Here's a detailed guide on some basic SQL queries with examples, explanations, and expected

output:

---

## 1. **CREATE TABLE**

- **Purpose**: To create a new table in the database.

- **Syntax**:

```sql

CREATE TABLE Students (

StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,

FirstName VARCHAR(50),

LastName VARCHAR(50),

Age INT

);

```

- **Explanation**: A `Students` table is created with four columns: `StudentID`, `FirstName`,

- **Output**: Table `Students` is created successfully.

---

## 2. **ALTER TABLE**

- **Purpose**: To modify an existing table structure.

- **Syntax**:

```sql

ALTER TABLE Students ADD Email VARCHAR(100);

```

- **Explanation**: Adds a new column `Email` to the `Students` table.

- **Output**: Table `Students` is modified successfully.

## 3. **DROP TABLE**

- **Purpose**: To delete an entire table.

- **Syntax**:

```sql

DROP TABLE Students;

```

- **Explanation**: Deletes the `Students` table.

- **Output**: Table `Students` is dropped successfully.

---

## 4. **INSERT INTO**

- **Purpose**: To insert data into a table.

- **Syntax**:

```sql

INSERT INTO Students (StudentID, FirstName, LastName, Age) VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe', 20);

```

- **Explanation**: Inserts a new record into the `Students` table.

- **Output**: One row is inserted into the `Students` table.

---

## 5. **UPDATE**

- **Purpose**: To update existing records in a table.

- **Syntax**:
 ```sql

UPDATE Students SET Age = 21 WHERE StudentID = 1;

```

- **Explanation**: Updates the `Age` of the student with `StudentID = 1` to 21.

- **Output**: One row is updated.

---

## 6. **DELETE**

- **Purpose**: To delete records from a table.

- **Syntax**:

```sql

DELETE FROM Students WHERE StudentID = 1;

```

- **Explanation**: Deletes the record of the student with `StudentID = 1`.

- **Output**: One row is deleted.

---

## 7. **SELECT**

- **Purpose**: To select data from a table.

- **Syntax**:

```sql

SELECT * FROM Students;

```

- **Explanation**: Selects all columns from the `Students` table.

- **Output**: All rows and columns from the `Students` table are displayed.

---
## 8. **WHERE**

- **Purpose**: To filter records.

- **Syntax**:

```sql

SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Age > 18;

```

- **Explanation**: Selects records of students older than 18.

- **Output**: Only students with `Age > 18` are displayed.

---

## 9. **DISTINCT**

- **Purpose**: To select unique values.

- **Syntax**:

```sql

SELECT DISTINCT Age FROM Students;

```

- **Explanation**: Returns unique ages from the `Students` table.

- **Output**: Unique `Age` values are displayed.

---

## 10. **GRANT**

- **Purpose**: To give permissions to a user.

- **Syntax**:

```sql

GRANT SELECT ON Students TO user_name;

- **Explanation**: Grants `SELECT` permission on the `Students` table to `user_name`.

- **Output**: Permission granted successfully.

---

## 11. **REVOKE**

- **Purpose**: To take back permissions from a user.

- **Syntax**:

```sql

REVOKE SELECT ON Students FROM user_name;

```

- **Explanation**: Revokes `SELECT` permission from `user_name`.

- **Output**: Permission revoked successfully.

---

## 12. **COMMIT**

- **Purpose**: To save all changes made during a transaction.

- **Syntax**:

```sql

COMMIT;

```

- **Explanation**: Saves all changes to the database.

- **Output**: Changes are committed.

---

## 13. **ROLLBACK**
- **Purpose**: To undo changes made during a transaction.

- **Syntax**:

```sql

ROLLBACK;

```

- **Explanation**: Reverts the database to the last committed state.

- **Output**: Changes are rolled back.

---

## 14. **SAVEPOINT**

- **Purpose**: To set a savepoint within a transaction.

- **Syntax**:

```sql

SAVEPOINT sp1;

```

- **Explanation**: Creates a savepoint named `sp1`.

- **Output**: Savepoint created successfully.

---

## 15. **SQL Operators**

### a) **ALL**

- **Syntax**:

```sql

SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Age > ALL (SELECT Age FROM Students WHERE Age < 18);

```

- **Explanation**: Selects students older than all students younger than 18.
- **Output**: Rows satisfying the condition.

### b) **AND**

- **Syntax**:

```sql

SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Age > 18 AND FirstName = 'John';

```

- **Explanation**: Selects students older than 18 with `FirstName = 'John'`.

- **Output**: Rows satisfying both conditions.

### c) **ANY**

- **Syntax**:

```sql

SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Age < ANY (SELECT Age FROM Students WHERE Age > 20);

```

- **Explanation**: Selects students younger than any student older than 20.

- **Output**: Rows satisfying the condition.

### d) **BETWEEN**

- **Syntax**:

```sql

SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Age BETWEEN 18 AND 25;

```

- **Explanation**: Selects students aged between 18 and 25.

- **Output**: Rows within the specified age range.

---

## 16. **SET Operations**

### a) **UNION**
- **Syntax**:

```sql

SELECT FirstName FROM Students UNION SELECT FirstName FROM Teachers;

```

- **Explanation**: Combines unique first names from `Students` and `Teachers`.

- **Output**: Union of names.

### b) **INTERSECT**

- **Syntax**:

```sql

SELECT FirstName FROM Students INTERSECT SELECT FirstName FROM Teachers;

```

- **Explanation**: Returns common first names from both tables.

- **Output**: Intersection of names.

### c) **MINUS**

- **Syntax**:

```sql

SELECT FirstName FROM Students MINUS SELECT FirstName FROM Teachers;

```

- **Explanation**: Returns names in `Students` not in `Teachers`.

- **Output**: Difference of names.

---

## 17. **JOIN Operations**

### a) **CROSS JOIN**

- **Syntax**:

```sql

SELECT * FROM Students CROSS JOIN Courses;

- **Explanation**: Returns the Cartesian product of `Students` and `Courses`.

- **Output**: Every combination of rows from both tables.

### b) **INNER JOIN**

- **Syntax**:

```sql

SELECT * FROM Students INNER JOIN Courses ON Students.StudentID = Courses.StudentID;

```

- **Explanation**: Returns matching rows from both tables.

- **Output**: Matched rows based on `StudentID`.

### c) **NATURAL JOIN**

- **Syntax**:

```sql

SELECT * FROM Students NATURAL JOIN Courses;

```

- **Explanation**: Joins tables based on columns with the same name.

- **Output**: Matched rows based on common columns.

### d) **OUTER JOIN (LEFT/RIGHT/FULL)**

- **LEFT JOIN**:

```sql

SELECT * FROM Students LEFT JOIN Courses ON Students.StudentID = Courses.StudentID;

```

- **Explanation**: Returns all rows from `Students` and matched rows from `Courses`.

- **Output**: All students with matching course details or `NULL` values.

- **RIGHT JOIN**:

```sql

SELECT * FROM Students RIGHT JOIN Courses ON Students.StudentID = Courses.StudentID;

- **Explanation**: Returns all rows from `Courses` and matched rows from `Students`.

- **Output**: All courses with matching student details or `NULL` values.

- **FULL JOIN**:

```sql

SELECT * FROM Students FULL JOIN Courses ON Students.StudentID = Courses.StudentID;

```

- **Explanation**: Returns all rows from both tables, matched or not.

- **Output**: Combined data from both tables.

### e) **SELF JOIN**

- **Syntax**:

```sql

SELECT A.StudentID, B.FirstName FROM Students A, Students B WHERE A.StudentID != B.StudentID;

```

- **Explanation**: Joins a table with itself.

- **Output**: Pairs of different students.

---

These examples should cover basic SQL queries and commands, along with expected outputs and
functionality.