Metals and Nonmetal

tor
used
brass is
Electroplating ing Depositing a thin, uniform chrome-plated steel
or
plated
B R f one metal over another by bathroom fittings and coppe
layer
as
electrolysis
is known electroplating. steel, for utensils.
other(s)
metal with metal with
a tin, nickel, Alloying Alloying a
E l e c t r o p l a

D the strength of
the metal,
and

ium or copper 1s quite a common ncreases

1hus
c h r o m i

it from corrosion
of preventing corrosion. also protects
(Fe+CraNi+Mn+Cbrass
method

materials remain lustrous stainless steedl

lactroplated magnalium
Nickel-plated steel is (Cu+Zn), bronze (Cu+Sn) and
for a long period. (Al+ Mg+ Cu) are all
corrosion-resistant.

making some parts of cycles,

used for

Points to Remember

and good
malleable, ductile,
solids. They are lustrous, sonorous,
hard, strong
Metals are generallyand
ot heat electricity. conductors
bad
conductors brittle if solid,
nonsonorous,

graphite and iodine),

(except
Nonmetals are lustreless ot electricity (except
graphite).
bad
conductors
arsenic, antimony and
ofheat, and elements (boron, silicon,
germanium,
are a set of nonmetals.

or semimetals those of metals and

Metalloids intermediate
between

properties electronics industry.

tellurium)with make them important
in the
metalloids
of
properties
semiconducting
The metals is called
corrosion.

of moist air
on

The chemical action

Fe,O,.xH,O.
the formula
is represented by
rusts. Rust and alloying
of iron electroplating
air, a piece galvanising,
In moist painting
greasing
be prevented by
Corrosion can
the metal.

ExercisesS

Short-Answer Questions of metals

of how this property
example
l. Name any ten metals. WL- Also, give
one

Explain.
tensile strength.
tals have high
15 Used.
3.
Why can't you of sulphur
or
coal

from a piece
a) araw wires electrical
transmission?
for
ropes
nylon orjute made of
carbon?

utensil
s e a cooking
 ential CSE Chemistry for Cla

. Name five nonmetals which are gaseous at ordinary temperatures

5. Mention three of
uses
iron.
6. Mention three uses of aluminium

7. Define an alloy.

8 What do you mean by the corrosion of metals?

Mag
9. Gve the word equation for
rusting Cipp
10. What is possibly the reason why the iron pillar of Delhi has not rusted yet?

11. What are metalloids? Name a few.

Geaphi
Long-Answer Questions ane

Mention any five physical characteristics of metals.

1.
- +o

s 3. The s o c
2 What are the
physical properties of nonmetals? a Slo-s2 4 Thoghas
3. Describe an activity to show that the lead' of a pencil conducts s ln gala
does 1
electricity but a
piece of sulph
6. Lead is
4. Describe three methods to prevent rusting
5. Describe an
experiment to prove that rusting takes place only in moist air. Wmte T
1. Under a
Objective Questions 2 lodine is
Choose the correct option 3. Gaphise
4 Diamon
1. Which of the following is
liquid at ordinary temperatures ?
a
5. Copper
(a) Carbon (b) Phosphorus
2. Which of the
(C)Oxygen (d) Bromine 6.Rust ha
following is a solid nonmetal?
(a) Neon (b) Argon Deposi
(c) Phosphorus (d) Bromine
3. Which of the S. Stainles
following is a soft metal?
(a) Iron I Sodium 9. Rusting
() Copper
4. Which of the ELead 10. Quicklin
following is the best conductor of electricity?
(a)Silve (6) Copper () Aluminium (d) Iron
5. Which of the
following metals is used for
(a) Iron
shielding against X-rays?
(b) Copper Lead (d) Aluminium
Match columns A and B. Are All Me
No, they are
A
B
iron and tin)
6) Sulphur this by doin
(a) a gas
(ii) Iodine Take about
Y6) a
good conductor of electricity in the first t
(ii) Nitrogen (c) that magne
(iv) Aluminium
a
yellow solid
(d) a
lustrous nonmetal
 Metals and Nonmetals

6)1Iron
(a) red metal
(i) Magnesium (6) used in storage batteries
(iii) Copper
()used in fireworks 2
iv) Lead
d) rusts

Fillin the blanks.

1.Graphite and are lustrous nonmetals. (sulphur/iofne)

.

2. All..are good conductors of heat and

electricity. (metals/nonmetals) al ,P2
3. The so-called lead (black part) of
pencil is made of and.
a
sand/clay/sulphur/graphite
. .

4. Though a metal, mercury is a at

ordinary temperatures. (solid /lfquid)
.

5. In galvanising, a thin layer of forms on the surface of metal. (tin

. .
a
/zinc)
6. Lead ise for hunans.
(poisongous/nonpoisonous)
Write 'T for true and "F for false for the following statements

1.Under ordinary conditions, bromine is a liquid.T

2. fodine is lustrous as well as a good conductor of electricity. F
3. Graphite is a form of carbon.
4. Diamond, though a nonmetal, is the hardest substance known.

5. Copper, on corrosion, gives a red solid. F

6. Rust has the formula Fe,O,xH,O.T
7.
Depositing layer of tin
a over an iron object is called galvanising
8. Stainless steel is an alloy. T

9. Rusting does not take place in dry air BT

10. Quicklime absorbs moisture

Postscript
Are All Metals Equally Active?
sodium, potassium, calcIum and magnesium) are highily active, some (G.g.zinc
No. they are not. Some metals (e-g. are almost passive, You can verity
ron and tin) are moderately active, and some others (eg. copper, silver and gold)
s by doing the following experiment with the help of your teacher
Takesbout Smot diutehydrochioricorsulphuric acid eachin threetesttubes.Placeapieceofmagnesiumrbbon
npe frat test fube, an iron nail in the second and a copper fol (or Copper turnings) in the third test tube. You will find
and copper does not
magnesium reacts vigorously, iron, moderately
 Essential 1CSE Chemistry for Class7
70

The pH values ot some

are given in Table 7.7, common tiquid
commo

Table 7.7 The pH values of some

commo
mon
qids
iquid pH Liquid
Apple juice 3.0Vinegar
Coffee 5.0 Blood
Lemon juice
2.5Toothpaste
Fig.7.6 The colour chart that comes with pH paper
Milk 6.5
jndicates the pH of the liquid being tested.
4neu
T
Points to Remember

An acid is a compound containing hydrogen atom(s) which can be wholly or partially repld by
metal atom(S) or positive
radical(s)
Acids react with carbonates (and also hydrogencarbonates) to liberate carbon
dioxide with
effervescence
Bases are compounds that react with acids to form salts and water.

Bases are
usually the oxides and hydroxides of metals. Ammonium hydroxide and ammonia are
also bases.

Soluble bases are called alkalis.

A l l alkalis are bases, but all bases are not alkalis.
The reaction between an acid and a base, giving salt and water, is called a netutralisation reaction.
An acid-base indicator is substance that
a
gives different colours in acidic and basic (alkaline) media.

A neutral solution has pH7. Solutions having pH lower than 7 are acidic and those with pH higher
than 7 are alkaline.

Exercises

Short-Answer Questions
1. Define an acid.
2. Name two inorganic and two
organic acids.
3. Identify the acids, bases and salts
among the following.
(a) Na,O (6) Na,SO,
)HSO
(d) HNO, (e) NaHCO (0 KOH
 cil, Bases and alts

Deline a bae

& What is the reacton called m which an acid reacts with base to form salt and
a a
watet
What is that substance called whieh shows
difterent colours in acidic and basic soluto
, You have a ret hnUs paper, but you need a blue one for some purpose. How would you c
the red iimus paper imto a blue one?

8. Name the yellow substance kept on your kitehen shelf that turns reddish brown in alkaline sou
but remains yelow in acidie and neutral solutions

9, The ptt of blood is 7,4 and that of a toothpaste is 9,0. Which of the two substances is more basic?

10. Is the plH ot lemon juice or vinegar higher or lower than 7

Objective Questions
Choose the correct option

1. Which of the following compounds is an acid?

(a) Na,O (b) Feo

()HCI (d) Ca(OH),

2. Which of the following is not a base?

(a) Potassium hydroxide
(b) Calcium hydroxide
() Copper oxide,
(d) Sodium chloride
form salt and water?
3. Which of the following compounds will react with hydrochloric acid to a

(a) Sodium sulphate

(b) Sulphuric acid

() Sodium hydroxide
(d) Calcium chloride

in solution will phenolphthalein give a pink colour?

4. With which of the following compounds
(b) Hydrochloric acid
Ammonium hydroxide
(d) Sulphuric acid
() Water

water is
5. The pH of pure
(b)1.0
(a) 0.0
(d) 14.0
to70
Fill in the blanks
io
gas. (carbon dioxide/hydrogen)
An acid reacts witha carbonate to give...
nlubl&
b a s e s are called alkalis. (Soluble/Insoluble)

AAn alkali reacts with a/an

to give a/an and water. (acid/base/slt)
 Eential iC Chenistry fior Clae?

4. Complete the following table

Indicator Solution Colo

Litmus Lemon juic ad
Litmus Ammonium hydroxide ()
Phenolphthalein Anmonium hydroxidr 0)
Cntoushu otullen
Phenolphthalein Hydrochloric acid )
Turmenic juice Soap solution(B)
Turmeric juice Orange juiceH) y.Keoldiyh Beon
Red-cabbage juice Soap solution
Red-cabbage juice Hydrochloric acid .ael
Write T for true and F' for false for the following
statements
1. The hydrogen of an acid can be replaced by a negative radical. od
2 Acids taste sour.
Jue
3. All bases are alkalis, but all alkalis are not bases, Fos
4. Acid-base indicators give different colours with acids and bases.
u
5. The pH of tomato juice higher
is than 7. oe

Postscript
Identifying Acids and Bases at Home
You may want find out for yourself whether a household substance is
to
acidic orbasic (alkaline). You can easly
03
so by using two household indicators-turmeric juice and
Substances mentioned in Table 7.6.
red-cabbage juice. You can test some of the houseroa

Turmeric Juice
Prepare turmeric juice by straining grated turmeric with the
of the help of a cloth. Take small quantities (say 10-20 o
juice in a few test tubes. Add the test
solutions to them separately,
Add soap solution to the turmeric
juice; you will find that the yellow colour of the juice changes
solution is basic (alkaline).
to
red-brown. so, so
Pour some vinegar into another test tube
containing the juice. Vinegar does not change the yellow colour of the
So, t is either acidic or neutral. From another experiment you wil find
that
u
vinegar is acidic,
Thus, using turmeric juice, you can find out whether or not a substance is basic
 Enential ICSE Chemistry for Class 7

Pointsto Remember

Air is a mixture of gases.

By volume, it contains about 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. The remaining 1% consists of s
gases like argon and other noble gases, carbon diOxide, water vapour, etc. Besides, smoke and
are also present.

Oxygen can be prepared by decomposing hydrogen peroxide using manganese dioxide as a c

A catalyst is a
substance generally used to speed up a reaction without being changed itself
A reaction in which a substance adds on oxygen is called oxidation.
When a substance combines with oxygen giving out heat and
light, the phenomenon is
combustion.

Oxygen is essential for respiration.

The slow conversion of iron into reddish brown
hydrated iron(1I) oxide by the action of
moist air
is known as rusting. The reddish brown product Fe,Os.xH,O is known as rust.

Aglowing splinter burns with a flame in oxygen. This is a test for oxygen.
Nitrogen is obtained on a large scale by the fractional distillation of liquefied air. Nitrogen is
indirectly used by plants for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.
Carbon dioxide ) extinguishes a
burning splinter, (1) turns moist blue litmus
(ii) turns limewater milky. wine-red, and
Carbon dioxide is used by plants for photosynthesis.
Air containing harmful substances is called polluted air. The common pollutants of air are carbon
monoxide, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, soot and dust.
Acid rain contains mainly sulphuric and nitric acids.
Acid rain has harmful effects on
plants, animals, soil, sculptures, monuments and buildings

Project
You could have a
project on the effects of acid rain. Plan a
survey of the effects of acid
rain bridges,
machines, coral reets, aquatic organisms and
agriculture. Take the help of the Internet if you do not Calty
on

required information otherwise. getu

Hints
1. Earlier, bridges were made of steel. Now
they made of reinforced concrete (a mixture of nd,
are
cement and stonechips set over a steel
structure). Discuss the effect of acid rain on both these sau
2. A visit to a
scrapyard will help you understand how automobiles and machines are affected. type
3. A coral reef is made of calcium carbonate and
you know how it reacts with acids.
4. Many aquatic organisms cannot Survive in increased acidic conditions.
5. The soil becomes acidic and, theretore, unsuitable for most
crops.
 Aur

Exercises

Short-AnswerQuestions

n air.
1, Arrange oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and argon in decreasing order of propora
2 Is air a mxture or a compound?

3. Name the method by which the constituents of liquefied air may be separated.

4.Name three gaseous polutants of air.

5. What is a catalyst?
6. What are the tollowing called?
out heat and ngnt
(a) The phenomenon in which a substance combines with oxygen giving
(b) The reaction in which a substance adds on oxygen
wnen
and this gas bubbles out
a diver
7.Ifhe comes inhales air
deep under the sea, a
gas dissolves in his blood,
up. Name the gas.

8. What is the common name of solid carbon dioxide and why is it called so?
nitrogen dioxide reacts with water?
9. What happens when
10. Name the gas used for filling food packages

Long-Answer Questions

source of heat.
1. Describe a method of preparing oxygen without using a
2. Compare burning with rusting.

3. How are carbon dioxide and nitrogen used for life-processes?

4. What is acid rain? Discuss its harmful effects.

Objective Questions
Choose the correct option.
1. Which of the following components of air helps plants manutacture carbohydrates?
Carbon dioxide (C)Oxygen (d) Argon
(a) Nitrogen
2. Which of the following gases is essential for respiration?
() Carbon dioxide (d) Argon
(a) Nitrogen Oxygen
3. Which of the following gaseous mixtures is carried by deep-sea divers for respiration?

a))Air (b)Oxygen and carbon monoxide

() Oxygen and carbon dioxide A) Oxygen and helium
4. Which of the following gases is evolved when
marble
reacts with acid? an

(a) Nitrogen (6) Oxygen Carbon dioxide (d) Argon

 Fl in the bianka
Carbon ooide informed by theCmbueticon cf cartn furts toomplte
2 Comblion in a/an Feaction. (onidayjt /decompcoition)
. A buming plinter
isextinguished by(oygentcatopnide
4 During lightning, nitrogen combines vith oryun to form (ritric dein
. Uren auppliesto
soil or
plants (oitiigen /oygen)
Wile T for true and
P for false for the followring staterments
12 ulphur diowide does not acid rain. cause
Acid rain
damagesseulptures and monumentsT
3. Nitrogen is a
polsonous gas
4. Upon dianolving in water, carbon dionide forms carbonic acid.

Postscript
You Can Make Your Own Fire Extinguisher
To make a fire extinguisher at home, make tuo hales in trie
for a straw and the other, for the plastic base of the nieedie piastic ap d aar. one haie s i o i d te
jage
in place
a
wilh adhesive, The straw shiould erterid 3-4 cm belou trie
syrrge. Ft me needie anid the s a

anc es
ca

(a)

Fig.8.13 A
fire ertinguisher
Now dissolve about 2 teaspoons af baking soda or ar
washing soda in a cup of water. Pour the CHunionin e
the syringe to the
needle and draw
hydrochioric acid inta it Screw on she sol
candle flame and press the cap. Poit the sr
out of the nozzie to put out the flame.
plunger
of the syringe to inject the acid into the jar The carbon dioe me

Check if you can use vinegar (acetic acid) instead of hydrochloric acid