EDITEDclassification

A
MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
ONLINE BOOK RESELLING SYSTEM
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

By
T. PAVANI - (21Q91A05Q0)
M. MOUNIKA - (21Q91A05M8)
N. VENKATESHWARLU - (21Q91A05N1)
R. RAJKUMAR - (21Q91A05P0)
Under the guidance of

Mrs.SASHWATI ACHARYA
Assistant Professor
2023-2024
This is to certify that the Mini Project report on “Online Book Reselling System” is successfully
done by the following students of Department of Computer Science & Engineering of our college
in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of B.Tech degree in the year 2023-2024. The
results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other University for the award of
any diploma or degree.
T. Pavani :21Q91A05Q0
M. Mounika :21Q91A05M8
N. Venkateshwarlu :21Q91A05N1
R. Rajkumar :21Q91A05P0
Submitted for the viva voice examination held on:
INTERNAL GUIDE HOD

Mrs. SASHWATHI ACHARYA Dr. MANJUNATH
Asst.Professor Associate.Professor
Internal Examiner External Examiner
I
DECLARATION
We, the final year students are hereby declaring that the mini project report entitled “Online Book
Reselling System” has done by us under the guidance of Mrs. Sashwathi Acharya Assistant
Professor, Department of CSE is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING.
The Results embedded in this project report have not been submitted to any other University or
institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
Signature of the candidate:

T. Pavani (21Q91A05Q0)
M. Mounika (21Q91A05M8)
N. Venkateshwarlu (21Q91A05N1)
R. Rajkumar (21Q91A05P0)
DATE:
PLACE: Maisammaguda
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we would like to express our immense gratitude towards our institution
Malla Reddy College of Engineering, which helped us to attain profound technical skills
in the field of Computer Science & Engineering, there by fulfilling our most cherished goal.
We are pleased to thank Sri Ch. Malla Reddy, our Founder, Chairman MRGI, Sri
Ch.Mahender Reddy, Secretary, MRGI for providing this opportunity and support
throughout the course.
It gives us immense pleasure to acknowledge the perennial inspiration of Dr. M. Ashok

our beloved principal for his kind co-operation and encouragement in bringing out this task.
We would like to thank Dr. T. V. Reddy our vice principal, Dr. Manjunath HOD, CSE
Department for their inspiration adroit guidance and constructive criticism for successful
completion of our degree.
We would like to thank Mrs. Sashwati acharya Assistant Professor our internal guide, for
his valuable suggestions and guidance during the exhibition and completion of this project.
Finally, we avail this opportunity to express our deep gratitude to all staff who have
contribute their valuable assistance and support making our project success.
T. Pavani (21Q91A05Q0)
M. Mounika (21Q91A05M8)
N. Venkateshwarlu (21Q91A05N1)
R. Rajkumar (21Q91A05P0)
III
ABSTRACT
The project on "Online Book Reselling System" introduces a digital platform designed to
facilitate the buying and selling of second-hand books. Leveraging the power of e-commerce
and user-friendly interfaces, this system aims to provide a convenient marketplace for book
enthusiasts to exchange and acquire books at affordable prices.
The Online Book Reselling System (OBRS) is a web-based platform designed to facilitate the
buying and selling of new and used books. This system provides a user-friendly interface where
individuals can list their books for sale and browse through listings to purchase desired titles.
OBRS incorporates features such as user authentication, secure payment options, book
categorization, and search functionalities to enhance user experience and streamline
transactions. Through OBRS, sellers can reach a broader audience for their books, while buyers
can access a wide range of titles at competitive prices. This abstract outline the key
functionalities and benefits of OBRS in revolutionizing the book resale market by leveraging
the power of e-commerce and online connectivity.
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE i
DECLARATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF SCREENSHOTS viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Introduction 1
Objective 2
Methodology Adopted 2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Literature survey 3
CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 Existing System and Drawbacks 4
3.3 Proposed system and Advantages 4
3.5 System Requirements 5
3.6 Feasibility study
CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 System Architecture 7
4.2 Modules 7
4.3 UML Diagrams 8
CHAPTER 5: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 What is python 12
5.2 History of Python 15
5.3 What is Machine Learning 16
5.4 Python development steps 23
V
5.5 Modules used in Python 25
CHAPTER 6: TESTING
6.1 Testing 34
6.2 Testing Methodologies 36
CHAPTER 7: RESULTS
7.1 Screenshots 38
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION
8.1 Conclusion 48
CHAPTER 9: FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

9.1 Future enhancements 49
REFERENCES 51
VI
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Name of the Figure Page No
4.1.1 System Architecture 7
4.3.1 Use Case Diagram 9
4.3.2 Class Diagram 9
4.3.3 Sequence Diagram 10
4.3.4 Collabration Diagram 11
VII
LIST OF SCREENSHOTS
FigureNo Name of Screenshot Page no
5.6.1 Python Installation 38
7.1.1 Start Server 38
7.1.2 Home Page 38
7.1.3 Signup 39
7.1.4 Updated 39
7.1.5 Login 40
7.1.6 Welcome Screen 41
7.1.7 Book Details Submission 41
7.1.8 View Book List 42
7.1.9 Payment Gateway 43
7.1.11 Payment Acknowledgement 43
7.1.14 View Transactions 44
7.1.15 Admin Login 45
7.1.16 View Users 47
VIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
S. No Short Form Full Form
1. UML Unified Modelling Language
2. ML Machine Learning
3. BM25 Best Matching 25
4. TF-IDF Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency
5. BERT Bidirectional Encoder Representations from
Transformers
6. GPT Generative Pre-trained Transformer
IX
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
In the era of digital transformation, traditional book-selling methods are evolving to cater to
the changing preferences of users. The Online Book Reselling System offers a modern and
efficient solution, allowing users to sell their used books and purchase pre-owned books from
others, fostering a sustainable and cost-effective approach to book consumption.
Key Features:
1. User Registration and Profiles: Users can create individual profiles by registering on
the platform. These profiles serve as personalized spaces where users can manage their
listed books, track orders, and engage with the community.
2. Book Listings and Descriptions: Sellers can create detailed listings for the books they
wish to sell, providing information such as book title, author, condition, and pricing.
Buyers can browse through these listings, ensuring transparency in the transaction
process.
3. Search and Filter Functionality: The platform incorporates advanced search and
filtering options, allowing users to find specific books based on criteria such as genre,
author, or price range. This feature streamlines the book discovery process for both
buyers and sellers.
4. Secure Transaction Process: The system ensures secure transactions by implementing
payment gateways and encryption protocols. Buyers can make payments online, and
sellers receive their earnings through secure channels, creating a trustworthy
environment for all users.
5. Rating and Reviews: Users can leave ratings and reviews for both sellers and books,
contributing to a transparent and reliable community-driven feedback system. This
feature aids buyers in making informed decisions and builds trust within the platform.
Existing System with Disadvantages:
Traditional methods of book reselling, such as local markets or physical stores, may lack the
convenience and reach that an online platform can provide. Additionally, the absence of a
centralized system may lead to difficulties in book discovery and transactions.
Proposed System with Advantages:
The proposed Online Book Reselling System addresses the limitations of traditional methods
by offering a centralized and user-friendly digital platform. It provides a broader reach,
streamlined book discovery, and secure transactions, enhancing the overall experience for both
buyers and sellers.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
o To design an online book store management system.
o To analyze the problems in the existing system.
o To analyze the possible requirements for the new system.
MRCE DEPARTMENT OF CSE pg. 1

o To know the software and hardware requirements
1.3 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED

An online book reselling system requires careful planning and execution across several pha ses
to ensure a smooth user experience and efficient operation. Initially, requirement analysis is
crucial to identify the needs of various stakeholders, including buyers, sellers, and
administrators. This phase involves gathering detailed requirements, su ch as book listing,
searching, purchasing, selling, and order management features. It also includes specifying non-
functional requirements like scalability, security, and performance. In the system design phase,
the architecture is planned, typically adopting a multi-tier structure separating the presentation
layer, business logic, and data management. The database schema is carefully designed to
manage data related to users, books, transactions, reviews, and inventory. The technology stack
selection considers the best-fit technologies for frontend development (like React or Angular),
backend frameworks (such as Node.js or Django), databases (like MySQL or MongoDB), and
necessary integrations for payment gateways and shipping.
Development involves coding the frontend interface, ensuring it is user-friendly and intuitive,
and building the backend services and APIs that handle business logic and data transactions.
Integration of third-party services, such as payment gateways for secure transactions and APIs
for book metadata, is also a key component. Testing is a critical phase, encompassing unit tests
for individual components, integration tests for system-wide functionality, user acceptance
tests to ensure the system meets user expectations, and performance tests to gauge how the
system handles load. Security testing is also performed to protect against vulnerabilities like
SQL injection and XSS attacks.
Deployment involves setting up the hosting environment, which could be on cloud platforms
like AWS or Azure, implementing CI/CD pipelines for automated testing and deployment, and
configuring domain and SSL certificates for secure communications. Post-launch, monitoring
tools track system performance and user interactions, providing data for ongoing optimization.
Maintenance and support are ongoing processes, addressing bug fixes, system updates, and
feature enhancements based on user feedback and changing market needs. Marketing
strategies, including SEO, content marketing, social media engagement, and advertising, are
implemented to attract and retain users. Partnerships with publishers and authors, along with
promotional campaigns, help drive traffic and sales.
Finally, the system undergoes continuous evaluation using key performance indicators (KPIs)
like user acquisition, retention, conversion rates, and revenue. Feedback from users is regularly
collected and analyzed, guiding further improvements and ensuring the system evolves to meet
user expectations and market trends. This iterative approach helps maintain a competitive edge
and ensures long-term success for the online book reselling platform.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Literature Survey
1: Title: "E-Commerce Platforms in the Book Industry: A Comprehensive Review"
Author: Sarah E. Williams
Abstract: Sarah E. Williams provides a comprehensive review of e-commerce platforms in
the book industry, focusing on online book reselling systems. The survey covers various
platforms, their features, user experiences, and the impact of digital transformation on the
buying and selling of books.
Literature Survey 2: Title: "User Experience in Online Book Reselling: Insights from
Existing Platforms"
Author: Michael J. Davis
Abstract: In this survey, Michael J. Davis explores user experience in online book reselling
platforms. The review delves into user interfaces, ease of navigation, and the overall
satisfaction of users when engaging with online book reselling systems. Insights from existing
platforms contribute to the understanding of effective design principles.
Literature Survey 3: Title: "Security and Trust in Online Book Reselling: A Review of Best
Practices"
Author: Emily R. Martinez
Abstract: Emily R. Martinez conducts a literature survey on security and trust considerations
in online book reselling. The review explores best practices for ensuring secure transactions,
protecting user data, and building trust between buyers and sellers within online book reselling
systems.
Literature Survey 4: Title: "Emerging Technologies in Book Reselling: Blockchain and
Smart Contracts Perspectives"
Author: David A. Thompson
Abstract: This survey by David A. Thompson delves into emerging technologies in book
reselling, with a focus on blockchain and smart contracts. The review explores how these
technologies can enhance transparency, security, and efficiency in online book reselling
systems, contributing to future developments in the field.
Literature Survey 5: Title: "Legal and Ethical Considerations in Online Book Reselling:
An Overview"
Author: Jessica L. Turner
Abstract: Jessica L. Turner's survey focuses on legal and ethical considerations in online book
reselling. The review discusses copyright issues, fair use, and ethical practices in the resale of
digital and physical books, providing a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory
landscape for online book reselling systems.

CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

o Physical stores where customers can browse, purchase, and sometimes read books.
Examples include local independent bookstores, chain bookstores like Barnes & Noble,
and second-hand bookshops.
o Platforms where individual sellers, including private individuals and small businesses, can
list and sell their books.
o Libraries often sell used books or run book exchange programs to provide affordable book
options to the community.
o Authors and publishers selling books directly to consumers through their own websites or
at events like book fairs and signings.
3.2 EXISTING SYSTEM DRAWBACKS
• Physical bookstores are only present in certain locations, which means that authors may
not be able to reach readers who live outside those areas.
• Authors may have less control over the placement and promotion of their books in
bookstores, as these decisions are often made by store managers and employees.
• Physical book stores may not properly connected between author and reader
• Authors may earn less money from book sales in bookstores due to the high overhead
costs associated with running a physical store.
3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM
o The new system proposed to eliminate existing system drawbacks And created new online
book selling system.
o We proposed online book reselling system which makes ease of buying and selling of books
through online without any time and geographical Barriers.
o This system will acts as a bridge between seller or author, and reader or seller
o Through the website or application they can buys and sells the books
3.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM ADVANTAGES

o Online shopping is very convenient. Not only do they make physical travel to the actual
store unnecessary, but online bookstores simplify the process of searching for the books
you want via comprehensive search engines.
o Online stores are not limited by space and therefore can provide an infinite amount of books
to select from.
o Online stores allow both authors and consumers the opportunity to view feedback from
previous customers. to readers who might be looking for recommendations to guide them
in their purchase.
o Purchasing from an online bookstore will give readers the benefit of having their precious
books delivered to them directly at home.

3.5 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

3.5.1 HARD REQUIRMENTS:
• Operating system : Windows 7 Ultimate.
• Coding Language : Python.
• Front-End : Python.
• Back-End : Django-ORM
• Designing : Html, css, javascript.
• Data Base : MySQL (WAMP Server).
3.5.2 SOFTWARE REQUIRMENTS :

• Processor - Pentium –IV
• RAM - 4 GB (min)
• Hard Disk - 20 GB
• Key Board - Standard Windows Keyboard
• Mouse - Two or Three Button Mouse
• Monitor - SVGA
3.6 FEASIBILITY STUDY
The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a
very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility
study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is
not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major
requirements for the system is essential.
Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are
 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
3.6.1 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the
organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development
of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well
within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely
available. Only the customized products had to be purchased.

3.6.2 TECHNICAL FEASIBILI
This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements of
the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical
resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead
to high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest
requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.
3.6.3 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This includes
the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened
by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely
depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and to make
him familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some
constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:
Fig 4.1.1: System Architecture
4.2 MODULES:
1. Upload Historical Trajectory Dataset: Upload Historical Trajectory Dataset’ button and
upload dataset.
2. Generate Train & Test Model: Generate Train & Test Model’ button to read dataset and to
split dataset into train and test part to generate machine learning train model
3. Run MLP Algorithm: Run MLP Algorithm’ button to train MLP model and to calculate its
accuracy.
4. Run DDS with Genetic Algorithm: Run DDS with Genetic Algorithm button to train DDS
and to calculate its prediction accuracy.
5. Predict DDS Type: Predict DDS Type’ button to predict test data

4.3. UML DIAGRAM’S:
UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized general-purpose

modeling language in the field of object-oriented software engineering. The standard is
managed, and was created by, the Object Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating models of object-oriented
computer software. In its current form UML is comprised of two major components: a Meta -
model and a notation. In the future, some form of method or process may also be added to; or
associated with, UML.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying, Visualization,
Constructing and documenting the artifacts of software system, as well as for business
modeling and other non-software systems.
The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have proven successful in
the modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented software and the software
development process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express the design of
software projects.
GOALS:
The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:
1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so that they can develop
and exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core concepts.
3. Be independent of particular programming languages and development process.
4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
5. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.
6. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations, frameworks, patterns
and components.
7. Integrate best practices.

4.3.1 USE CASE DIAGRAM:

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of behavioral diagram
defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to present a graphical overview
of the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals (represented as use
cases), and any dependencies between those use cases. The main purpose of a use case diagram
is to show what system functions are performed for which actor. Roles of the actors in the
system can be depicted.
Fig 4.3.1: Use case diagram
4.3.2 CLASS DIAGRAM:
In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type
of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's
classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among the classes. It
explains which class contains information.
Fig 4.3.2: Class diagram

4.3.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind of interaction diagram
that shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is a construct of a
Message Sequence Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called event diagrams, event
scenarios, and timing diagrams.
Fig 4.3.3: SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

4.3.4 COLLABRATION DIAGRAM:

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions
with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified Modeling Language, activity
diagrams can be used to describe the business and operational step-by-step workflows of
components in a system. An activity diagram shows the overall flow of control.
Fig 4.3.5: COLLABRATION DIAGRAM

CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 What is Python:

Below are some facts about Python.
Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming language.
Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python

programs generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.
Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language,
makes them readable all the time.
Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google,
Amazon, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.
The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be used
for the following .
 Machine Learning
 GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQT etc.)
 Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
 Image processing (like OpenCV, Pillow)
 Web scraping (like Scrapy, Beautiful Soup, Selenium)
 Test frameworks
 Multimedia
5.1.1 Advantages of Python :-

Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.
1. Extensive Libraries
Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes like
regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading,
databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the
complete code for that manually.
2. Extensible
As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write some
of your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in projects.

3. Embeddable
Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your Python
code in your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting
capabilities to our code in the other language.
4. Improved Productivity
The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more
productive than languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write less
and get more things done.
5. IOT Opportunities
Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future bright
for the Internet of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real world. When
working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But in Python,
just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand, and code. This is
why when people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other more verbose
languages like Java.
7. Readable
Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading English.
This is the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It also does not need
curly braces to define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the
readability of the code.
8. Object-Oriented
This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming
paradigms. While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us model
the real world. A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.
9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download
Python for free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and even
distribute it. It downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you with your
tasks.
10. Portable
When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some changes
to it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python. Here, you

need to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once Run
Anywhere (WORA). However, you need to be careful enough not to include any system-
dependent features.
11. Interpreted
Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed one
by one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.
Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment section.
5.1.2 Advantages of Python Over Other Languages:
1. Less Coding
Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is done in
other languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you don’t have
to search for any third-party libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that many
people suggest learning Python to beginners.
2. Affordable
Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can leverage
the free available resources to build applications. Python is popular and widely used so it
gives you better community support.
The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken Java in the
most popular programming language category.
3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows. Programmers
need to learn different languages for different jobs but with Python, you can professionally
build web apps, perform data analysis and machine learning, automate things, do web
scraping and also build games and powerful visualizations. It is an all-rounder
programming language.
5.1.3 Disadvantages of Python

So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it, you
should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of choosing
Python over another language.

1. Speed Limitations
We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is interpreted, it
often results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal point
for the project. In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits offered by
Python are enough to distract us from its speed limitations.
2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers
While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on

the client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based
applications. One such application is called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.
3. Design Restrictions
As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to declare the
type of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that? Well,
it just means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the
programmers during coding, it can raise run-time errors.
4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers
Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase

Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access
layers are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge enterprises.
5. Simple
No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my example. I
don’t do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple that the verbosity
of Java code seems unnecessary.
This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming Language.
5.2 History of Python: -

What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common? Right, both
start with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the
programming language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language and

programming environment, which had been developed in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at

the CWI (Centrum Wiskunde &Informatica). The greatest achievement of ABC was to
influence the design of Python. Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido van
Rossum worked that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed operating
system. In an interview with Bill Venners1 , Guido van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I
worked as an implementer on a team building a language called ABC at Centrum voor
Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI). I don't know how well people know ABC's influence on
Python. I try to mention ABC's influence because I'm indebted to everything I learned during
that project and to the people who worked on it. "Later on in the same Interview, Guido van
Rossum continued: "I remembered all my experience and some of my frustration with ABC.
I decided to try to design a simple scripting language that possessed some of ABC's better
properties, but without its problems. So I started typing. I created a simple virtual machine,
a simple parser, and a simple runtime. I made my own version of the various ABC parts that
I liked. I created a basic syntax, used indentation for statement grouping instead of curly
braces or begin-end blocks, and developed a small number of powerful data types: a hash
table (or dictionary, as we call it), a list, strings, and numbers."
5.3 What is Machine Learning: -
Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start by
looking at what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often categorized
as a subfield of artificial intelligence, but I find that categorization can often be misleading
at first brush. The study of machine learning certainly arose from research in this context,
but in the data science application of machine learning methods, it's more helpful to think of
machine learning as a means of building models of data.
Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help

understand data. "Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable
parameters that can be adapted to observed data; in this way the program can be considered
to be "learning" from the data. Once these models have been fit to previously seen data,
they can be used to predict and understand aspects of newly observed data. I'll leave to the
reader the more philosophical digression regarding the extent to which this type of
mathematical, model-based "learning" is similar to the "learning" exhibited by the human
brain.Understanding the problem setting in machine learning is essential to using these

tools effectively, and so we will start with some broad categorizations of the types of
approaches we'll discuss here.
5.3.1 Categories Of Machine Leaning :-
At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main types:
supervised learning and unsupervised learning.
Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between measured

features of data and some label associated with the data; once this model is determined, it
can be used to apply labels to new, unknown data. This is further subdivided
into classification tasks and regression tasks: in classification, the labels are discrete
categories, while in regression, the labels are continuous quantities. We will see examples
of both types of supervised learning in the following section.
Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference to any
label, and is often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These models include
tasks such as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms identify
distinct groups of data, while dimensionality reduction algorithms search for more succinct
representations of the data. We will see examples of both types of unsupervised learning
in the following section.
Need for Machine Learning
Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on earth
because they can think, evaluate and solve complex problems. On the other side, AI is still
in its initial stage and haven’t surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then the
question is that what is the need to make machine learn? The most suitable reason for doing
this is, “to make decisions, based on data, with efficiency and scale”.
Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial

Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from data to
perform several real-world tasks and solve problems. We can call it data-driven decisions
taken by machines, particularly to automate the process. These data-driven decisions can
be used, instead of using programing logic, in the problems that cannot be programmed
inherently. The fact is that we can’t do without human intelligence, but other aspect is that

we all need to solve real-world problems with efficiency at a huge scale. That is why the
need for machine learning arises.
5.3.2 Challenges in Machines Learning:-
While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with cybersecurity
and autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a long way to go. The reason
behind is that ML has not been able to overcome number of challenges. The challenges that
ML is facing currently are −
Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest
challenges. Use of low-quality data leads to the problems related to data preprocessing and
feature extraction.
Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption of

time especially for data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.
Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage, availability of

expert resources is a tough job.
No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear objective and
well-defined goal for business problems is another key challenge for ML because this
technology is not that mature yet.
Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it cannot

be represented well for the problem.
Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many features of

data points. This can be a real hindrance.
Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to be

deployed in real life.
5.3.3 Applications of Machines Learning :-
Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to researchers we
are in the golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-world complex problems
which cannot be solved with traditional approach. Following are some real-world applications
of ML −

 Emotion analysis
 Sentiment analysis
 Error detection and prevention
 Weather forecasting and prediction
 Stock market analysis and forecasting
 Speech synthesis
 Speech recognition
 Customer segmentation
 Object recognition
 Fraud detection
 Fraud prevention
 Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping
How to Start Learning Machine Learning?
Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it as a “Field of
study that gives computers the capability to learn without being explicitly
programmed”.
And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times, Machine Learning is
one of the most popular (if not the most!) career choices. According to Indeed, Machine
Learning Engineer Is The Best Job of 2019 with a 344% growth and an average base salary
of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine Learning and how to start
learning it? So this article deals with the Basics of Machine Learning and also the path you
can follow to eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now let’s get
started!!!
5.3.4 How to start learning ML?
This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely talented
Machine Learning Engineer. Of course, you can always modify the steps according to your
needs to reach your desired end-goal!

Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites
In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some
prerequisites that you need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus,
Statistics, and Python. And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D.
degree in these topics to get started but you do need a basic understanding.
(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus
Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine Learning.
However, the extent to which you need them depends on your role as a data scientist. If you
are more focused on application heavy machine learning, then you will not be that heavily
focused on maths as there are many common libraries available. But if you want to focus
on R&D in Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus is
very important as you will have to implement many ML algorithms from scratch.
(b) Learn Statistics
Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an ML
expert will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that handles the
collection, analysis, and presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical Significance,
Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian Thinking is
also a very important part of ML which deals with various concepts like Conditional
Probability, Priors, and Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.
(c) Learn Python
Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics and learn
them as they go along with trial and error. But the one thing that you absolutely cannot skip
is Python! While there are other languages you can use for Machine Learning like R, Scala,
etc. Python is currently the most popular language for ML. In fact, there are many Python
libraries that are specifically useful for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning such
as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.

So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that using various
online resources and courses such as Fork Python available Free on GeeksforGeeks.
Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts
Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually learning ML
(Which is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move on to the more
complicated stuff. Some of the basic concepts in ML are:
(a) Terminologies of Machine Learning
 Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some

machine learning algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
 Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of numeric
features can be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed as
input to the model. For example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be features like
color, smell, taste, etc.
 Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our model. For
the fruit example discussed in the feature section, the label with each set of input would
be the name of the fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
 Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected outputs(labels),
so after training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then map new data to one
of the categories trained on.
 Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will provide
a predicted output(label).
(b) Types of Machine Learning
 Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with labeled
data using classification and regression models. This learning process continues until
the required level of performance is achieved.
 Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the
underlying structure in the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself
using factor and cluster analysis models.

 Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised

Learning with a small amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the
learning accuracy and is also more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
 Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and
error. So the next action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current
state and that will maximize the reward in the future.
Advantages of Machine learning :-
1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -
Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and patterns
that would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like Amazon,
it serves to understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users to help cater
to the right products, deals, and reminders relevant to them. It uses the results to reveal
relevant advertisements to them.
2. No human intervention needed (automation)
With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means giving
machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the algorithms
on their own. A common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to filter new threats
as they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing spam.
3. Continuous Improvement
As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency. This
lets them make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the
amount of data you have keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate
predictions faster.
4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data
Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and multi-
variety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.

5. Wide Applications
You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does
apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers
while also targeting the right customers.
5.3.5 Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-
1. Data Acquisition
Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be
inclusive/unbiased, and of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait for new
data to be generated.
2. Time and Resources
ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their purpose
with a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive resources to
function. This can mean additional requirements of computer power for you.
3. Interpretation of Results
Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the
algorithms. You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.
4. High error-susceptibility
Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train an
algorithm with data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased predictions
coming from a biased training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being displayed to
customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of errors that can go undetected
for long periods of time. And when they do get noticed, it takes quite some time to recognize
the source of the issue, and even longer to correct it.
5.4 Python Development Steps : -
Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at alt.sources
in February 1991. This release included already exception handling, functions, and the core
data types of list, dict, str and others. It was also object oriented and had a module system.
Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features included in this

release were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce, which Guido
Van Rossum never liked.Six and a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was
introduced. This release included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was
supporting unicode.Python flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the next
major release as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python
3 is not backwards compatible with Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the
removal of duplicate programming constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or coming close
to fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of Python: "There should be one -- and preferably only
one -- obvious way to do it."Some changes in Python 7.3:
 Print is now a function

 Views and iterators instead of lists
 The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list
cannot be sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each
other.
 There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.
 The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to
have the "old" behaviour.
 Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit
Purpose :-
We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra -retinal

layers—even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different
intensity ranges throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.
Python
Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a
design philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.
Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.
Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need
to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.

Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code
is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something
about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems
or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other
languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another
area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time,
and several of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python
background - without breaking.
5.5 Modules Used in Project: -
5.5.1 TensorFlow
TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable
programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used
for machine learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both research and
production at Google.
TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was
released under the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.
5.5.2 NumPy
NumPy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-performance

multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.
It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various
features including these important ones:
 A powerful N-dimensional array object

 Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
 Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
 Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities

Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multi-
dimensional container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy
which allows Numpy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.
5.5.3 Pandas
Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation

and analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly used for data
munging and preparation. It had very little contribution towards data analysis. Pandas
solved this problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the processing
and analysis of data, regardless of the origin of data load, prepare, manipulate, model, and
analyze. Python with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and
commercial domains including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.
5.5.4 Matplotlib
Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a

variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib can
be used in Python scripts, the Python and IPython shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web
application servers, and four graphical user interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make easy
things easy and hard things possible. You can generate plots, histograms, power spectra,
bar charts, error charts, scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code. For examples, see
the sample plots and thumbnail gallery.
For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface, particularly
when combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full control of line styles, font
properties, axes properties, etc, via an object oriented interface or via a set of functions
familiar to MATLAB users.
5.5.5 Scikit – learn
Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via a

consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD license and
is distributed under many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and commercial use.
Python
Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a
design philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.
Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need
to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code
is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something
about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems
or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other
languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another
area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time,
and several of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python
background - without breaking.
Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :
Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your computer

devices. Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a very popular high-
level programming language. Its style philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable
use of great whitespace.
The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python enables
programmers to write both clear and logical code for projects. This software does not come
pre-packaged with Windows.
How to Install Python on Windows and Mac:

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question is how to
install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start learning Python
but this tutorial will solve your query. The latest or the newest version of Python is version 3.7.4
or in other words, it is Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.

Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about
your System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating system and based
processor, you must download the python version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit
operating system. So the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7 device
or to install Python 3. Download the Python Cheat sheet here. The steps on how to install Python
on Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.
Download the Correct version into the system
Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any other
web browser. OR Click on the following link: https://www.python.org
Fig 5.5.6
Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.
Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

Fig 5.5.7
Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow Color
or you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to their version. Here,
we are downloading the most recent python version for windows 3.7.4
Fig 5.5.8
Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.
Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.

Fig 5.5.9
• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three options: Windows
x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or Windows x86 web-based
installer.
•To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three options:
Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer or Windows x86-
64 web-based installer.
Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part regarding
which version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move ahead with the
second part in installing python i.e. Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click on the
Release Note Option.
Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the installation
process.

FIG 5.6.0
Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to PATH.
Fig 5.6.1
Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.

Fig 5.6.2
With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly
installed Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.
Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.
Verify the Python Installation

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.
Fig 5.6.3

Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.

Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and press Enter.
Fig 5.6.4
Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4
Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must first
uninstall the earlier version and then install the new one.
Check how the Python IDLE works

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.
Fig 5.6.5
Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on File > Click
on Save

Fig 5.6.6
Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I have
named the files as Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print.

CHAPTER 6
TESTING
6.1 SYSTEM TEST:

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality
of components, sub-assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of
exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its requirements
and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are various types of
test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirement.
TYPES OF TESTS
Unit testing:
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program logic is
functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision branches and
internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual software units of the
application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit before integration. This is a
structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is invasive. Unit tests perform
basic tests at component level and test a specific business process, application, and/or system
configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business process performs accurately
to the documented specifications and contains clearly defined inputs and expected results.
Integration testing
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to determine if they
actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned with the basic
outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the components were
individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the combination of components
is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed at exposing the problems
that arise from the combination of components.
Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are available as
specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.
Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.
Functions : identified functions must be exercised.
Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.
Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.
Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key functions, or

special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify Business process
flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be considered for
testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified and the effective
value of current tests is determined.
System Test
System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets requirements. It tests
a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of system testing is the
configuration Oriented system integration test. System testing is based on process
descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.
White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has knowledge of the
inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose. It is purpose. It
is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.
Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner workings,
structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds of tests,
must be written from a definitive source document, such as specification or requirements
document, such as specification or requirements document. It is a testing in which the software
under test is treated, as a black box. you cannot “see” into it. The test provides inputs and
responds to outputs without considering how the software works.

6.2 TESTING METHODOLOGIES

The following are the Testing Methodologies:
o Unit Testing.
o Integration Testing.
o User Acceptance Testing.
o Output Testing.
o Validation Testing.
6.2.1 Unit Testing
Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase of the software
lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be conducted as two
distinct phases.
Test strategy and approach
Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in detail.
Test objectives
 All field entries must work properly.
 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.
Features to be tested
 Verify that the entries are of the correct format
 No duplicate entries should be allowed
 All links should take the user to the correct page.
6.2.2 Integration Testing:
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more integrated
software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface defects.The
task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, e.g.
components in a software system or – one step up – software applications at the company level
– interact without error.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.
Acceptance Testing

User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant participation
by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional requirements.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.
Online Book Reselling System

In this project we have designed Online Resale Book system where users can sold their books
online and other users can browse all book and then purchase desired books.
This project consists of following modules
Admin: admin can login to system using username and password as ‘admin’, after login admin
can view list of registered users, list of books and orders.
User Signup: using this module new user can sign up with the application
User Login: using this module user can login to system
Sale Your Book (Add Books): using this module user can sale his book by uploading book
details
View Books List: using this module users can see all books from sellers and can buy desired
book by making dummy payment with card
My Orders: using this module user can view list of books he purchased online
My Sold Books: using this module user can see list of his sold books or buyer details

CHAPTER 7
RESULTS
7.1 SCREEN SHOTS

First copy content from DB.txt file and then paste in MYSQL console to create database and
then double click on ‘run.bat’ file to start python DJANGO web server and get below screen
FIG 7.1.1
In above screen python DJANGO server started and now open browser and entre URL as
http://127.0.0.1:8000/index.html and press enter key to get below page
Fig 7.1.2
In above page user can click on ‘New User Signup’ link to get below page

Fig 7.1.3
In above screen user is entering signup details and then press button to get below page
In above screen in blue color text can see signup task completed and similarly you can add as
many users as you want
Fig 7.1.4

In above screen another user is signup and then press button to complete signup and now click
on ‘User Login’ link to get below login page
Fig 7.1.5
In above screen user is login and after login will get below page
Fig 7.1.6
In above screen user can click on ‘Sale Your Book’ link to upload his book details for sale

Fig 7.1.7
In above screen user is entering book details and can upload book image so user can view and
purchase it and then press button to get below page
Fig 7.1.8
In above screen book is added with book ID 1 and similarly you can add as many book as you
want. Now click on ‘View Books List’ to view list of uploaded books

Fig 7.1.9
In above screen user can see details of all books and then click on ‘Click Here’ link to purchase
books like below screen
Fig 7.2.0
In above screen user can view buying book details and then enter payment details and press
button to get below page

Fig7.2.1
Fig 7.2.2
In above screen buyer can view all his past transactions and similarly seller can view all his
sold book details with buyer name and now logout and login as seller to view his sold books

Fig 7.2.3
In above screen seller can view list of his book sold and now logout and login as ADMIN to
view all details
Fig 7.2.4
In above screen admin is login and after login will get below page

Fig 7.2.5
In above screen admin can click on ‘View Books’ link to view all book details like below screen
Fig 7.2.6
Now admin can click on ‘View Users’ link to get all registered user list like below page

Fig 7.2.7
Now click on ‘View Transactions’ link so admin can view all purchase transactions like below
page
Fig 7.2.8

In above screen admin can view list of books purchase as transactions.

Similarly, by following above screens you can add and purchase books online

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
8.1 Conclusion:
In conclusion, the "Online Book Reselling System" provides a comprehensive and user-
friendly platform for book enthusiasts to buy and sell pre-owned books, catering to diverse
literary tastes and budgets. This system is not just a marketplace; it fosters a community where
readers and sellers can connect over their shared love for books. By leveraging the principles
of e-commerce, the platform facilitates easy access to a vast array of books, including rare and
out-of-print editions, often at more affordable prices than new copies. This contributes
significantly to a sustainable approach to book consumption, encouraging the reuse and
recycling of books, thus minimizing the environmental impact associated with printing new
books. The growing importance of online shopping is evident from both an entrepreneurial and
consumer perspective. For entrepreneurs, the internet provides an invaluable tool to reach a
global audience, breaking down geographical barriers and offering opportunities to scale their
businesses efficiently. The online book reselling system, in particular, offers several
advantages, such as reduced overhead costs compared to physical stores, automated inventory
management, and the ability to offer a wider range of products. This digital platform can also
employ advanced algorithms for personalized recommendations, enhancing the user
experience and increasing customer engagement.
For customers, online shopping offers unparalleled convenience and a wealth of options. The
ability to compare prices across different sellers and platforms empowers customers to make
cost-effective choices. Furthermore, the platform's user interface can include features like user
reviews, ratings, and detailed product descriptions, helping customers make informed
purchasing decisions. The availability of detailed search filters and categories also ensures that
customers can quickly find the specific books they are looking for, enhancing the overall
shopping experience.
Moreover, the online book reselling system supports a broader cultural and educational
mission. It can provide access to books that may not be available in local bookstores, especially
in remote or underserved areas. This democratization of access to literature supports lifelong
learning and literacy, enabling a wider audience to discover new authors, genres, and ideas.
The platform can also serve as a valuable resource for students and educators, offering a cost-
effective way to access textbooks and academic materials.
Overall, the "Online Book Reselling System" represents a confluence of technology,

commerce, and sustainability. It not only meets the needs of modern consumers but also
contributes positively to environmental conservation and education. By offering a convenient,
efficient, and eco-friendly way to buy and sell books, the platform enhances the reading
experience and fosters a global community of book lovers. As the internet continues to play a
critical role in modern business, platforms like this are likely to become increasingly integral
to the book retail industry, setting new standards for accessibility, convenience, and
sustainability.

CHAPTER 9
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
The online book reselling industry is rapidly evolving, and there are several potential
enhancements that could shape its future. These improvements can enhance user experience,
streamline operations, and increase overall efficiency. Here are some key areas for future
enhancements:
1. AI-Powered Recommendations
 Personalized Recommendations: Leveraging AI and machine learning to analyze user

preferences, browsing history, and purchasing behavior to offer highly personalized
book recommendations.
 Dynamic Pricing: Using algorithms to adjust book prices based on demand, rarity, and
market trends.
2. Enhanced Search and Discovery
 Natural Language Processing (NLP): Improving search functionality with NLP to

understand and process user queries more effectively.
 Visual Search: Allowing users to search for books using images or book covers.
3. Blockchain for Authentication and Provenance
 Provenance Tracking: Using blockchain to record the history of a book’s ownership,

ensuring authenticity and providing detailed provenance.
 Smart Contracts: Implementing blockchain-based smart contracts for secure and
automated transactions.
4. Augmented Reality (AR)
 Virtual Bookshelves: Offering AR features to visualize how books would look on a

physical shelf or in a reader’s environment.
 Interactive Previews: Allowing users to experience interactive previews or sample
pages of books using AR.
5. Improved Logistics and Fulfillment
 Automated Warehousing: Using robotics and automation to manage inventory and

fulfill orders more efficiently.
 Predictive Analytics: Implementing predictive analytics to optimize stock levels and
reduce shipping times.
6. Enhanced User Experience
 Streamlined Returns: Simplifying the return process with user-friendly interfaces and
faster processing.
 Customer Service Chatbots: Implementing AI-driven chatbots for 24/7 customer
support and issue resolution.

7. Social Integration and Community Building
 Social Reading Platforms: Integrating features that allow users to share book reviews,
recommendations, and reading lists on social media.
 Community Engagement: Creating forums or discussion groups where readers can
connect, share insights, and participate in book-related events.
8. Sustainability and Eco-Friendly Practices
 Eco-Friendly Packaging: Using sustainable and recyclable materials for packaging

and shipping.
 Carbon Offset Programs: Offering options for customers to offset the carbon footprint
of their purchases and shipping.
9. Subscription and Rental Models
 Book Subscription Services: Providing subscription options for regular delivery of

curated books based on user interests.
 Book Rentals: Introducing book rental options for users who prefer temporary access
to books rather than ownership.
10. Advanced Analytics and Insights
 Customer Insights: Using data analytics to gain insights into customer behavior and
preferences, helping tailor marketing strategies and inventory management.
 Market Trends: Analyzing market trends to identify emerging genres, authors, and
niches.
11. Integration with Digital Platforms
 E-Books and Audiobooks: Offering seamless integration with e-book and audiobook
platforms, allowing users to access both physical and digital formats.
 Cross-Platform Syncing: Enabling users to sync their book lists, preferences, and
reading progress across multiple devices and platforms.
12. Enhanced Security and Fraud Prevention
 Advanced Encryption: Implementing state-of-the-art encryption techniques to protect

user data and transaction details.
 Fraud Detection Systems: Using AI to detect and prevent fraudulent activities and
scams in the resale process.
13. Local and Global Expansion
 Localization: Adapting the platform to different languages and regions to cater to a

global audience.
 Local Partnerships: Collaborating with local bookstores and sellers to expand
inventory and improve delivery options.

References:
1. Smith, J. (2020). Evolution of Book Retail: A Review of Traditional Methods and
Changing Trends. Book Industry Journal, 15(3), 101-130.This article provides a
historical overview of book retail, covering the transition from independent bookstores
to large chain retailers, and finally to online bookstores. It explores how digitalization
has impacted the industry, highlighting the rise of e-books and the decline of physical
bookstores.
2. Johnson, E. (2021). E-Commerce in the Book Industry: Opportunities and
Challenges. Online Retail Journal, 22(1), 45-75. Johnson discusses the shift towards
online book sales, emphasizing the benefits such as global reach and personalized
marketing. The article also addresses challenges like logistics and competition with
established online giants, suggesting hybrid models for traditional bookstores.
3. Brown, M. (2019). User-Centric Design in Online Book Platforms: Enhancing the
Buying and Selling Experience. UX Design Journal, 8(4), 88-112. Brown focuses on the
importance of intuitive interfaces in digital book marketplaces. The paper examines
design principles that enhance user experience, such as easy navigation and personalized
recommendations, and discusses the role of feedback mechanisms and customer support.
4. Davis, S. (2020). Security Measures in Online Transactions: Ensuring a Trustworthy
Reselling System. Cybersecurity Journal, 11(2), 201-228. Davis addresses the critical
issue of security in online book reselling platforms. The article discusses threats like
data breaches and fraud, and outlines best practices for securing transactions, such as
encryption and multi-factor authentication.
5. White, D. (2019). Community Engagement in Digital Book Platforms: The Role of
Ratings and Reviews. Digital Marketing Journal, 14(5), 159-185. White explores how
digital platforms use user-generated content to build community and drive engagement.
The paper examines the impact of ratings and reviews on purchasing decisions and
discusses the challenges of moderating user content and ensuring authenticity.

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A

MINI PROJECT REPORT

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Under the guidance of

Submitted for the viva voice examination held on:

INTERNAL GUIDE HOD

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Signature of the candidate:

It gives us immense pleasure to acknowledge the perennial inspiration of Dr. M. Ashok

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM DESIGN

CHAPTER 5: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

CHAPTER 9: FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

MRCE DEPARTMENT OF CSE pg. 1

o To know the software and hardware requirements

1.3 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED

MRCE DEPARTMENT OF CSE pg. 2

MRCE DEPARTMENT OF CSE pg. 3

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

3.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM ADVANTAGES

MRCE DEPARTMENT OF CSE pg. 4

3.5 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

• Coding Language : Python.

• Designing : Html, css, javascript.

• Data Base : MySQL (WAMP Server).

3.5.2 SOFTWARE REQUIRMENTS :

3.6 FEASIBILITY STUDY

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

3.6.1 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

MRCE DEPARTMENT OF CSE pg. 5

3.6.2 TECHNICAL FEASIBILI

3.6.3 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

MRCE DEPARTMENT OF CSE pg. 6

4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:

Fig 4.1.1: System Architecture

MRCE DEPARTMENT OF CSE pg. 7

4.3. UML DIAGRAM’S:

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized general-purpose

MRCE DEPARTMENT OF CSE pg. 8

4.3.1 USE CASE DIAGRAM:

Fig 4.3.1: Use case diagram

4.3.2 CLASS DIAGRAM:

Fig 4.3.2: Class diagram

MRCE DEPARTMENT OF CSE pg. 9

4.3.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

Fig 4.3.3: SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

MRCE DEPARTMENT OF CSE pg. 10

4.3.4 COLLABRATION DIAGRAM:

Fig 4.3.5: COLLABRATION DIAGRAM

MRCE DEPARTMENT OF CSE pg. 11

5.1 What is Python:

Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python

5.1.1 Advantages of Python :-

MRCE DEPARTMENT OF CSE pg. 12

9. Free and Open-Source

MRCE DEPARTMENT OF CSE pg. 13

5.1.2 Advantages of Python Over Other Languages:

3. Python is for Everyone

5.1.3 Disadvantages of Python