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Habitat Preference in Pleurocarpus Mosses of Imphal District, Manipur, India

Article in Evansia · September 2014

DOI: 10.1639/079.031.0305

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 Habitat Preference in Pleurocarpus Mosses of Imphal
District, Manipur, India

Author: Govndapyari, H.
Source: Evansia, 31(3) : 99-108
Published By: The American Bryological and Lichenological Society
URL: https://doi.org/10.1639/079.031.0305

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 Evansia 31 (3) 99

Habitat preference in pleurocarpus mosses of Imphal District, Manipur, India

H. Govndapyari, Sanavar, Y.M. Bahuguna and P.L Uniyal

Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007 India
Email: uniyalpl@rediffmail.com

Abstract. Mosses are remarkably successful plants that colonize a variety of habitats. They
have specific requirements with regard to microenvironments factors such as temperature,
light and water availability and substrate chemistry. The occurrence of a particular species
may reflect the microclimate of the locality. Pleurocarpous mosses form extensive cover on the
substrate and provide microenvironment for the activity of bacteria, fungi and invertebrates,
thus constituting a kind of bryosystem. Present study has revealed 42 species of pleurocarpous
mosses belonging to 30 genera and 16 families from Imphal district, Manipur, India.
Hypnaceae are found to be most frequent. Majority of taxa are found as epiphytic growing on
tree bark and branches. Erpodium mangiferae, Erythrodontium julaceum, Pterygynandrum
decolor, Fabronia assamica are found most widely spread in the studied area. It seems that
these species have high tolerance and adaptability to survive in the dry bark. Most of the
pleurocarpous mosses in the present collection display mat form.

Key words. Epiphytic mosses, habitat specificity, tropical bryophytes, growth form.

INTRODUCTION
Bryophytes have various morphological, physiological and genetical adaptations with
various reproductive strategies to cope with the variable climatic conditions. Such variability
provided a way of diversification of this group. The adaptation and structural modification caused a
regular speciation and high species richness (Vitt 1981). Mosses have achieved remarkable success
in colonizing diverse habitats. They are also found to colonize in extreme habitats such as bare rock
surfaces, bark of trees, deserts, unconsolidated alluvium and moronic material on which other plants
find difficulty in establishment. The occurrence of a particular species may reflect the microclimate
of the locality. Bryophytes are important in the dynamics of vascular plant association and are
important stabilizers of substrate that later become suitable for colonization by other plants. Mosses
form extensive colonies on the substrate and provide shelter to microorganisms and small animals
especially in extreme conditions. Such intricate association creates a well organized micro-
ecosystem (Uniyal 2007). Mosses are now being employed in developing an “Index of Atmospheric
Purity” (IAP) (Bates 2000).They have been successfully used to monitor air borne pollution and
indicators of climate change. Pleurocarpous mosses have prostrate habit with unlimited growth of
main shoot. They are usually monopodially branched, often pinnately so, and tend to form spreading
carpets which protect the soil from erosion. Most of the pleurocarpous mosses are competitive
perennial stayers.
Eastern Himalaya is one of the biodiversity hotspots, however the study of distributions
pattern of bryophytes in some areas has been somewhat hindered by inadequate documentation. The
increasing alterations of climate and natural habitats through the activities of mankind may influence
the distribution patterns of the bryophytes and subsequently disturb the distribution of associated
organisms. Periodic comparison of the species richness of a site can provide the data on the trend of
the pollution of the environment and ecological functions. Present study on the assessment of moss
diversity will be helpful for such speculations. We have already compiled the report on the
acrocarpous mosses of this region (Govindapyari et al. 2012). Such records may be helpful in
indicating the present vegetation pattern and can be used in the restoration programs at later stages.
The study deals with the distribution of pleurocarpous mosses in the Imphal district of Manipur, in

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 Evansia 31 (3) 100
the extreme northeastern part of the country, to have an insight on the species richness and their
habitat preference.

METHODS
Study area
Collections of mosses were made from various localities of Imphal district (Manipur, Figs. 1
A, B, C) in the month of August-October. Manipur is in the extreme northeastern border of India
bounded by Nagaland in the north, Mizoram in the south, upper Myanmar in the east and Cachar
District of Assam in the west. The land locked state consists of an important plain of 1843 sq. km
that constitutes the central part. The remainder is formed by an encircling zone of hilly and
mountainous region (Figs. 2 A, B). The central part lies at an elevation of 780 m asl which is known
as Manipur basin. Imphal district is taken as a study site which is located at 24°49′N 93°57′E/
24.82°N 93.95°E. Imphal has a sub-tropical climate with cool, dry winters, a warm summer and a
moderate monsoon season. It gets about 1320 mm (52 inches) of rain with June being the wettest
month. The pH of soils ranges from 4.5 to 6.8 and their nitrogenous and phosphoric contents are
moderate (Bhattacharya 2006). The area is dominated by agricultural land. The vegetation of district
is mostly of mixed tropical type and the forest areas are mainly confined to hilly areas. The
important taxa include bamboos (Bambusa dendrocalmus), teak (Tectona grandis), pine (Pinus
insularis) and oak (Quercus sp).

Figure 1. A. Manipur State in India. B. Map of Manipur show Imphal (dark circle). C. Map
of Imphal district showing study regions highlighted with dark circles.

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 Evansia 31 (3) 101

Figure 2. A. Hilly slope of the study area. B. Valley showing the study area.

The patches of mosses are peeled off with a knife and collected in small polythene bags.
Each population was kept separately. The plant material was air-dried by spreading out on the
blotting sheets in the room. Field data were recorded in the field note-book and also on the packets
containing the material. For morphological observations the dried material is soaked in water for a
few minutes. The different parts of the samples were taken out and carefully observed under the
microscope. Mosses were indentified with the help of various floras and reference books (Gangulee
1969-1980, Chopra 1975, Crum & Anderson 1981, Goffinet & Shaw 2009).The list of pleurocarpous
taxa of mosses is given in Table 1. The taxa are arranged according to the classification of Goffinet
et al. (2009).Voucher specimens are deposited in the herbarium of the Department of Botany,
University of Delhi, Delhi.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present study reveals 42 species of pleurocarpous mosses belonging to 30 genera and
16 families (Table 1). The most frequently occurring family is observed to be Hypnaceae with six
species in four genera followed by Leskeaceae, Entodontaceae, Playsiadelphaceae and Fabroniaceae
with four species each. Pterigynandraceae, Brachytheciaceae, Neckeraceae and Stereophyllacae are
recorded with three species each. Orthotrichaceae are found with two species and two genera.
Meteoriaceae, Plagiotheciaceae, Sematophyllaceae, Leucodontaceae, Pterobryaceae and Erpodiaceae
and Hookeriaceae are found with one species each.

Species with frequent occurrence

Some species found in wide range of habitats. We recorded Erythrodontium julaceum
epiphytic on the bark of many trees such as on Ficus benghalensis, Mangifera indica, Parkia sp.,
Callistemon lanceolatus), Delonix regia, Prunus domestica, Zizypus mauritiana, Ficus glomerata,
Celtis australis, Salix tetrasperma etc. They seem to possess high tolerance and adaptability and
high regeneration potential.

Species with few populations

Some of the species are found only in 1-2 locations of the study area away from the human
habitation. These are Macromitrium moorcrofti, Hypnodon sp, Racopilum sp, Hookeria acutifolia,
Claopodium assurgens, Leptopterygynandrum autoicum, Lescuraea incurvata, Pseudoleskeopsis
decurvata, Stereophyllum decorum, S. ligulatum, S. setwchwanicum, Rhynchostegiella humillima,
R.scabriseta, Aerobryopsis longissima, Fabronia assamica, F. goughii, F. pusilla, F. schensiana,
Ectropothecium compressifolium, E. cygnicollum, E. ramuligerum, Macrothamniella sp.,
Taxiphyllum giraldii, Vesicularia montagnei, Pterigynandrum decolor, P. filiforme, Trachyphyllum
inflexum, Plagiothecium entodontella, Campylodontium flavescens, Entodon chloropus, E.
scariosus, Brotherella falcata, Isopterygium albescens, I. distichaceum, I. pallidum, Sematophyllum

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 Evansia 31 (3) 102
subhumile, Leucodon secundus, Pterobryopsis sp, Homaliodendron exiguum, Neckera crenulata
and N. pennata. Most of these species are epiphytic on the trunk or upper branches. It appears that
these species have a narrow range of habitat specificity.

Endemic species found in the study area

Fabronia assamica (Khasia Hills, Shillong), F. goughii (Palni hills,Tamil Nadu)
Rhynchostegiella divaricatifolia (Darjeeling, N.E.Himalaya), Rhynchostegiella humillima (Garhwal,
Western Ghats, Nilgiri,), Pterigynandrum decolor (Sikkim), Entodon chloropus (Eastern Himalaya),
Stereophyllum ligulatum (Peninsular India), Ectropothecium ramuligerum (Arunachal), E.
cygnicollum (Sikkim and Darjeeling) are reported as endemic to India, which are also found in the
study area.

Epiphytic species
Many species are found to be growing on tree branches and bark or tree bases (Table 1)
Leucodon secundus, Claopodium assurgens, Leptopterygynandrum autoicum, Lescuraea incurvata,
Pseudoleskeopsis decurvata, Stereophyllum decorum, S.ligulatum, S. setwchwanicum,
Brachythecium plumosum, Aerobryopsis longissima, Fabronia assamica, F. pusilla, F.goughii, F.
schensiana, Ectropothecium compressifolium, E. cygnicollum, E. ramuligerum, Macrothamniella sp,
Taxiphyllum giraldii, Vescicularia montagnei, Pterigynandrum decolor, P. filiforme, Trachyphyllum
inflexum, Plagiothecium entodontella, Campylodontium flavescens, Entodon chloropus, E.
scariosus, Erythrodontium julaceum, Brotherella falcata, Isopterygium albescens, I. distichaceum, I.
pallidum, Sematophyllum subhumile, Pterobryopsis sp., Homaliodendron exiguum, Neckera
crenulata and N. pennata are recorded as epiphytic species. A few of them are also recorded in the
terrestrial substrata. The abundance of epiphytes indicates the clean air which prevails in the
favourable condition. These taxa make the suitable habitat for other epiphytic organisms. Most of
these taxa occur on the old trees, on the upper branches.
Within the study area Erpodium mangiferae is recorded on the bark of many tree species.
Bark of Ficus benghalensis tree is found to be preferred host of many mosses. This may be due to
the high water holding capacity of the bark, availability of nutrients through the visits of many
insects and the suitable pH of the bark. Claopodium assurgens is always found to harbor algae and
leafy liverworts. Stereophyllum decorum is always observed on the tree bases and intermingled with
Brotherella falcata, Erythrodontium julaceum and Macromitrium moorcroftii. Taxiphyllum giraldii
is found on black soil with high pH. Pterigynandrum filiforme is found on Banyan tree (Ficus
benghalensis) as well as on soil.
Most of the mosses in the present collection display mat form. This growth forms is suitable
to occupy the variety of substrata like bark, branches, rocks etc. Mat form has greater capacity to
retain water with many capillary channels available for conduction. Epiphytic bryophytes give a kind
of protection and soothing environment to the host tree by keeping their bark moist (Uniyal et al
2007). They have a great influence on the site and rate of water loss to the air. The habitat specificity
of the endemic species is needs to be studied in detail. The substrate and immediate surrounding
environment of a bryophyte are often virtually a part of its structure. Present record of species
richness would be the reference material for future studies and planning.

LITERATURE CITED
Bates, J.W. 2000. Mineral nutrition, substratum ecology and pollution. Pp. 248-311. In Shaw, A.J.
and B. Goffinet (eds). Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bhattacharya, N.N. 2006. Manipur, Land People and Economy. New Delhi: Rajesh Publications. 184
pp.
Chopra, R.S. 1975. Taxonomy of Indian Mosses (An Introduction). New Delhi: CSIR Publications.
631 pp.

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 Evansia 31 (3) 103
Crum, H. and L.E. Anderson. 1981. Mosses of Eastern North America. Volumes 1 and 2. New
York: Columbia University Press.
Gangulee, H.C. 1969-1980. Mosses of Eastern India and Adjacent Regions. Fascicle I, 1969 ;
Fascicle II, 1971 ; Fascicle III, 1972 ; Fascicle IV, 1974 ; Fascicle V, 1975 ; Fascicle VI ,
1977 ; Fascicle VII, 1978 ; and Fascicle VIII, 1980. Calcutta : Eastend Printers.
Goffinet, B., Buck, W.R. and A.J. Shaw. 2009. Morphology and classification of the Bryophyta. Pp.
35-158. In Goffinet, B. and Shaw, A.J. (eds). Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Goffinet, B. and A.J. Shaw (eds). 2009. Bryophyte Biology (second edition). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Govindapyari, H., Kumari, P., Bahuguna, Y.M. and P.L. Uniyal. 2012. Evaluation of species
richness of acrocarpous Mosses in Imphal district, Manipur, India. Taiwania 57: 14-26.
Uniyal, P.L. 2007. Diversity of bryovegetation in India: its importance and conservation. Pp. 67-71.
In Singh, J.S., Bhatnagar, A.K., Singh, V.P. and B.K. Roy (eds). Plant Diversity and
Conservation. New Delhi: Satish Serial Publishing House.
Uniyal, P.L., Govindapyari, H. and P. Gupta. 2007. Adaptive strategies of bryophytes. Pp. 67-71. In
Biodiversity, Conservation and Systematics. P. Singh (ed). Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers
(India).
Vitt , D. H. 1981. Adaptive modes of the sporophyte. The Bryologist 84: 166-186.

Table 1. List of pleurocarpous mosses recorded in Imphal district of Manipur, India.

(W=Imphal West, E=Imphal East)
SN Name of the species and Growth Substratum Distribution /Locality
status forms
DICRANALES
Erpodiaceae
Bark of Mangifera indica,
1. Erpodium mangiferae Loose mat Ficus benghalensis, Delonix Keishamthong
C.Muell.; Endemic regia, Artocarpus, (W),Tera
(Fig: 3A) Tamarindus, Toona Sangolband(W),
ciliata,Parkia,Salix Yaiskul hiruhanba
tetrasperma,Citrus limon, (IW),Wangkhei (E),
Callistemon lanceolatus, Governor road
Syzygium cumini, Annona (W),Yaiskul
reticulata,Emblica Moirangkhom (W),
officinalis,Lantana Porompat
camara,Celtis australis, (E),Malom(W)
Averrhoa carambola, Punica Keishampat
granatum, Aegle marmelos (W),Iroishemba (W),
Lamdengkhunou
(W), Konjenleikai
(W)

2. Macromitrium Green mat Bark of Prunus domestica Lamdeng khunou

moorcroftii (W)
(Hook. & Grev.)
Shwaegr.
(Fig:3B)
HOOKERIALES
Hookeriaceae
3. Hookeria acutifolia Scattered Bark of Callistemon Yaiskul hiruhanba

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 Evansia 31 (3) 104
Hook.& Grev.; Rare, turf lanceolatus/ Charcoal (W)
(Fig:3C)
HYPNALES
Leskeaceae
4. Claopodium assurgens Mat Bark of Ficus benghalensis Porompat(E)
(Sull.& Lesq.) Card.
(Fig:3D)
5. Leptopterygynandrum Lax turf Associated with orchid on Yaiskul hiruhanba
autoicum Gangulee. the bark of Aegle marmelos (W)
(Fig:3E)

6. Lescurea incurvata Mat Bark of Cordia grandis. Singjamei(W)

(Hedw.) Lawt. (Fig:3F)
7. Pseudoleskeopsis Mat Ground soil Malom (W)
decurvata (Mitt.) Broth.
(Fig:3G)

Stereophyllaceae
8. Stereophyllum decorum tuft Bark of Prunus domestica Lamdeng
(Mitt.) Wijk.& Marg. khunou(W).
(Fig:3H)
9. S. ligulatum Jaeg.; Mat Bark of Mallotus Singjamei (W)
Endemic philippensis.
(Fig:3I)
10. S. setwchwanicum Turf Dry wood Lamphelpat (W)
Broth. (Fig:3J)
Brachytheciaceae
11. Brachythecium Dense turf Brick Yaiskul hiruhanba
plumosum (Hedw.) (W)
B.S.G. (Fig:3K)
12. Rhynchostegiella Thick turf Wet Soil Malom (W)
humillina (Mitt.) Broth.;
Endemic
(Fig:3L)
13. R. scabriseta Turf Bark of Callistemon Malom (W)
(Schwaegr.) Broth.; lanceolatus.
Endemic, (Fig:3M)
Meteoriaceae
14. Aerobryopsis longissima Pendant Bark of dry wood Lamphelpat (W)
(Doz. & Molk.) Fleisch.
(Fig:3N)
Fabroniaceae
15. Fabronia assamica Mat Bark of Mangifera indica / Governor
Dix.; Endemic, (Fig:3O) Delonix regia road(W),Yaiskul
hiruhanba (W),
16. F. goughii Mitt.; Mat Bark of Ziziphus spp. Governor road (W)
Endemic
(Fig:3P)
17 F. pusilla Raddi, Dense mat Bark of Ficus benghalensis Lamboi
(Fig:3Q) khonangkhong (W)

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 Evansia 31 (3) 105
18. F. schensiana C.Muell. Mat Bark of Ficus benghalensis Kojenleikai (W)
(Fig:3R)
Hypnaceae
19. Ectropothecium Mat Bark of Ficus benghalensis Lamboi
compressifolium (Mitt.) khonangkhong (W),
Jaeg.
(Fig:3S)
20. E. cygnicollum (Mitt.) Mat Cement rock Yaiskul hiruhanba
Jaeg., Endemic, (Fig:3T) (W)
21. E. ramuligerum Dix. : Mat Bark of Ficus benghalensis Lamphelpat (W)
Endemic, (Fig:3U))
22. Macrothamniella spp. Turf Bark of dry bamboo Iroishemba (W)
Rare
(Fig:3V)
23. Taxiphyllum giraldii Tuft Brick soil Kanglapat (W)
(C.Muell.) Fleisch.
(Fig:3W)
24. Vescicularia montagnei Moist Soil /Shady area Yaiskul hiruhanba
(Bel.) Broth. (Fig:3X) (W)
Pterigynandraceae
25. Pterigynandrum decolor Thin mat Bark of Ficus benghalensis, Babupara (W),
(Mitt.) Broth.; Endemic, Jam tree, Parkia spp. Chairenkhong khurai
(Fig:4A) (E), Tera khamnam
leirak (W), Lamboi
khonangkhong (W),
Lamdeng khunou
(W), Lairen phabi
(W).Wangkhei (E)
26. P. filiforme Hedw. Thin mat Bark of Ficus benghalensis Chairenkhong khurai
(Fig:4B) (E), Tera khamnam
leirak (W).
27. Trachyphyllum inflexum Thin mat Orchid roots attached to bark Yaiskul hiruhanba
(Harv.) Gepp (Fig:4C) of Aegle marmelos (W)
Plagiotheciaceae
28. Plagiothecium Mat Bark of Prunus domestica Lairen phabi (W)
entodontella Dix.; Endemic
Endemic, (Fig:4D)
Entodontaceae
29. Campylodontium Dense mat Bark of Delonix regia , Lamphelpat (W),
flavescens Ficus benghalensis. Chairenkhong khurai
(Hook.) Bosch & Lac. (E).
(Fig:4E)
30. Entodon chloropus Mat Bark of Ficus glomerata Lamshang (W)
Ren. & Card.; Endemic, Endemic
(Fig:4F)
31. E. scariosus Ren. & Mat Bark of Ficus benghalensis Lamshang (W)
Card.
(Fig:4G)
32. Erythrodontium Dense turf Bark of Ficus benghalensis, Keishamthong (W),
julaceum Callistemon lanceolatus, Wangkhei (E),

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 Evansia 31 (3) 106
(Schwaegr.) Par. (Fig: Mangifera indica,Parkia, Canchipur (IW),
4H) Delonix regia, Prunus Palace compound
domestica, (E), Yaiskul
Ziziphus mauritiana,Ficus hiruhanba (W),
glomerata, Celtis australis, Indira park (W),
Salix tetrasperma Khurai
(IE),Babupara (W),
Lamphelpat (W),
Porompat (IE),
Malom
(W),Lamdeng
khunou (W),
Lamshang (W),
Lamboi,
khonangkhong (W),
Lairen phabi (W)
Playsiadelphaceae
33. Brotherella falcata Pendent Bark of Plum Lamdeng khunou
(Doz. & Molk.) Fleisch., (W).
(Fig:4I)
34. Isopterygium albescens Thread/Mat Clay soil Canchipur (W)
var. albescens (Hook.)
Jaeg. (Fig:4J)
35. I. distichaceum Thread Bark of Mallotus Lamdeng khunou
(Mitt.) Jaeg. (Fig:4K) /Mat philippensis (W), Singjamei (W).
36. I. pallidum Dix. Thread/Mat Soil Tera khamnam leirak
(Fig:4L) (W)
Sematophyllaceae
37. Sematophyllum Rough mat Dry wood Lamphelpat (W)
subhumile
(C.Muell.) Fleisch.
(Fig:4M)
Leucodontaceae
38. Leucodon secundus Tail Bark of Gulmohar tree Lamphelpat (W)
(Harv.) Mitt. (Fig:4N)
Pterobryaceae
39. Pterobryopsis spp. Hanging Bark of Delonix regia Governor road (W)
(Fig:4O)
Neckeraceae
40. Homaliodendron Lax turf Bark of Nongnag kori Singjamei (E)
exiguum (local tree)
(Bosch & Lac.) Fleisch.
(Fig:4P)
41. Neckera crenulata Harv. Pendant Bark of Ficus benghalensis Porompat (E)
(Fig:4Q)
42. Neckera pennata Hedw. Pendant Bark of Toona ciliate Singjamei (E)
(Fig:4R)

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 Evansia 31 (3) 107

Figure 3. (A) Erpodium mangiferae, (B) Macromitrium moorcroftii, (C) Hookeria acutifolia,
(D) Claopodium assurgens, (E) Leptopterygynandrum autoicum ,(F) Lescurea incurvata
(G) Pseudoleskeopsis decurvata,(H) Stereophyllum decorum , (I) S. ligulatum
(J) S. setwchwanicum , (K) Brachythecium plumosum , (L)Rhynchostegiella humillina ,
(M) R. scabriseta, (N) Aerobryopsis longissima (O), Fabronia assamica ,(P) F.goughii,
(Q) F. pussilla,(R) F.schensiana, (S) Ectropothecium compressifolium , (T) E. cygnicollum ,
(U) E. ramuligerum,(V) Macrothamniella sp., (W) Taxiphyllum giraldii, (X) Vescicularia
montagnei.

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 Evansia 31 (3) 108

Figure 4. (A) Pterigynandrum decolor (B) P. filiforme (C) Trachyphyllum inflexum , (D)
Plagiothecium entodontella, (E) Campylodontium flavescens, (F) Entodon chloropus, (G) E.
scariosus, (H) Erythrodontium julaceum, (I) Brotherella falcata, (J) Isopterygium albescens, (K) I.
distichaceum (L) I. pallidum, (M) Sematophyllum subhumile, (N) Leucodon secundus,(O)
Pterobryopsis sp., (P) Homaliodendron exiguum, (Q) Neckera crenulata, (R) N. pennata.

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