SPTS Unit-IV

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS
Unit-IV
Converters: DC to DC converter and DC to AC type converter. Application of Solar PV system.
Solar home lighting system, solar lantern, solar fencing, solar street light, solar water pumping
system, Roof top solar photovoltaic power plant and smart grid
 Converters:
A solar converter, also known as a solar inverter, is a device that changes the direct current (DC)
electricity generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) electricity:
Here's how a solar converter works:
1. Solar panels absorb light
The sun's light is absorbed by the solar panels' semiconductor layers, which are made of crystalline
silicon or gallium arsenide.
2. Electrons move
The light energy is transferred to the photovoltaic cells, where electrons move between the
positive and negative layers, generating an electric current. This current is DC.
3. Energy is sent to the inverter
The energy is either sent directly to the inverter or stored in a battery.
4. Inverter converts to AC
The inverter converts the DC energy to AC energy, which is the standard
DC to DC converter
A DC-to-DC converter is an electronic circuit that changes the voltage level of a direct current (DC)
source to a desired level. DC-to-DC converters are a key component in solar PV applications, and
are used to:
Regulate output voltage
DC-to-DC converters regulate the output voltage of a photovoltaic cell under different operating
conditions.
Transfer power
DC-to-DC converters transfer power from a PV module to a load.
Detect maximum power point (MPP)
1
DC-to-DC converters are used to detect the MPP, which is the point at which the maximum power
can be extracted from a solar panel.
Connect DC ESSs to a microgrid
DC-to-DC converters can connect DC energy storage systems (ESSs) to a microgrid's DC link.
Mitigate PV output intermittency
In a photovoltaic (PV) microgrid, a DC-to-DC converter can be used to control the ESS to reduce
the intermittency of the PV output.
DC to AC type converter
A DC to AC solar converter, also known as a solar panel inverter, is a device that changes direct
current (DC) electricity from solar panels into alternating current (AC) electricity. AC electricity is
used by the electrical grid and appliances.
Here's how a DC to AC solar converter works:
Switching direction: The inverter uses transistors to rapidly switch the direction of the DC input
back and forth.
Filtering and shaping: The output is filtered and shaped into a clean, repeating sine wave.
Inverters can also monitor the system, communicate with computer networks, and operate without
grid support during outages.
Some things to consider about DC to AC solar converters include:
DC/AC ratio: A healthy design typically has a DC/AC ratio of 1.25.
Transistors: Using transistors can reduce circuit efficiency and cause cross over distortion. Biasing
diodes can help reduce this limit.
 Application of Solar PV system.

1. Solar home lighting system
Solar Home Lighting System: Home lighting System is powered by solar energy using solar
cells that convert solar energy (sunlight) directly to electricity DC. The electricity can be
directly used by DC appliances or can be stored in batteries and used for the purpose of
lighting whenever required.
2. solar lantern
A solar lantern is a portable light that uses solar energy to charge a battery, which then
powers the lamp:
2
Solar lanterns are made up of a few main parts:
Solar panel: Converts solar energy into electrical energy
Battery: Stores the electrical energy for use at night
Lamp: The light that's powered by the battery
Solar lanterns are popular in rural areas where the power supply is unreliable, and in urban
areas during power outages. They can be used for a variety of activities, such as homework,
reading the radio, and social gatherings.
3. solar fencing
A security system that uses solar energy to deliver a shock to deter intruders. Solar fencing
works by using a solar panel to generate electricity from sunlight, which is then stored in a
battery. When someone touches the fence, the battery powers a small light bulb or LED to
deliver a brief but sharp shock. The shock is intended to deter intruders without causing
injury.
4. solar street light
A solar street light is a raised light source that uses solar panels to convert sunlight into
electricity to power a lamp during the night:
How it works
Solar panels are mounted on the light pole or lighting structure and capture sunlight to
generate electricity. This electricity can be used immediately or stored in a rechargeable
battery for later use. At night, the battery powers a fluorescent or LED lamp.
5. solar water pumping system

A solar water pump system is essentially an electrical pump system in which the electricity is
provided by one or several Photo Voltaic (PV) panels. A typical solar powered pumping
system consists of a solar panel array that powers an electric motor, which in turn powers a
bore or surface pump.
With the cost of diesel and electricity rising constantly, solar powered water pumps are the
perfect alternative for rural regions as these have a low maintenance cost and ensure a long
product life.
 Roof top solar photovoltaic power plant and smart grid

In Grid connected Solar Rooftop PV system the DC power generated from SPV panel is converted to
AC power using power conditioning unit .Generated Power by this system during the day time is
utilized fully for powering captive loads and excess power is fed to the Grid. Grid connected Solar
Rooftop system is operational so long as grid is available. In case, where solar power is not
sufficient due to cloud cover etc., the captive loads are served by drawing power from the grid.
3
In Grid Connected Rooftop or small SPV Systems, the DC power generated from SPV panel is
converted to AC power using Power Conditioning Unit (PCU) and it is fed to the Grid of 220kv/
66kv/ 33kV/ 11kV three phase lines or of 440/ 220Volt three/ single phase line depending on the
capacity of the system installed at institution/ commercial establishment or residential complex and
the regulatory framework specified for respective states.
These SPV systems generate power during the day time which is utilized fully by powering captives
loads and feed excess power to the grid as long as grid is available. In case, where solar power is not
sufficient due to cloud cover etc. the captive loads are served by drawing power from the grid.
Advantages of Grid Connected Rooftop Solar System:

i) Electricity generation at the consumption center and hence Savings in transmission and
distribution losses
ii) No requirement of additional land
iii) Improvement of tail-end grid voltages and reduction in system congestion with higher self-
consumption of solar electricity
iv) Local employment generation.
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SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS

 Application of Solar PV system.

5. solar water pumping system

 Roof top solar photovoltaic power plant and smart grid

Advantages of Grid Connected Rooftop Solar System:

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