José Rizal: The Life, Works, and Writings of a Filipino National Hero

José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda, born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna,
Philippines, is celebrated as the foremost national hero of the Philippines. He was a polymath,
revolutionary, and writer whose contributions to Filipino nationalism have immortalized him in
the hearts and minds of his countrymen. Rizal's life, works, and writings reflect his unwavering
commitment to the pursuit of liberty, justice, and education as the cornerstone of national
progress.

Early Life and Education

José Rizal was born into a prominent and well-educated family. His parents, Francisco Mercado
and Teodora Alonzo, were respected members of society who instilled in Rizal the values of
education, discipline, and a deep sense of nationalism. From a young age, Rizal exhibited
remarkable intellectual abilities. He learned to read and write by the age of three, and his artistic
and literary talents blossomed early in his childhood.

Rizal's formal education began in Calamba and continued at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila,
where he consistently excelled, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree with the highest honors in
1877. He then enrolled at the University of Santo Tomas to study medicine, but he found the
educational environment stifling due to the discriminatory practices of the Spanish friars.
Seeking greater academic freedom, Rizal left the Philippines in 1882 to continue his studies in
Europe.

In Madrid, Spain, Rizal earned a medical degree from the Central University of Madrid in 1884
and a degree in Philosophy and Letters in 1885. His pursuit of knowledge took him to France and
Germany, where he further specialized in ophthalmology to treat his mother’s deteriorating
eyesight. Rizal’s exposure to European liberal ideas and nationalist movements profoundly
shaped his worldview, strengthening his resolve to promote reform in his homeland.

Rizal’s Works: A Voice for Reform

Novels

Rizal’s most influential contributions to Philippine literature are his two novels, Noli Me
Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891). These works provided a searing critique of
Spanish colonial rule and the abuses perpetrated by the friars.

1. Noli Me Tangere
The novel, whose title translates to "Touch Me Not," is a sweeping portrayal of
Philippine society under Spanish rule. The protagonist, Crisostomo Ibarra, returns to the
Philippines after studying in Europe, only to encounter injustice and corruption. Through
 vivid characters and powerful storytelling, Rizal exposed the plight of ordinary Filipinos,
the exploitation by the clergy, and the failure of the colonial government to address
societal ills.
2. El Filibusterismo
This sequel to Noli Me Tangere takes on a darker and more revolutionary tone. The
protagonist, now disguised as Simoun, seeks revenge against those who wronged him and
aims to incite rebellion. The novel reflects Rizal’s growing frustration with peaceful
reform, as it highlights the desperate measures taken by an oppressed people.

Essays

Rizal’s essays provided an intellectual foundation for Philippine reform. Among his most notable
essays are:

1. The Indolence of the Filipinos (La Indolencia de los Filipinos)

In this essay, Rizal refuted the stereotype of Filipino laziness, attributing it to the
oppressive colonial system that stifled initiative and forced Filipinos into servitude.
2. The Philippines a Century Hence (Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años)
This essay offered a visionary analysis of the Philippines’ future, predicting eventual
independence if colonial abuses continued.
3. Letter to the Women of Malolos
In this letter, Rizal praised the courage of the women of Malolos for advocating
education and empowerment. He encouraged Filipino women to take an active role in the
nation’s development.

Poetry

Rizal’s poetry expressed his love for his country and his aspirations for its freedom. Among his
most famous works are:

1. Mi Último Adiós (My Last Farewell)

Written on the eve of his execution, this poignant poem is a testament to Rizal’s
patriotism and willingness to sacrifice his life for the Philippines. It remains a powerful
symbol of selfless love for one’s country.
2. To the Filipino Youth (A La Juventud Filipina)
Rizal dedicated this poem to the youth, urging them to use their talents for the betterment
of the nation. It reflects his belief in the transformative power of education and the
potential of the younger generation.

Advocacy and Exile

Rizal’s writings and activism brought him into direct conflict with Spanish authorities. In 1892,
he founded La Liga Filipina, an organization that sought peaceful reforms through unity,
education, and civic progress. However, the colonial government viewed Rizal’s efforts as
subversive. He was arrested and exiled to Dapitan, a remote town in Mindanao, where he spent
four years.

In Dapitan, Rizal continued to serve the Filipino people. He established a school, introduced
agricultural innovations, and provided free medical care. Despite his exile, Rizal remained
steadfast in his advocacy for peaceful reform, believing that education and enlightenment were
the keys to national progress.

Martyrdom and Legacy

In 1896, the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule erupted, inspired in part by Rizal’s
writings. Although Rizal did not advocate for violent revolution, the Spanish authorities accused
him of inciting rebellion. He was arrested, tried for sedition, and sentenced to death. On
December 30, 1896, Rizal was executed by firing squad at Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park) in
Manila.

Rizal’s execution galvanized the revolutionary movement, and his martyrdom transformed him
into a symbol of Filipino nationalism. His life and works inspired future generations to fight for
independence, culminating in the declaration of Philippine independence in 1898.

José Rizal, the Philippine national hero, was not only an intellectual and patriot but also a man
who experienced love and heartbreak. Throughout his life, Rizal had relationships with several
women who influenced him emotionally and intellectually. His lovelife offers insight into his
human side, revealing his charm, sensitivity, and idealism.

José Rizal, the Philippine national hero, was not only an intellectual and patriot
but also a man who experienced love and heartbreak. Throughout his life, Rizal
had relationships with several women who influenced him emotionally and
intellectually. His lovelife offers insight into his human side, revealing his charm,
sensitivity, and idealism.

1. Segunda Katigbak

Segunda Katigbak was Rizal's first love. He met her in 1877 when he was a 16-year-old student
in Manila. Segunda was a sweet and charming young woman from Lipa, Batangas, and their
romance blossomed during Rizal's visits to her home. However, their love story ended abruptly
as Segunda was already engaged to another man, Manuel Luz. This unfulfilled romance left a
deep impression on Rizal, and he immortalized her in his writings.
2. Leonor Valenzuela (Orang)

Leonor Valenzuela, also known as "Orang," was a neighbor of Rizal in Intramuros, Manila. Rizal
admired her kindness and beauty. During their courtship, he demonstrated his creativity by
writing love letters in invisible ink, which could only be read when heated over a candle. Despite
Rizal’s affection, their relationship remained a sweet but platonic connection.

3. Leonor Rivera

Perhaps the greatest love of Rizal’s life, Leonor Rivera was his cousin and muse. She inspired
the character of María Clara in Noli Me Tangere. Rizal and Leonor began their relationship in
1880 and corresponded through letters while Rizal was studying abroad. Leonor’s loyalty to
Rizal was unwavering, but their relationship faced obstacles, including disapproval from her
parents.

After years of separation and her family’s intervention, Leonor married an Englishman, Henry
Kipping, in 1890. The heartbreak from this loss deeply affected Rizal, and he expressed his grief
in his writings. Leonor’s memory remained with him, and she continued to symbolize purity and
sacrifice in his literary works.

4. Consuelo Ortiga y Rey

While in Madrid, Rizal met Consuelo Ortiga y Rey, the daughter of Don Pablo Ortiga, a former
mayor of Manila. Consuelo was a vivacious and intelligent woman who charmed Rizal and his
circle of friends. Rizal wrote a poem, A La Señorita C.O. y R. (To Miss C.O. y R.), dedicated to
her beauty and grace. However, Rizal withdrew from pursuing her, possibly out of respect for his
friend Eduardo de Lete, who also admired her.

5. O-Sei-San (Seiko Usui)

During his stay in Japan in 1888, Rizal met O-Sei-San, a Japanese woman who worked as an
interpreter. She was a refined and cultured woman who shared Rizal’s interests in arts and
literature. Rizal found solace and companionship in her during his brief time in Japan, and she
even expressed a willingness to follow him to the Philippines. However, Rizal left Japan to
continue his mission for Philippine reform, leaving O-Sei-San behind. Their romance was short-
lived but deeply meaningful to Rizal.
6. Gertrude Beckett (Gettie)

While in London in 1888, Rizal stayed with the Beckett family, and Gertrude, one of the
daughters, developed a fondness for him. Gertrude, or "Gettie," was a lively and affectionate
woman who openly admired Rizal. Although Rizal enjoyed her company, he chose not to pursue
a deeper relationship, as he was focused on his work and felt it would distract him from his
mission.

7. Nelly Boustead

Nelly Boustead was a beautiful and spirited Filipino-British woman whom Rizal met in France.
She came from a wealthy family and shared Rizal’s interest in reform and social justice. Rizal
admired her intelligence and charm and even considered marrying her. However, religious
differences arose, as Nelly wanted Rizal to convert to Protestantism, which he refused. This
disagreement, coupled with other complications, ended their potential union.

8. Suzanne Jacoby

During his stay in Belgium in 1890, Rizal met Suzanne Jacoby, a young woman who was
captivated by his intellect and charisma. Their romance blossomed during Rizal’s time in
Brussels, where Suzanne took care of him while he worked on El Filibusterismo. Despite their
mutual affection, Rizal’s dedication to his nationalist cause made it impossible for him to
commit fully to a relationship.

9. Josephine Bracken

Josephine Bracken, an Irish-Filipino woman, was Rizal’s last love and arguably his most
significant romantic partner. She visited Rizal in Dapitan in 1895, accompanied by her blind
adoptive father, George Taufer, seeking Rizal’s medical expertise. Their relationship quickly
developed into a deep bond, and Josephine stayed with Rizal during his exile.

Although they wished to marry, their union was not sanctioned by the Catholic Church due to
Rizal’s alleged anti-clerical views. Instead, they lived together as common-law partners.
Josephine provided Rizal with companionship and support during his final years. In 1896, she
suffered a miscarriage, further deepening their shared grief. Josephine was with Rizal until his
execution, and he reportedly referred to her as his "sweet foreigner."

José Rizal, the Philippine national hero, came from a prominent and well-educated family. His
family background played a significant role in shaping his character, values, and intellectual
pursuits. The Rizal family is considered one of the wealthiest and most respected families in
Calamba, Laguna, during the Spanish colonial period.

Parents

1. Francisco Mercado Rizal (Father)

o Born: May 11, 1818, in Biñan, Laguna
o Died: January 5, 1898
Francisco Mercado was a hardworking farmer and businessman who owned and
managed agricultural land. He was a descendant of Chinese immigrants and was
known for his diligence, integrity, and intelligence. Rizal described his father as a
model of honesty and strong character.
2. Teodora Alonso Realonda (Mother)
o Born: November 9, 1827, in Santa Cruz, Manila
o Died: August 16, 1911
Teodora Alonso was a highly educated and cultured woman who profoundly
influenced Rizal’s intellectual development. She was his first teacher, teaching
him to read, write, and appreciate literature. She also instilled in him the values of
discipline, piety, and a strong sense of justice.

Siblings

José Rizal was the seventh of eleven children. The Rizal siblings were raised in an environment
that encouraged education and strong family ties. Below are Rizal’s siblings:

1. Saturnina Rizal (Neneng)

o Born: June 29, 1850
o Died: September 14, 1913
Saturnina was the eldest child and was known for her nurturing nature. She played
a maternal role for her younger siblings and supported José in his education. She
married Manuel Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas.
2. Paciano Rizal
o Born: March 7, 1851
o Died: April 13, 1930
Paciano was the second eldest and José’s only brother. He was a revolutionary
leader and a close confidant of Rizal. Paciano supported José financially during
his studies abroad and participated in the Philippine Revolution after his brother’s
execution.
3. Narcisa Rizal (Sisa)
o Born: October 29, 1852
o Died: June 24, 1939
Narcisa was known for her simplicity and strong family loyalty. She was
 instrumental in retrieving Rizal’s body after his execution and helped give him a
proper burial.
4. Olimpia Rizal (Ypia)
o Born: 1855
o Died: 1887
Olimpia was cheerful and sociable. She married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph
operator, and served as a bridge of communication between Rizal and their family
during his time abroad.
5. Lucia Rizal
o Born: 1857
o Died: 1919
Lucia was married to Mariano Herbosa, who faced discrimination from Spanish
authorities due to his association with Rizal. Herbosa’s refusal of a Catholic burial
exemplified the persecution faced by Rizal’s family.
6. Maria Rizal (Biang)
o Born: 1859
o Died: 1945
Maria maintained a close relationship with José, often corresponding with him
while he was abroad. She married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.
7. Jose Rizal (Pepe)
o Born: June 19, 1861
o Died: December 30, 1896
José was the family’s most notable member, whose intellectual achievements and
nationalist ideals inspired the Philippine Revolution.
8. Concepcion Rizal (Concha)
o Born: 1862
o Died: 1865
Concepcion was the youngest sibling to die in childhood. Her death deeply
affected Rizal and was his first encounter with profound grief.
9. Josefa Rizal (Panggoy)
o Born: 1865
o Died: 1945
Josefa never married and devoted her life to helping her siblings and Rizal’s
nationalist cause. She was a member of the Katipunan.
10. Trinidad Rizal (Trining)
o Born: 1868
o Died: 1951
Trinidad was also unmarried and played a key role in preserving Rizal’s legacy.
She was entrusted with Rizal’s final poem, Mi Último Adiós, hidden inside a
lamp.
11. Soledad Rizal (Choleng)
o Born: 1870
o Died: 1929
Soledad was the youngest of the Rizal siblings. She was a teacher and married
Pantaleon Quintero. She was known for her outspoken personality.
The Family Name: Mercado-Rizal

The family originally carried the surname Mercado, which means “market” in Spanish, reflecting
their Chinese ancestry and their involvement in trade. To avoid suspicion from Spanish
authorities during the heightened surveillance of native families, the family adopted the surname
"Rizal," derived from ricial, meaning "green fields" or "new pasture."

Legacy of the Rizal Family

The Rizal family’s support and sacrifices enabled José Rizal to pursue his studies and develop
his nationalist ideas. They faced persecution and hardships due to Rizal’s activism, yet they
remained steadfast in their love for him and commitment to his ideals. The Rizal family
symbolizes the importance of education, unity, and patriotism, values that continue to inspire
Filipinos to this day