Laws of Thermodynamics Graded Recitation (2)

SCI104: Thermodynamics
SCI 104: Thermodynamics
Republic of the Philippines

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayambang Campus
Science and Mathematics Department
SCI104
Thermodynamics
Submitted by:
Tamondong, Angeline S.
BSEd Science I-1
Submitted to:
Mr. Dennis Montoya
SCI104 Professor
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LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS GRADED RECITATION
1. State and explain Zeroth law of thermodynamics and why such name?
 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states: If two objects are each in thermal
equilibrium with a third object, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
2. State and explain first law of thermodynamics.
 The First concept of Thermodynamics, an expression of the concept of conservation of
energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it must only be transformed
from one state to another. In thermodynamics, the change in a system's internal energy
(ΔU) equals the heat added (Q) minus the work done by the system, ΔU = Q - W. This
equation quantifies the connection between heat, work, and internal energy, providing
an important foundation for understanding energy transformations in a range of
physical and chemical processes.
3. State and explain second law of thermodynamics.

 The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that things naturally move towards
disorder. Think a messy room: it's easier to make it messy than to clean it up. This rule
explains why heat moves from hot to cold, a hot cup of coffee will gradually cool to
room temperature. The heat energy diffuses into the surrounding environment,
increasing the total disorder of the system. While it is conceivable for heat to flow
spontaneously from a cold item to a hot one. It is a basic concept that regulates the
progression of time.
4. Explain caloric theory of heat.

 The caloric theory was an old idea that suggested heat was a special kind of fluid
called "caloric." People thought this fluid flowed from hot things to cold things,
making them feel warm or cold. They believed that more caloric meant something was
hotter, and less caloric meant it was colder. However, scientists later discovered that
heat is actually a form of energy, and it can be created from other forms of energy like
motion or friction.
5. If 100 J of heat is added to a system that does no external work, by how much is the
internal energy of that system raised?
 100 J
6. Explain entropy and give an example.

 Entropy is a measure of disorder or inevitability in a given system. It's basically a
measure of how disorganized and disjointed everything is. Imagine a newly built house.
It's clean, organized, and everything has its place. Over time, the house naturally
becomes less
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organized. Dust accumulates, furniture gets worn, and the paint fades. This increase in
disorder, or entropy, is a common occurrence in everyday life. While we can clean the
house and temporarily reduce its entropy, it will inevitably increase again over time.
7. Explain how a four cycle internal combustion engine works.

 A four-stroke engine goes in a circle of four definite pistons: intake, compression, power, and
exhaust.
Intake Stroke, the piston moves downward, drawing a mix of air and fuel into the
cylinder.
Compression Stroke, the piston moves upward, compressing the air-fuel mixture.
Power Stroke, a spark plug ignites the compressed mixture, which then expands rapidly
and pushes the piston downward, producing power.
Exhaust Stroke, the piston moves upward again and big blow the spent gases off the
cylinder.
Again and again, this process is happening, in which the fuel’s chemical energy is transformed
into mechanical energy that runs the engine.
8. What is a temperature inversion?

 A temperature inversion is an events in which a layer of warm air is found above a layer of
colder air, compared to the typical pattern where temperature decreases with altitude. This
inversion acts like a lid, trapping pollutants and moisture near the ground. This can lead to
poor air quality, fog, and other weather conditions.
9. How do meteorologists express the first law of thermodynamics?

 Meteorologists express the first law of thermodynamics. Air temperature rises as heat or
pressure increases. This law allows them to evaluate weather patterns and comprehend how
energy is conserved in the atmosphere.
10. What are high quality and low quality energy. Give an example of each.
 High-quality energy is concentrated and easily converted into useful work, like electricity
powering a light-bulb. Low-quality energy, on the other hand, is dispersed and difficult to
harness. Heat energy from the environment is a good example, as it's hard to convert it into
other forms of energy efficiently.
11. Explain adiabatic process and give an example.

 An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process where there is no heat exchange between a
system and its surroundings. This means that the system is perfectly insulated, and any change
in its internal energy is solely due to work done on or by the system. A common example of
an adiabatic process is the compression of air in a bicycle pump.
12. Explain isochoric process and give an example.

 An isochoric process is a thermodynamic process where the volume of the system remains
constant. This means that no work is done on or by the system, as work is defined as force
times displacement, and there's no change in volume.
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Example is heating a gas inside a rigid container.
13. Explain isobaric process and give an example.

 Isobaric processes are thermodynamic processes in which the system's pressure remains
constant. This indicates that while the system changes, the volume and temperature could vary
but the pressure remains constant. Boiling water is a common isobaric process. When water is
heated in an open pot, the pressure stays constant at atmospheric pressure.
14. Explain isothermal process and give an example.

 An isothermal process is one that keeps the temperature constant. A excellent example is a
gas gradually expanding in a cylinder. As it spreads, it works and cools. To maintain the same
temperature, heat is supplied to the gas.
15. Comment on this statement: the Second Law of Thermodynamics is one of the most
fundamental laws of nature, yet it is not an exact law at all.
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics, while a basic concept directing the course of natural
processes, is not totally absolute. It describes how systems tend to gravitate towards higher
disorder or entropy. However, on a small scale, variations might just reverse this tendency.
For example, a particular portion of a gas may suddenly become significantly more organized.
While these changes are few and quick, they demonstrate the statistical character of the
Second Law. It is a law that holds true on a typical basis, but it does not exclude out
temporary exceptions.
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SCI104: Thermodynamics

SCI 104: Thermodynamics

Republic of the Philippines

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS GRADED RECITATION

3. State and explain second law of thermodynamics.

4. Explain caloric theory of heat.

6. Explain entropy and give an example.

7. Explain how a four cycle internal combustion engine works.

8. What is a temperature inversion?

9. How do meteorologists express the first law of thermodynamics?

11. Explain adiabatic process and give an example.

12. Explain isochoric process and give an example.

Example is heating a gas inside a rigid container.

13. Explain isobaric process and give an example.

14. Explain isothermal process and give an example.

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