Chp_02B

ICSE Biology Class X 1
2 Genetics
Explanations
1. (i) Dihybrid cross 10. (i) Genetics is the study of transmission of body
(ii) Law of segregation features, including both similarities and
dissimilarities from parents to offsprings.
(iii) Colour blindness
(ii) Gene locus is a particular position of a gene on a
2. (i) Gene is a unit of inheritance.
chromosome.
(ii) Camptodactyly is an in ability to straighten the
(iii) Sex-linked inheritance is the appearance of a trait
little finger.
due to the presence of an allele located exclusively
3. Haemophilia is a sex-linked disorder wherein the on X or Y-chromosome.
sufferer is at a risk of bleeding to death as blood fails to
11. (i) Variations are small differences among the
clot. Males are affected more often than females
individuals of same species.
because the gene is located on the X-chromosome.
Females, on the other hand, have an additional copy of (ii) Recessive allele
X-chromosome due to which she becomes a carrier of (iii) Dominant trait – Axial position
the disease. Recessive trait – Terminal position
4. A–2, B–1, C– 4, D–3 12. On crossing a pea plant having pure yellow (YY) round
5. (i) (a), (ii) (c), (iii) (d), (iv) (c) (RR) seeds with pure green (yy) wrinkled (rr) seeds, the
6. (i) gene (ii) homozygous F1 progeny obtained is all yellow and round with a
heterozygous genotype.
(iii) 9:3:3:1 (iv) XX–XY (Round yellow) × (Green wrinkled)
(v) haemophilia RRYY rryy Parents
7. (i) Genes are units of inheritance which pass on
Ry ry Gametes
information required for the expression of
phenotypic characters in an individual. RrYy
F1 -generation
(ii) Dominant allele brings out a certain character Round yellow
(phenotype) by expressing itself. (Heterozygous)
8. (i) Difference between autosomes and allosomes is as 13. Linkage is a phenomenon in which two or more linked
follows genes are always inherited together in the same
Autosomes Allosomes combination for more than two generations.Linkage
They constitute a total They constitute a total helps an organism to maintain its parental characters.
number of 44 number of 2 chromosomes 14. Based on inferences from monohybrid and dihybrid
chromosomes (1 pair). crosses, Mendel proposed three laws to consolidate his
(22 pairs). understanding of inheritance in such crosses. The laws
(ii) Difference between polydactyly and albinism is as are as follows
follows (i) Law of Dominance It states that when two
alternative forms of characters are present in an
Polydactyly Albinism organism, only one allele (factor) expresses itself in
It is a dominant trait. It is a recessive trait. F1 progeny and other remains suppressed.
9. (i) Trait (ii) Law of Segregation It is also called the law of
purity of gametes. According to this law, the two
(ii) Albinism factors or alleles controlling one character segregate
2 ICSE Biology Class X
without influencing each other during gamete 17. (i)

formation, such that each gamete receives one factor TY × ty Parents
for each character.
(iii) Law of lndependent Assortment It states that when T Y t y Gametes
two pairs of contrasting characters are combined in a
hybrid, segregation of one pair of character is Genotype TtYy
independent of the other pair of character at the Phenotype Heterozygous dominant resulting
time of gamete formation. in tall plants with yellow seeds.
15. The establishment of sex through differential (ii) The possible combination of the gametes that can
development in an individual at the time of zygote be obtained from the F1 hybrid plant are = 2 n
formation is called sex-determination.
In humans, XX-XY type of sex determination is TY , Ty , tY , ty
observed. The male gamete (sperm) contains either X or (iii) Phenotypic ratio in F2 -generation would be
Y-chromosome while female gamete (egg) contains only 9:3:3:1 when TtYy is self-crossed.
X-chromosome. Since, female produces only one type of
gamete, the sex of the child is determined by the kind of (iv) No, the result obtained on crossing both plants
sperm that fertilises the egg. The sperm carrying with homozygous dominant trait for tallness and
X-chromosome, when fertilises the egg (X), will lead to yellow colour would be different, as the
a daughter (XX) and that carrying Y-chromosome, will F1 -generation obtained will also be tall bearing
lead to a son (XY). yellow coloured seeds (TTYY).
16. Colour blindness is a sex-linked disease. The gene for (v) The given cross considered two characters at the
this disorder is present on the X-chromosome. Hence, it same time, thus is a dihybrid cross.
is carried by normal females, which do not express the 18. (i) 1–YR, 2–YR,
disease. 3–yr, 4–YyRr,
So, if a colourblind child is born to a normal couple, 5–YyRr, 6–YyRr
then the mother could be the carrier of the disease. The
(ii) F1 progeny is heterozygous dominant
cross below shows the inheritance of the disorder.
phenotypically resulting in yellow round seeds.
XCX Carrier XY Normal Parents (iii) Upon self-pollinating F1 progeny, following
×
phenotypes would be produced
Yellow round, green round, yellow wrinkled, green
XC X X Y Gametes wrinkled.
(iv) On the basis of given cross, law of independent
XCX XCY XX XY
assortment was formulated.
F1-generation
(v) Linkage is an exception to the law deduced by the
Carrier Colourblind Normal Normal
female male female male above cross.
The sex of the colourblind child would be male.

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ICSE Biology Class X 1

without influencing each other during gamete 17. (i)

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