its database system,
which is not linked to one another. Passenger data cannot be shared, and this restricts the
company's capacity to monitor and plan the allocation of its fleet and service routes. Moreover,
unnecessary waiting time to verify the tickets often occurs when a bus is about to set off. This
delays trips, reduces the overall operational efficiency of the fleet, and harms service quality.
The main objective of the study is to develop a computerized transit fare collection system for
the STC in Accra.
This will enable the company to better manage trips and expand its services for the growing
number of passengers. The successful implementation of such a system would inch the company
a step forward in an era of digitalized public transit. The system will provide seamless
connectivity between the major station in Accra and the up-country terminal stations, and this
would provide better itinerary choices for passengers traveling to and from the capital city. It is
expected that reliance on the use of cash will be significantly reduced, if not phased out and this
will improve revenue collection and cut out malpractices. Besides, by introducing real-time data
collection, the company management will be able to monitor the overall operational status and
respond to contingencies more effectively.
1.2.1 Research Questions

The Research Question of this project involves the following:
 What ticketing system of STC transportation system in Accra?
 What are the challenges encountered with the current ticketing system of STC transports
in Accra?
 Which appropriate computerized software solution is required to tackle the identified
challenges above in order to improve the current system?
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1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This answers our goal of the study which will consist of:
 In determine the current ticketing system of STC transport systems.
 To analyze the challenges of the current mode of transportation in relation to ticketing.
 An propose and develop a computerized software to improve the mode of transportation
using tickets.
1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Here are some limitations of our study:
 Technology limitations, including network connectivity problems or hardware limitations
in specific regions, may restrict the system's efficacy.
 Limited funds could restrict the extent and magnitude of system creation and execution,
which could have an impact on the end product's functioning and quality.
 Adoption and acceptance by users are critical to the system's performance, and they can
be impacted by a variety of issues, including cultural preferences, digital literacy, and
accessibility problems.
 The system may still be open to fraud, data breaches, or cyberattacks even with strong
security measures in place, endangering user privacy and financial stability.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

 Provide an easy-to-use interface so that travelers may arrange trips, purchase tickets, and
settle payments using a variety of platforms, such as websites and mobile apps.
 Incorporate GPS tracking in real-time to deliver precise data regarding bus locations and
anticipated arrival timings.
 Create safe payment gateways to handle transactions and safeguard the personal financial
data of users.
 Train STC employees on the proper use and upkeep of the new computerized system.
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 Provide customer service channels for FAQs, concerns, difficulties and differences, and
comments to users, such as chatbots, email support, and helplines intended for the
computerized system.
 Only authorized personnel within the company shall have access to run the computerized
fare collection system.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

One important tool is the online Transit Fare Collection, allowing users to quickly search for
available tickets and obtain their responses without the need for any prior experience standing in
line at the counter.
Here are some highlights of the importance of this project:
 To reduce tension associated with a queue at the counter, customers can purchase, check
the availability of, and pay for bus tickets online.
 The initiative will also assist the STC in bettering revenue collection and service delivery
in the transportation sector by integrating contemporary technology into their domain.
STC and all the services commuters who utilize STC's bus service will profit from this
research.
1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This project work is structured as follows:
Chapter One – Aims to set the scene for the project challenge and to introduce the
project work.
Chapter Two– Is about the Review of Linked Literature and Systems; it offers a
thorough discussion and critical analysis of linked literature, along with information on
the advantages, disadvantages, and system's operation.
Chapter Three – Is the Design and Methodology, where we discuss the suggested
system's design and functional requirements.
Chapter Four – Involves the phase of system implementation, which also includes
system programming, user interfaces, testing, and documentation.
Chapter Five – This chapter contains the recommendations, conclusion, and summary.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
The literature review for the topic Computerization of a Transit Fare Collection System for the
State Transport Company (STC) in Accra shall serve as the gateway to understanding the
existing body of knowledge surrounding the topic. This section lays the groundwork by
providing context, rationale, objectives such as i) definition and forms of transportation ii)
definition of Computerization in Fare Collection, iii) theoretical background of computerization
in fare collection, iv) benefits sin computerization in fare collection, v) Research Studies on the
Effectiveness of Computerization in Fare Collection vi) Related Work in the Use of
Computerization for Fare Collection
2.1 Definition and Forms of Transportation

In this section, we describe into details what transportation means and some forms of
transportation used in recent times.
2.1.0 Definition of Transportation

Transportation refers to the movement of people, goods, and services from one location to
another (Porru et al., 2020). It is a fundamental aspect of modern society, facilitating trade,
communication, and access to essential services and opportunities. According to Rodrigue
(2020), transportation systems encompass various modes and infrastructures that enable this
movement, including roadways, railways, airways, waterways, and pipelines. Effective
transportation systems are crucial for economic development, social connectivity, and overall
quality of life.
2.1.1 Forms of Transportation

Road Transportation: Road transportation involves the movement of people and goods using
vehicles on road networks. It is one of the most common and versatile forms of transportation,
providing door-to-door service. Examples are transportation by cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles,
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and bicycles.
Rail Transportation: Rail transportation uses trains to move passengers and freight over fixed
tracks. It is an efficient and cost-effective mode for long-distance and bulk transportation.
Examples are Passenger trains (commuter, intercity, high-speed rail), freight trains. It has high
capacity, energy efficiency, and reliability. Ideal for large volumes of goods and long-distance
travel. Infrastructure costs and maintenance are significant (Jiang et al., 2022).
Air Transportation: Air transportation involves the use of aircraft to move people and cargo
through the sky. It is the fastest mode of transportation for long distances and international
travel. Examples include, Commercial airplanes, cargo planes, helicopters, private jets. Its
features include Speed, connectivity across continents, and high safety standards. High
operational costs, environmental impact, and reliance on airports and air traffic control systems
(Wensveen 2023).
Water Transportation: Water transportation utilizes vessels to transport goods and passengers
across water bodies such as seas, rivers, and canals (Amanda et al., 2020). It is crucial for
international trade and bulk cargo movement. Examples include Ships, boats, ferries, barges. It
has High capacity, cost-effective for heavy and bulk cargo, and lower environmental impact
compared to road and air transport. Limitations include slower speeds and dependency on
navigable waterways and ports (Amanda et al., 2020).
Public Transportation: Public transportation systems provide shared transport services for the
general public, often funded and operated by governments or private entities. Examples include
Buses, subways, trams, light rail, ferries. Its Characteristics Reduces traffic congestion,
environmental benefits, and accessibility for those without private vehicles. Challenges include
scheduling, coverage, and funding (Merkert et al., 2020).
Transportation is a multifaceted system essential for economic development and social

connectivity. Each form of transportation has its unique characteristics, advantages, and
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challenges, making them suitable for different purposes and contexts. A comprehensive and
integrated transportation network leveraging the strengths of various modes can enhance overall
efficiency, accessibility, and sustainability (Butler et al., 2020; Cruz & Sarmento, 2020).
2.2 Definition of Computerization in Fare Collection

Computerization of fare collection refers to the use of digital systems and technologies to
manage and process fare transactions in public transportation (Nzakizwanimana 2021). This
involves the implementation of electronic devices such as smartcards, mobile payment
applications, automated fare collection (AFC) machines, and online payment portals, which
streamline the process of fare collection, reduce manual labor, and enhance the accuracy and
efficiency of fare transactions.
2.3 Theoretical Background of Computerization in Fare Collection

The theoretical foundation of computerization in fare collection is grounded in principles of
information technology, systems engineering, and public transportation management (Annur &
Ponnusamy 2020). The integration of computer systems into fare collection leverages
advancements in RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), NFC (Near Field Communication), and
mobile technologies (Bieler et al., 2022). Based on the article by Beiler et al., (2022), the goal is
to create seamless, efficient, and secure fare transaction systems that can handle large volumes of
transactions and provide real-time data for operational decision-making. Theories related to
automation, digital transformation, and cyber-physical systems also underpin the development
and implementation of computerized fare collection systems.
2.4 Benefits of Computerization in Fare Collection

The computerization of fare collection offers numerous benefits, including:
 Operational Efficiency: Computerized fare collection systems significantly enhance the
operational efficiency of public transportation systems. By automating the fare collection
process, these systems reduce boarding times, minimize human error, and streamline
transactions. This leads to faster service and improved passenger flow, contributing to a
more efficient and reliable transportation network (Goodall et al., 2017).
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 Increased Revenue and Financial Management: Electronic fare collection systems
improve revenue accuracy by ensuring that all transactions are recorded and accounted
for. This reduces the risk of fare evasion and increases overall revenue. Additionally,
these systems provide detailed financial data, aiding in better financial management and
planning for transportation authorities (Pelletier, Trépanier, & Morency, 2011).
 Enhanced Passenger Experience: Modern fare collection systems offer passengers a
convenient and user-friendly experience. Features such as contactless payments, mobile
ticketing, and online top-ups make it easier for passengers to pay their fares. This
convenience can lead to higher customer satisfaction and increased ridership, benefiting
both passengers and transportation providers (Smith & Clarke, 2020).
 Data Collection and Analytics: Computerized systems generate vast amounts of data on
passenger travel patterns, peak travel times, and fare trends. Analyzing this data can
provide valuable insights for optimizing routes, scheduling services, and improving
overall service quality. Data-driven decision-making enables transportation authorities to
respond more effectively to passenger needs and operational challenges (Pelletier,
Trépanier, & Morency, 2011).
 Fraud Reduction and Security: Advanced fare collection systems incorporate robust
security features to prevent fraud and protect sensitive information. Techniques such as
encryption, secure authentication, and real-time monitoring help safeguard the system
against fraudulent activities. This enhances the integrity of the fare collection process and
builds passenger trust in the system (Smith & Clarke, 2020).
2.5 Challenges of Transit Fare Collection Systems

 Technical Complexity and Integration: Implementing a computerized fare collection
system involves integrating various hardware and software components, which can be
technically complex. Ensuring compatibility among different systems and devices is a
significant challenge. For instance, systems need to handle high transaction volumes,
maintain low error rates, and ensure real-time data processing. The complexity increases
when integrating new technologies with legacy systems, leading to potential disruptions
during the transition period (Goodall et al., 2017).
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 Cost of Implementation and Maintenance: The initial cost of setting up a computerized
fare collection system can be substantial, including expenses for purchasing and installing
equipment, software development, and staff training. Ongoing maintenance and upgrades
further add to the cost. These financial barriers can be particularly challenging for public
transportation systems operating on tight budgets (Pelletier, Trépanier, & Morency,
2011).
 Security and Fraud Prevention: Protecting the system from cyber-attacks and fraud is
crucial. Electronic fare systems are vulnerable to hacking, cloning of smart cards, and
other fraudulent activities. Ensuring robust security measures to protect sensitive data and
transaction integrity is essential but challenging. This includes implementing encryption,
secure authentication protocols, and continuous monitoring to detect and respond to
threats (Smith & Clarke, 2020).
 User Adoption and Education: Transitioning from traditional to computerized fare
collection systems requires users to adapt to new technologies. Ensuring that all
passengers, including those less familiar with digital tools, can easily use the new system
is crucial. This may involve extensive public education campaigns, clear instructions, and
customer support to assist users during the transition phase (Pelletier, Trépanier, &
Morency, 2011).
 Reliability and Uptime: Maintaining a high level of system reliability and uptime is
critical for passenger trust and system efficiency. Any downtime or technical failure can
cause significant disruptions, leading to passenger dissatisfaction and potential revenue
loss. Implementing redundant systems and effective troubleshooting protocols is
necessary to minimize downtime (Goodall et al., 2017).
2.6 Research Studies on the Effectiveness of Computerization in Fare Collection

Several research studies have investigated the impact of computerized fare collection systems in
public transportation:
 A study by Goodall et al. (2017) on New York City’s MetroCard system found that the
transition to electronic fare collection significantly reduced fare evasion and increased
revenue. The study also highlighted improvements in passenger convenience and
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operational efficiency.
 Pelletier, Trépanier, and Morency (2011) explored the impact of smartcard-based fare
collection in Montreal and concluded that the system provided valuable data for
optimizing service routes and schedules, enhancing overall system performance.
 Smith and Clarke (2020) examined the potential of blockchain technology in fare
collection and emphasized its benefits in enhancing transaction security and transparency.
2.7 Related Work in the Use of Computerization for Fare Collection

In this section, we listed some related works of a computerized fare collection system for public
transports.
Contactless Smart Card Systems in Public Transport
The implementation of contactless smart card systems has been a significant advancement in fare
collection. This technology uses RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) to allow passengers to
simply tap their cards on a reader to pay for their ride. A notable example is the Oyster card
system used in London. According to Blythe (2004), this system has significantly reduced
transaction times and improved passenger throughput. The backend systems were built using
Java and Oracle databases to handle the vast amount of transactional data generated. Tools and
Programming Languages used includes Java, Oracle
Mobile Payment Integration for Fare Collection

Integrating mobile payment options into fare collection systems has provided a flexible and
convenient method for passengers. In Nairobi, the My1963 app enables mobile payments for bus
services, integrating with the M-Pesa mobile payment system. As noted by Njenga & Ogembo
(2015), this system uses Android and iOS platforms for the mobile app, and a backend built on
Node.js and MongoDB for real-time data processing and storage. The Tools and Programming
Languages used include Android, iOS, Node.js, MongoDB
Automated Fare Collection System in Hong Kong

The Octopus card in Hong Kong is a prime example of a sophisticated AFC system. The system
utilizes smart cards and supports a wide array of services beyond transportation, such as retail
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and access control. According to Lam & Ho (2008), the system's development involved the use
of C++ for the card reader software and Oracle databases to manage the vast transactional data
efficiently. Tools and Programming Languages: C++, Oracle
Open-Source AFC Systems

In cities with budget constraints, open-source fare collection systems offer a viable alternative.
One such project is the OpenFare system, which uses Python and PostgreSQL for development.
According to Smith & Miller (2019), this system is designed to be flexible and customizable,
allowing small to medium-sized cities to implement cost-effective AFC solutions. Tools and
Programming Languages: Python, PostgreSQL
Cloud-Based AFC Systems

Cloud computing has been leveraged to enhance the scalability and flexibility of AFC systems.
The Beijing Municipal Administration & Communication Card system integrates cloud services
to manage data centrally, providing real-time updates and analytics. Zhang & Wei (2017)
highlight that the system was developed using Java for application development, and AWS
(Amazon Web Services) for cloud infrastructure. Tools and Programming Languages: Java,
AWS
Practical Implications
The insights gained from the study of computerized fare collection systems can guide the State
Transport Company in Accra in implementing an efficient and effective fare collection system.
The findings can help in:
 Policy Development: Formulating policies that support the adoption of advanced fare
collection technologies.
 System Design: Selecting and integrating the most effective technologies to enhance fare
collection and operational efficiency.
 Operational Strategies: Developing strategies to optimize the performance and
sustainability of the fare collection system.
 Security Measures: Implementing robust security protocols to protect against fraud and
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ensure the integrity of fare transactions.
By addressing these areas, the study aims to contribute to the development of a more efficient,
reliable, and sustainable public transportation system in Accra, ultimately benefiting both the
transport authorities and passengers.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
This section introduces the research methodology and data collection strategy employed in our
research. The chapter comprises of i) data collection instruments ii) population and study area iii)
sample size and iv) results and analysis.
3.1 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS

This study utilized a quantitative research method to collect data from the residents in Accra
regarding the computerization of a transit fare collection system for the State Transport
Company (STC). The study focuses on the current fare collection methods and the response to
the proposed mobile ticketing system. Our aim is to gather information on user demographics,
access to current payment methods, and user responses to the proposed system.
We used a quantitative method which involves survey questionnaires distributed through an

online Google Form to a selected sample size of residents in Accra. This data will then be
analyzed to understand the current state of fare collection and the potential acceptance and
effectiveness of the new mobile ticketing system. The findings will guide the development of a
user-friendly and efficient ticketing app that meets the needs and preferences of STC passengers.
3.2 POPULATION AND STUDY AREA

Residents located in the Accra vicinity are the primary subjects involved in our study for the
computerization of a transit fare collection system for the State Transport Company (STC) in
Accra. Our research focuses on the diverse commuter population that relies on STC services for
their daily transportation needs.
22
The Accra region encompasses a wide demographic, including students, working professionals,
and the general public. Given the extensive reach and importance of STC's services in
facilitating daily commutes, our study aims to capture a comprehensive understanding of the
commuting patterns, preferences, and pain points of these residents.
To achieve this, we conducted an online survey targeting individuals residing in various

neighborhoods within Accra. This survey was designed to gather insights on their usage of STC
services, their experiences with current fare collection methods, and their openness to
transitioning to a computerized fare collection system.
By engaging a broad spectrum of participants from different age groups, occupations, and
commuting habits, our study aims to provide a well-rounded analysis that will inform the
development and implementation of an efficient and user-friendly computerized transit fare
collection system for STC.
3.3 SAMPLE SIZE

We used a commonly used mathematical formula from Kothari (2004), as indicated in the
following equation, to guarantee the validity and reliability of our sample size of responders.
2
Z × p ×q × N
n= 2 2
e × ( N−1 )+ Z × p × q
(1)
Where n is size of sample, N is the size of population, Z is the standard variate at a given
confidence level, e is the acceptable error (the precision) and p is the probability success, q = 1 –
p. As a result, we employed (1) to obtain our estimated sample size (n). In order to calculate n,
we used the following values in (1): Z = 1.96, p = 5% (0.05), q = 1 – 0.05 = 0.95, N = 500, and e
= 0.02. Equation (2) illustrates this calculation:
2
1.96 ×0.05 × 0.95× 500
n= 2 2
0.02 × ( 500−1 ) +1.96 ×0.05 × 0.95
(2)
23
91.238
n= =238.80
0.382076
Our calculated sample size was 238.80 (n = 238.80), as determined by the calculation above. We
needed to have responses that were at least close to 238.80 in order for the analysis to be useful.
The tabulated figures below demonstrate the 230 replies we obtained for successful data analysis
with respect to sample size. The following table displays the results of our data analysis in
percentages and descriptive statistics.
3.4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The study's findings are shown in the section below utilizing statistics and descriptive judgments.
Microsoft Excel was utilized for the data analysis. The following table presents the analytical
data from our responses' descriptive statistics.
3.4.1 Demography and Profile of the Respondent

The outcome of our data in Table 3.1 shows that, out 240 responses, 20 participants making
8.7% were withing the age range of 15 to 20 years. 106 respondents making 46.1% aged between
21 to 30 years, 67 responses making up to 29.1% were between the ages of 31 to 40 years and
37, 16.1% were 41 years and above. Considering the gender, 129 were male making a total of
56.1% and 101 were female making a total of 43.9%. Getting data related to educational level of
our respondents, 8(3.5%) users had no formal education, 21(9.1%) had only primary education,
92(40%) had up to secondary level education, and 109(47.7%) had tertiary level of education.
Per the employment status of our respondents, 24(10.4%) are full-time employed 22(9.6%) are
part-time employed 67(29.1%) are self-employed workers, 27(11.7%) are unemployed and
90(31.9%) of our respondents are students.
Table 3.1: Profile of Respondents
User Demographics
Questions Responses
Category N %
15 - 20 Years 20 8.7
24
21 - 30 Years 106 46.1
Age Range 31 – 40 Years 67 29.1
41 Years Above 37 16.1

Total 230 100
Category
Gender Male 129 56.1
Female 101 43.9

Total 230 100
Category
No formal education 8 3.5
Primary education 21 9.1

What is your highest level
Secondary education 92 40
of education?
Tertiary education 109 47.4
Total 230 100
Category
Employed full-time 24 10.4
Employed part-time 22 9.6
Self-employed 67 29.1
What is your employment
status? Unemployed 27 11.7
Student 90 39.1
Total 230 100
3.4.2 Accessing the Current Method of Fare Collection by Accra State Transport Company
(STC)
Responses in Table 3.2 focuses more on the current method by which people pay to board STC
transports. We identified that, 111(48.3%) of our respondents uses STC transport on daily basis,
25
56(24.3%) uses it weekly, 42(17.8%) uses it monthly, 22(9.6%) uses it rarely. Determining the
current mode of payment, 164(71.3%) pay by physical cash, 24(10.4%) pay using Mobile Money
services 25(10.9%) pay using bank cards, and 17 pay using other methods. 154(67%)
complained they face long queue issues when paying to board STC vehicles, 10(4.3%) faces
payment failures issues, 24(10.4%) faces balance return issues after payment, 27(11.7%) face
security issues during payment and 15(6.5%) has no issues at all in payment. Checking the
effectiveness of the current system of fare collection by Accra STC transports, 115(50%)
strongly disagree on the current method, 32(13.9%) disagree, 14(6.1%) neither agree nor
disagree, 38 (16.5%) agree and 31(13.5%) strongly agree the current system is effective. Rating
the current system from 1 to 5 by our respondents, 121(52.6%) rate it as 1[Not effective]
54(23.5%) rate it as a 2, 24(14.8%) rate it as 3, 16(7%) rate it as 4 and 5(2.2%) rate it as 5[very
effective]
Table 3.2: Survey Response to Access the Current Method of Fare Collection by Accra State Transport
Company (STC)
Accessing The Current Method of Fare Collection

Questions Responses
Category N %
Daily 111 48.3
Weekly 56 24.3
How often do you use STC services? Monthly 41 17.8
Rarely 22 9.6
Total 230 100
Category
Cash 164 71.3
Mobile money 24 10.4
What mode of payment do you currently use for STC Bank card 25 10.9
services? Other 17 7.4
Total 230 100
Category
Long queues 154 67
26
Payment failures 10 4.3
Lack of change 24 10.4

What kind of issues have you faced in payment?
Security concerns 27 11.7
None 15 6.5
Total 230 100
Strongly Disagree 115 50
Disagree 32 13.9
Neither Agree or Disagree 14 6.1
The current way of payment is effective in terms of Agree 38 16.5
payment in transportation. Strongly Agree 31 13.5
Total 230 100
Category
1 121 52.6
2 54 23.5
How would you rate the current payment methods
3 34 14.8
available for STC services?
4 16 7
5 5 2.2
Total 230 100
Category
1 116 50.4
How would you rate the current method of mode of
2 46 20
payment for STC transportations?
3 39 17
4 24 10.4
5 5 2.2
Total 230 100
27
Figure 3.1: Preferred Payment Method
Figure 3.2: Device Most Used
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Figure 4.1: Response to Access Waiting Time at Bus Terminals
3.4.2 Accessing the Newly Proposed System for Fare Collection by Accra State Transport
Company (STC)
Responses in Table 3.3 focuses more on the accessing our proposed computerized mobile
application system to collect fare and book ticket by users of STC transports. We discovered
that, 93(40.4%) strongly agree that mobile ticketing app will reduce their waiting time at the
STC bus terminals, 96(41.7%) agree, 21(9.1) neither agree nor disagree, 17(7.4%) disagree and
only 3(1.3%) strongly disagreed. Determining those willing to switch from the current method to
our mobile app, 95(41.3%) strongly agree to switching, 86(37.4%) agree, 24(9.4%) neither agree
or disagree, 17(7.4%) disagree and a total of 8(3.5%) strongly disagree. Analysis users who will
recommend the use of mobile ticketing app to others, 83(36.1%) strongly agree to
recommending it, 101(43.9%) agree, 33(14.3%) neither agree or disagree, 9(3.9%) disagree and
4(1.7%) strongly disagree. To check the ability of users to manipulate a mobile ticket app to
book a drive, 80(34.8%) strongly agreed on their ability to use the app, 113(49.1%) agree,
21(9.1%) neither agree or disagree, 13(5.7%) disagree and 3(1.3%) strongly disagree. For
reliable internet connectivity, 75(32.6%) strongly agree to have a reliable internet access,
115(50%) agree, 22(9.6%) neither agree or disagree 13(5.7%) disagree and 5 (2.2%) strongly
disagree. For respondents who would prefer mobile app over the traditional methods of
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purchasing tickets, 79(34.4%) strongly agree, 121(52.6%) agree, 20(8.7%) neither agree or
disagree, 8(3.5%) disagree and 2(0.9%) strongly disagree.
Table 3.3: Survey Response of the Newly Proposed System
Survey Response of the Proposed System

Category N %
Strongly Disagree 3 1.3
A mobile ticketing app will reduce my waiting time at
Disagree 17 7.4
bus terminals?
Agree 96 41.7
Strongly Agree 93 40.4
Total 230 100
I would be willing to switch from the current payment Category
method to the mobile app? Strongly Disagree 8 3.5
Disagree 17 7.4
Agree 86 37.4
Total 230 100
Category
Disagree 9 3.9
I would recommend the mobile ticketing app to Neither Agree or Disagree 33 14.3
others? Agree 101 43.9
Total 230 100

Category
Disagree 13 5.7
I am confident in my ability to use a mobile ticketing Neither Agree or Disagree 21 9.1
app? Agree 113 49.1
Total 230 100
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Category
Disagree 13 5.7
I have a reliable internet access to use a mobile Neither Agree or Disagree 22 9.6
ticketing app. Agree 115 50
Total 230 100
Category
I would prefer a mobile app over traditional methods
Disagree 8 3.5
of purchasing tickets?
Agree 121 52.6
Total 230 100
Category
I would be interested in receiving promotional offers
Disagree 7 3
and updates through the mobile ticketing app?
Agree 116 50.4
Total 230 100
Category
I would like to provide feedback or report issues
Disagree 13 5.7
through the mobile ticketing app?
Agree 106 46.1
Strongly Agree 76 33
Total 230 100
3.5 RESEARCH DISCUSSION

With reference to table 3.1, we identified the current method of payment use by Accra STC
buses is the use of physical cash mostly which our respondents stated some problems they face
by this current system which includes long queues, balance problems after payment, security
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issues and other more. The rated the current system as very less effective and not the best to be
used for booking STC buses.
In Table 3.2, we asked respondents closed questions to identify their views of implementing a
computerized mobile ticketing system. Majority or our respondents agree on a mobile ticketing
app as an effective method of booking tickets in Accra STC stations. They agree to use the
computerized method over the current traditional method. Most of our respondents agree to have
a reliable internet access to enable navigate through a ticket booking system and also recommend
the use of the system to others as well.
We can infer from the tabulated analysis and results above that the respondents are open to
adjusting to and accepting of our recommended mobile-based ticketing software for Accra State
Transport (STC) transportation. We then discuss our proposed method in more detail in the
upcoming chapter.
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CHAPTER FOUR
PROPSED SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
4.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes the setup of our proposed computerized transit fare collection system for
the State Transport Company (STC) in Accra. The chapter details the system development and
implementation tools, system requirements, database implementations, and system interfaces for
the primary stakeholders (passengers and staff of STC). Additionally, this chapter outlines how
users can easily use the system, from launching the application, creating an account, logging in,
and understanding how to use this application for purchasing and managing transit fares, to
logging out.
4.1 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT / IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS
This section documents all the essential tools used in developing and implementing our proposed
system from start to a complete finish.
4.1.1 Java Programming Language

Java is a powerful object-oriented programming language that is frequently used to create safe,
scalable software. Java was the main programming language utilized in this project to create the
waste management system's backend functionality. It is the best option for creating intricate apps
like this one because of its robust typing and large library.
4.1.2 Firebase
Google offers a feature-rich app development platform called Firebase. It provides a range of
tools and services to aid developers in creating apps of the highest caliber, enhancing those apps,
and expanding their user base. Firebase was used in this waste management system for Firebase
Analytics, Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM), Firebase Firestore, and Firebase Authentication.
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Figure 4.3: Firebase Project Overview
4.1.3 Material Design Components

These UI elements offer a collection of components created in accordance with Material Design
specifications. These elements were combined to provide the waste management system with a
contemporary, user-friendly interface that guarantees a consistent and simple user experience.
4.1.4 Recycler View

Our program used the powerful and versatile Recycler View widget to display lists and grids. We
utilized it to show our app's transaction history, user list, and other dynamic data.
4.1.5 Version Control (Git and GitHub)

Git and other version control systems are necessary for tracking changes and working together
on the project. One well-known version control tool is called Git. While we worked together on
it, we hosted all of our packages on GitHub.
4.1.6 Android Studio

Android Studio is the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for making Android
apps. Based on the comprehensive code editor and developer tools from IntelliJ IDEA, Android
Studio comes with extra features including a configurable build system based on Gradle and a
powerful and fast emulator that make work on making Android apps more efficient. iii) a unified
34
workspace where Android projects for all devices can be worked on iv) comprehensive testing
frameworks and tools; v) live edit to rapidly update composable on physical devices and
emulators.
4.1.7 Device for Physical Testing

Although emulators can be useful, real hardware testing is the only way to ensure that your
software works as intended across a range of hardware. We use a variety of real mobile devices
to test our software in tandem with development.
4.2 DATABASE IMPLEMTATION

Our database of choice for the Google Firebase platform was the one we utilized to implement
our suggested approach. Google offers a complete platform called Firebase that includes a
number of cloud-based services for developing and expanding online and mobile applications.
We developed an Android app with the goal of enhancing STC's transit fare collecting, and
Firebase was crucial in many parts of the development process.
4.2.1 Authentication (Firebase Authentication)

We can control user authorization and authentication for our stakeholders with Firebase
Authentication. In order to protect user privacy and guarantee that only authorized users may
access the app's features, we built secure user registration and login functionality.
35
Figure 4.4: Firebase Authentication
4.2.2 Real-Time Database

Real-time data synchronization and storing are made possible by the NoSQL cloud database
Firebase Real-time Database. User profiles, fare information, transaction data, user progress, and
trip history were all stored using Firebase. We made collections, for instance, for payments,
alerts, journeys, and users. Within the "users" collection, each user's data is organized as
documents, making it simple to access and change user-specific data.
36
Figure 4.2: Firebase Realtime Database
4.2.3 Storage (Firebase Cloud Storage)

Users of our app can add their own photos and, if needed, travel papers. These photographs are
saved and accessed via a system-generated link with the aid of Firebase Cloud Storage. These
files were safely stored using Firebase Cloud Storage.
37
Figure 4.5: Firebase Cloud Storage
We developed a strong and feature-rich Android app to enhance STC's transit fare collection
system in Accra by utilizing the different functionalities offered by Firebase. We were able to
manage user authentication, data storage, real-time updates and more thanks to Firebase's
integrated services, which expedited the development process and improved user experience.
38
4.3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
The functional specifications, often known as the system requirements, specify the functions that
the system has to have. The features, services, and operational limitations of the computerized
transit fare collection system are fully described in these specifications. The requirements and
expectations from the suggested system are reflected in the specifications for the State Transport
Company (STC) in Accra. For this project, the services the system has to offer have been divided
into functional and non-functional requirements.
Figure 4.6: Use Case Diagram
4.3.1 User Requirements

User requirements are plain language statements accompanied by diagrams that specify what
services the system is expected to offer to system users as well as the limitations under which it
39
must function. Figure 4.5 shows our use case diagram. The following defines our proposed
system’s user requirements:
The proposed computerized transit fare collection system for the State Transport Company
(STC) in Accra will enable users to perform several functions efficiently and effectively. These
functions include creating an account, purchasing tickets, viewing fare information, and
receiving notifications about transit schedules. Additionally, the system will provide a user-
friendly interface that supports both online and offline access to fare data, ensuring that
passengers can access services even with intermittent internet connectivity.
4.3.2 Functional Requirements

Functional requirements outline the tasks that the system must perform, the procedures needed,
the types of data that will be used, and the user interfaces. The following are some of the
functional criteria for our proposed computerized transit fare collection system for the State
Transport Company (STC) in Accra:
 User Authentication:
o Users should be able to create accounts and log in using their credentials.
o Users should have the option to reset their passwords if forgotten.
 Ticket Purchase:
o Users should be able to view available transit routes and fare information.
o Users should have the ability to purchase tickets for their desired routes.
o Users should receive a digital ticket upon purchase.
 Real-Time Updates:
o Users should receive real-time updates on transit schedules, delays, and changes.
o The system should provide notifications about upcoming trips and important
announcements.
 Secure Payment Processing:
o Users should be able to securely process payments using various methods (e.g.,
credit/debit cards, mobile money).
o The system should ensure the confidentiality and integrity of user payment
information.
40
 Offline Access:
o Users should have access to essential transit information even without an internet
collection.
o The system should store recent transactions and route information for offline use.
 Travel History and Receipts:
o Users should be able to view their travel history and past transactions.
o Users should receive digital receipts for all purchases made through the app.
 User Profiles:
o Users should have profiles where they can view their personal information and travel
history.
o Users should have the ability to update their profiles, including contact information
and preferences.
 Administrative Functions:
o STC staff should be able to manage user accounts, including account creation,
modification, and deletion.
o Staff should be able to monitor system performance and generate reports on fare
collection and transit usage.
o Staff should have tools for managing transit schedules and route information.
 Customer Support:
o Users should have access to customer support within the app for resolving issues and
answering queries.
o The system should facilitate communication between users and STC support staff.
 Notifications and Reminders:
o Users should receive push notifications for upcoming trips, schedule changes, and
other relevant updates.
o The system should remind users of ticket validity and expiration dates.
 Feedback and Ratings:
o Users should have the ability to provide feedback on their travel experience and rate
the services provided.
41
o The system should collect and analyze user feedback to improve service quality.
 App Usability and Intuitiveness:
o Users should find the app's navigation and user interface intuitive and easy to use.
o The app should guide users through the process of purchasing tickets and accessing
transit information.
 Data Security:
o The system should implement robust security measures to protect user data from
unauthorized access and breaches.
o Regular security audits should be conducted to ensure data integrity and privacy.
 System Scalability:
o The system should be designed to handle a growing number of users and transactions.
o It should be able to scale efficiently to accommodate increased demand.
These functional requirements ensure that the computerized transit fare collection system meets
the needs of STC and its users, providing a seamless and efficient service for managing transit
fares and schedules.
4.3.3 Non – Functional Requirements

The nonfunctional requirements identified are the following:
 Security: data pertaining to the system must be safe and secure.
 Maintenance: When required, the system allows for upgrades and modernizations.
 Usability: Both the administrator and the user can access the system without any
problems.
 Performance: There is no delay or complication in the system's quick response to
consumers.
 User-friendly: Because the entire system is designed in a uniform manner, it is easy to
use and comprehend in terms of both its interface and its operation.
4.3.4 Requirement for System Implementation and Operations

The system requirements for the computerized transit fare collection system for the State
Transport Company (STC) in Accra include all the necessary elements for the effective
42
deployment, operation, and maintenance of the application. These requirements ensure a
seamless transition from development to practical application and long-term operation, catering
specifically to the needs of STC and its users.
Minimum Requirements for System Deployment:
 Android Version: The application requires Android 7.0 (Nougat) or later for
compatibility.
 Screen Size: A recommended minimum screen size of 4.5 inches to ensure optimal
readability and user interface interaction.
 RAM: At least 2GB of RAM to guarantee smooth performance and responsiveness.
 Storage: A minimum of 50MB of available storage space for the app installation,
ensuring there is enough space for updates and additional data.
 Internet Connection: An active internet connection, either Wi-Fi or mobile data, is
necessary for accessing real-time transit information, processing transactions, and
receiving notifications.
These specifications are designed to facilitate the effective installation and operation of the
transit fare collection system, ensuring that the application runs efficiently on a wide range of
Android devices. The requirements also ensure that users have a satisfactory experience with the
application, from installation to everyday use.
By adhering to these system requirements, STC can ensure that its computerized transit fare
collection system operates reliably and efficiently, meeting the needs of both the company and
its passengers.
4.4 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Our system, named "STC Fare Collector", is designed to streamline and modernize the transit
fare collection process for the State Transport Company (STC) in Accra. The system features a
user-friendly interface that allows passengers to efficiently manage their fare payments and
account information. All transaction and user data are stored securely in a database, with regular
updates to ensure data integrity and accuracy. The system's design aims to provide a reliable and
43
efficient fare collection experience for STC passengers, enhancing the overall efficiency of the
transit system in Accra.
4.4.1 User Requirement and Analysis

The users of the Computerized Transit Fare Collection System for the State Transport Company
(STC) in Accra will interact with the system through a range of functionalities designed to
enhance the fare collection process and user experience. The key user requirements for the
system include:
Account Creation: Users must be able to create an account within the system to facilitate fare
transactions and account management.
o Login: Users should have the capability to log into their accounts using secure
credentials.
o Profile Management: Users need to be able to create and update their profile information,
including personal details and payment preferences.
o Fare Payment: Users should have the option to make fare payments electronically
through the system.
o Transaction History: Users should be able to view their transaction history, including
details of fare payments and account activity.
o Fare Notifications: The system should provide notifications regarding fare updates,
payment confirmations, and any relevant changes to fare policies.
o Account Management: Users should be able to manage their account settings, including
the ability to reset passwords and update payment methods.
o Logout: Users must have the option to securely log out of their accounts when finished
using the system.
4.5 THE PROPOSED SYSTEM’S USER INTERFACES AND EXPERIENCES

This section details the User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) of our system from the
start screen also known as the splash screen through all screens till the user exits out of the
system.
44
4.5.1 Splash Screen
The splash screen of our Ticket Generator app, which appears as soon as a user launches the
application, is shown in Figure 4.6. This first screen greets customers and provides an overview
of the ticketing system. It displays the app's logo along with an eye-catching layout that aligns
with its intended usage. A brief slogan that emphasizes our dedication to streamlining the ticket
generating procedure for the State Transport Company (STC) in Accra can be found on the
splash screen. The app sets users up with expectation and preparation to effectively handle their
transit fare demands as it moves from this initial screen to the main interface.
Figure 4.7: Splash Screen
4.5.2 Create Account Page

Figure 4.7 depicts the Create Account Page, the initial step for users to begin using our Ticket
Generator app. This page allows users to register by entering essential details such as their name,
email address, and a secure password. The design is user-friendly, with clear fields and prompts
45
to guide users through the registration process. The Create Account Page sets the foundation for
users to access all the functionalities of the app, ensuring a smooth and efficient onboarding
experience.
Figure 4.8: Create Account Page
4.5.3 Create Profile

Figure 4.8 showcases the Create Profile Page, where users can personalize their experience by
adding details such as their profile picture, contact information, and preferences. This page
facilitates the customization of user profiles, making it easier for them to manage their ticketing
needs and interactions within the app. The intuitive layout and options ensure that users can
effortlessly set up their profiles to reflect their personal and contact information.
46
Figure 4.9: Create Profile
4.5.4 Login
Figure 4.9 presents the Login Page, where users access their accounts by entering their registered
email and password. This page is designed to offer a secure and straightforward way for users to
authenticate their identities and access their ticketing information. The clean interface and
responsive design ensure a hassle-free login experience, allowing users to quickly proceed to the
app’s main features.
47
Figure 4.10: Login
4.5.5 Book Ticket

The process of booking transit tickets can be initiated by users on the Book Ticket Page, as
illustrated in Figure 4.10. This page has areas to choose trip dates, points of departure and
arrival, and other pertinent information. The booking procedure is made simple for consumers by
the design, which makes it easy for them to input their trip preferences and buy tickets quickly.
48
Figure 4.11: Book Ticket
4.5.6 View all tickets

Users can review their booked tickets on the View All Tickets Page, as shown in Figure 4.11.
This page offers a detailed record of all of their tickets, both past and present, along with
information about the destinations, dates, and status of each trip. Users may quickly and easily
navigate through their ticket history and retrieve essential information thanks to the well-
organized structure.
49
Figure 4.12: View all Tickets
4.5.7 Cancel Ticket

Figure 4.12 shows the Cancel Ticket Page, enabling users to cancel previously booked tickets.
This page features options to select tickets for cancellation and confirm the action. The
straightforward design ensures that users can manage their bookings efficiently, with clear
instructions and confirmation prompts to prevent accidental cancellations.
50
Figure 4.13: Cancel Ticket
4.5.8 View and Edit Profile

Users can examine and edit their personal information on the View and Edit Profile Page, as
shown in Figure 4.13. Users can update their contact information or modify their profile picture
on this page, among other profile details. It is easy to make changes thanks to the user-friendly
design, which makes it effortless to keep your profile information current.
51
Figure 4.14: View and Edit Profile
4.5.9 Wallet and Payment

Figure 4.14 illustrates the Wallet and Payment Page, where users manage their payment methods
and view their current balance. This page includes options for adding or updating payment
details, viewing transaction history, and handling financial aspects of ticket purchases. The
design emphasizes clarity and security, ensuring users can efficiently manage their payments and
balance information.
52
Figure 4.15: Wallet and Payment
53
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCULSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter concludes and presents the relevant and reliable recommendation of our overall
study. It includes the summary as well as some necessary recommendations and conclusion of
our study.
5.1 SUMMARY
Chapter One – This chapter involves the background of our study of the current fare collection
system, objectives of the study, as well as our problem statements.
Chapter Two– This chapter points out our literature review of existing projects on computerized
transit fare collection system and its related works.
Chapter Three – Chapter three focuses much more on our methodology used. It also includes
responses received after distributing our survey questionnaires and it includes our analysis and
research discussions.
Chapter Four – Involves the phase of system implementation, which also includes system
programming, user interfaces, testing, and documentation.
Chapter Five – This chapter contains the recommendations, conclusion, and summary.
5.2 CONCLUSIONS
As discussed in the previous chapters, we designed and implemented a computerized transit fare
collection system (Ticket Booking App) for Accra State Transport Company (STC) to improve
bus booking system and payment mode. We used a quantitative method (questionnaire via online
Google Forms) to obtain data from public transport users. A total of 230 responses were obtained
for analysis. Furthermore, we also adopted a Build Computer Science methodology to build a
computerized mobile application to improve ticket booking for users of Accra STC transports.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the research study, the following recommendations were made for stake holders of our
system.
54
 We recommend the use of more advance API which will include map integrations for
swift usage of the application
 We recommend the use of advance payment mode using the most popular payment
gateways in Ghana.
 We also recommend the inclusion of payment coupons for users to improve the usage
of the STC transport system as a mode of motivation and appreciation.
 We recommend that the system to be maintained and upgraded to improve and its
usage.
55
REFERENCES
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Advantages of Sea Transportation. IWJ: Inland Waterways Journal, 2(2).
Annur, R., & Ponnusamy, V. (2020). Information and communication technology (ICT) for
intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In Employing recent technologies for improved
digital governance (pp. 164-194). IGI Global.
Bieler, M., Skretting, A., Büdinger, P., & Grønli, T. M. (2022). Survey of automated fare
collection solutions in public transportation. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent
Transportation Systems, 23(9), 14248-14266.
Blythe, P. T. (2004). Improving public transport ticketing through smart cards. Proceedings of
the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer, 157(1), 47-54.
Butler, L., Yigitcanlar, T., & Paz, A. (2020). How can smart mobility innovations alleviate
transportation disadvantage? Assembling a conceptual framework through a systematic
review. Applied Sciences, 10(18), 6306.
Cruz, C. O., & Sarmento, J. M. (2020). “Mobility as a service” platforms: A critical path towards
increasing the sustainability of transportation systems. Sustainability, 12(16), 6368.
Goodall, W., Fishman, T. D., Bornstein, J., & Bonthron, B. (2017). The rise of the smart city:
Urban and smart city technology innovations. Deloitte University Press.
Jalolova, M., Amirov, L., Askarova, M., & Zakhidov, G. (2022). Territorial features of railway
transport control mechanisms. Transportation Research Procedia, 63, 2645-2652.
Jiang, B., Tian, C., Deng, J., & Zhu, Z. (2022). China's railway train speed, density and weight in
developing. Railway Sciences, 1(1), 131-147.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.
Kozlov, I. P. (2022). Optimizing public transport services using AI to reduce congestion in

metropolitan area. International Journal of Intelligent Automation and Computing, 5(2), 1-
14.
Kuncara, T., Putra, A. S., Aisyah, N., & Valentino, V. H. (2021). Effectiveness of the e-ticket
system using QR codes for Smart Transportation Systems. International Journal of Science,
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Lam, W. H. K., & Ho, H. W. (2008). Automated fare collection system for public transport in
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Hong Kong. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 42(2), 173-186.
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57
APPENDIX
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR STUDENTS
6.0 INTRODUCTION
We are HND final year students from the Department of Computer Science, Accra Technical
University (ATU), undertaking research on the topic “Computerization of a Transit Fare
Collection System for State Transport Company (STC) in Accra.” Focusing on the current
challenges in fare collection and payment methods, our research project aims to investigate and
analyze the existing fare collection system used by STC. Then, we will propose a computerized
software solution which involves a mobile-based ticketing app for STC passengers. Our
proposed computerized solution seeks to address these issues by enabling passengers to purchase
tickets more conveniently and efficiently. Furthermore, our study aims to enhance the overall
experience of fare collection and payment for passengers of the State Transport Company in
Accra.
Kindly spare us a few minutes of your time by filling in the questionnaire to help us achieve our
research objectives and answer our research questions accurately. Due to ethical reasons, the
questions do not involve any responses regarding your personal information, and your responses
will be kept completely confidential and used for academic purposes only. Please provide your
feedback to the questions below appropriately. Thank you.
Our proposed mobile ticketing app for STC passengers will integrate modern technology to
improve the traditional fare collection methods. This provides an alternative to the traditional
way of purchasing tickets and aims to reduce waiting times, improve payment security, and
enhance user convenience. Our ticketing platform will be deployed on mobile devices for
passengers to access easily.
INSTRUCTIONS
Please answer the questions below by ticking appropriately.
DEMOGRAPHY
1. What is your age?

 15 - 20 Years
 21 - 30 Years
58
 31 – 40 Years
 40 years+
2. What is your gender?
 Male
 Female
 Prefer not to say
3. What is your highest level of education?
 No formal education
 Primary education
 Secondary education
 Tertiary education
4. What is your employment status?
 Employed full-time
 Employed part-time
 Self-employed
 Unemployed
 Student
5. How often do you use STC services?
 Daily
 Weekly
 Monthly
 Rarely
6. What mode of payment do you currently use for STC services?
 Cash
 Mobile money
 Bank card
 Other
7. What kind of issues have you faced in payment?
 Long queues
 Payment failures
 Lack of change
 Security concerns
 None
8. How would you rate the current payment methods available for STC services?
 [1] Not Effective
 2
 3
 4
59
 [5] Very Effective
9. How would you rate the current method of mode of payment for STC transportations?
 [1] Not Effective
 2
 3
 4
 [5] Very Effective
10. What is your preferred method of payment for the mobile app ticketing system?
 Mobile money
 Bank card
 Other (specify)
11. What type of mobile device do you use?
 Keypad
 Smartphone
12. A mobile ticketing app will reduce your waiting time at bus terminals?
 Yes
 No
 Not sure
13. I Would you be willing to switch from your current payment method to the mobile app?
 Yes
 No
 Maybe
14. I would recommend the mobile ticketing app to others?
 Very likely
 Likely
 Neutral
 Unlikely
 Very unlikely
15. I am confident in my ability to use a mobile ticketing app?
 Very confident
 Confident
 Neutral
 Unconfident
 Very unconfident
16. I have a reliable internet access to use a mobile ticketing app?
 Yes
 No
17. I Would prefer a mobile app over traditional methods of purchasing tickets?
 Yes
 No
60
18. I would be interested in receiving promotional offers and updates through the mobile
ticketing app?
 Very interested
 Interested
 Neutral
 Uninterested
 Very uninterested
19. I would like to provide feedback or report issues through the mobile ticketing app?
 Yes
 No
61

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ACCRA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

COMPUTERIZATION OF A TRANSIT FARE COLLECTION SYSTEM

ADUEME EBERECHUKWU CHRISTIAN

RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT/ THESIS Submitted to the

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE,

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES,

in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the

AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) DIPLOMA

NAME SIGNATURE DATE

ASAIMAH RICHARD ……………… ………………

KPONSIKOU BENSON VICTOR ……………… ………………

We adopted a mixed-method strategy that combines a quantitative and a Build Computer

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.2.1 Research Questions

1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

2.1 Definition and Forms of Transportation

2.1.0 Definition of Transportation

2.1.1 Forms of Transportation

Transportation is a multifaceted system essential for economic development and social

2.2 Definition of Computerization in Fare Collection

2.3 Theoretical Background of Computerization in Fare Collection

2.4 Benefits of Computerization in Fare Collection

2.5 Challenges of Transit Fare Collection Systems

2.6 Research Studies on the Effectiveness of Computerization in Fare Collection

2.7 Related Work in the Use of Computerization for Fare Collection

Mobile Payment Integration for Fare Collection

Automated Fare Collection System in Hong Kong

Open-Source AFC Systems

Cloud-Based AFC Systems

3.1 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS

We used a quantitative method which involves survey questionnaires distributed through an

3.2 POPULATION AND STUDY AREA

To achieve this, we conducted an online survey targeting individuals residing in various

3.3 SAMPLE SIZE

3.4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

3.4.1 Demography and Profile of the Respondent

Table 3.1: Profile of Respondents

Age Range 31 – 40 Years 67 29.1

41 Years Above 37 16.1

Gender Male 129 56.1

Female 101 43.9

No formal education 8 3.5

Primary education 21 9.1

Total 230 100

Employed full-time 24 10.4

Employed part-time 22 9.6

Total 230 100

Accessing The Current Method of Fare Collection

Lack of change 24 10.4

Figure 3.2: Device Most Used

Table 3.3: Survey Response of the Newly Proposed System

Survey Response of the Proposed System

Total 230 100

3.5 RESEARCH DISCUSSION

4.1.1 Java Programming Language

4.1.3 Material Design Components

4.1.4 Recycler View