2023- 2024 academic year

Stylistics of Foreign language 3course 6th semester

Final examination questions

1) What are the main trends in style study?

In the field of stylistics of a foreign language, the main directions in the study of style are:
Textual analysis: The stylistics of a foreign language focuses on the analysis of texts in order to
understand how linguistic choice affects style. This includes studying features such as
vocabulary, syntax, and grammar.
Comparative stylistics: Scientists often compare stylistic features of different languages to
explore how they differ in different cultures and linguistic contexts.
Corpus stylistics: Corpus methods are increasingly used in stylistic analysis to study large
collections of texts. Corpus stylistics allows researchers to study stylistic variations in different
genres, registers and historical periods, providing empirical evidence for stylistic statements and
hypotheses.
Multimodal stylistics: The stylistics of a foreign language also examines how stylistic effects
are created through the integration of linguistic and non-linguistic elements in texts, such as
visual images, gestures and sounds. This interdisciplinary approach explores how different
modes of communication interact, creating stylistic meaning and aesthetic effects.
In general, the study of style in the context of texts in a foreign language is dynamic and
multifaceted, relying on various theoretical foundations and analytical methods to study the
complex relationships between language, culture and style.
2) What forms and types of speech do you know?
In linguistics, speech can be divided into different forms and types based on different criteria.
Here are some common forms and types of speech: Formal speech and informal speech
Speech can be classified depending on the level of formality. Official speech conforms to
standard language norms and is often used in a professional or academic environment. Informal
speech is casual and conversational, usually used in everyday communication between friends or
family. Oral speech, Written speech: Speech can also be distinguished by the way it is
pronounced. Oral speech is transmitted orally, using spoken words, written speech is transmitted
using written text. Public speaking and private speaking: Performances can be classified
according to the target audience. Public speech is addressed to a wider audience, for example, in
speeches, lectures or presentations, while private speech is addressed to a smaller one, for
example, in conversations or personal messages. Monologue, dialogue Speech can involve
either one speaker (monologue) or several speakers interacting with each other (dialogue).
Monologues are often used in speeches, monologues, or storytelling, while dialogues occur in
conversations, debates, or interviews. An unprepared ,prepared. Speech can be spontaneous
when the speaker generates words in real time without prior planning. And a prepared speech
when the speaker has rehearsed or written his speech in advance. Spontaneous speech is often
found in conversations, and prepared speech is found in formal presentations or public speeches.
3) What is functional style and what functional styles do you know?
Functional style refers to a specific way of using language that is appropriate for specific
communication situations, contexts, or goals. Functional styles can vary depending on factors
such as formality, audience, topic, and method of communication.Literary style: The literary
style is characterized by the artistic and imaginative use of language, often found in poetry,
fiction and other creative works. It can include figurative language, complex syntactic structures,
evoking emotions and deep meanings. Scientific style: Scientific style is used to convey
specialized knowledge and research results. It is characterized by accuracy, objectivity and
clarity, with an emphasis on evidence. Journalistic style: Journalistic style is used in news
reporting and journalistic activities for the purpose of informing. it features straightforward
language, headings, and precision. Technical Style: Technical style is used in technical and
training texts, manuals, and documents to explain complex concepts, procedures, or
specifications. It is characterized by specialized vocabulary, precise terminology, diagrams,
diagrams that facilitate understanding.
The official style is used in official documents to convey official information. he uses the
official language. Conversational style: Conversational style is used in informal colloquial
speech, in everyday conversations. It often includes slang, idiomatic expressions, abbreviations,
and informal vocabulary. Academic style: Academic style is used in scientific literature and
research articles to present and analyze theories, arguments, and evidence. It is characterized by
a formal language.
4) What is decoding stylistics?
Decoding stylistics is an area that focuses on the process of decoding stylistic elements in a text.
She studies how readers or listeners capture the stylistic features of the text, the choice of
language, techniques, imagery. The style of decoding is aimed at understanding how stylistic
elements affect the overall meaning of the text to the audience.
For example, in poetry, the use of certain words, metaphors, and images can evoke certain
emotions. lines from William Wordsworth's poem "I wandered lonely as a cloud": "The use of
comparisons ("lonely as a cloud") and figurative images ("Bouquet of golden daffodils")
contributes to the reader's understanding of the poet's experiences and emotions.
Understanding Narrative Techniques: The style of decoding involves analyzing narrative
techniques such as point of view, characterization to determine the author's intentions and
themes. For example, in Franz Kafka's novella Metamorphosis, the first-person narration from
the protagonist Gregor Samza allows readers to empathize with his feelings of alienation and
isolation after turning into a giant insect.
5) What registers of communication are reflected in the stylistic differentiation of the
vocabulary?
Different forms of communication are reflected in the stylistic differentiation of vocabulary, as
the language adapts to different social contexts, goals and audiences. Forms of communication
can be divided into formal, neutral and informal, each of which has its own characteristics and
vocabulary. Formal vocabulary: In terms of formal communication when writing academic
articles, official documents or professional correspondence, vocabulary is more accurate and
complex. A formal dictionary often includes technical terms and jargon. For example, in a
research paper, you may come across words such as "hypothesis", "methodology" or "statistical
analysis" that are not usually used in everyday speech. Neutral language: Neutral language is
used in everyday communication. Neutral vocabulary is clear, straightforward and easily
understood by a wide range of audiences. It does not use slang, overly formal language.
Informal vocabulary: Informal communication conditions, such as social media conversations
or personal letters, often involve the use of informal vocabulary. Informal vocabulary includes
slang, idiomatic expressions and familiar words. For example, in a conversation with friends,
you can use slang expressions like "cool", "awesome" or "chill". The forms of communication
can also vary depending on factors such as regional dialects, cultural norms, and social identity.
6) What do you know of terms, their structure, meaning, functions?
Terms refer to words or phrases that have a specific meaning in a particular field of knowledge.
They allow you to express your thoughts accurately and effectively.
Structure: Terms usually consist of one or more words that combine to form a semantic unit in a
certain area. These can be individual words, compound words, or phrases. For example, in the
field of biology, terms such as "photosynthesis", "mitochondria" and "ecosystem" consist of a
variety of morphemes that convey specialized scientific concepts. Meaning: The meaning of a
term is determined by its use in a particular field or discipline. These values are understandable
to specialists in this field. For example, in the field of economics, the term "inflation"
specifically refers to an increase in the overall price level of goods and services over time,
whereas in everyday language it may have a more general meaning. Functions: Terms perform
several functions; Accuracy: Terms provide accurate communication in a specific area by
providing concise and specific designations for phenomena or processes. They allow you to
accurately express complex ideas.b. Identification: Terms help to distinguish key theories
within a subject area. They serve as knowledge markers allowing specialists to recognize
relevant literature, research results and interact with them. In general, terms play a fundamental
role in shaping discourse in specialized fields, providing practitioners with the linguistic tools
necessary for effective communication, dissemination of knowledge and promotion of scientific
research.
7) What are the fields of application of archaic words and forms?
Archaic words and forms, linguistic elements that are no longer used in modern speech or
writing, have several areas of application. Although many archaic words have fallen out of use,
they are still used in various fields to give a special stylistic, artistic or historical effect.
Literature and Poetry: Archaic words and forms are often used in literature and poetry. Writers
can use archaic language to create a special atmosphere. For example, authors such as William
Shakespeare or Geoffrey Chaucer often used archaic language in their works to convey the
linguistic traditions of their eras. Historical fiction: In historical novels, authors may use archaic
words. Using period-appropriate language, authors can create a vivid sense of time and place,
improving the reader's perception of the setting and characters. Religious and Ritual language:
Archaic words and forms are often preserved in religious texts, prayers, and ceremonial
language. Legal and legislative documents: Archaic words and forms can be preserved in legal
documents. The legal language often retains archaic terms and expressions that have acquired a
special legal meaning over time. For example, phrases such as " "hereunto," "heretofore," or
"whereas" are commonly found in legal documents and contracts. In general, the fields of
application of archaic words and forms are diverse and cover literature, history, religion, law,
heraldry, education and much more. Although these linguistic elements may no longer be part of
everyday speech, they still retain value and significance in certain cultural, artistic and scientific
contexts.
8) What are the main characteristics of slang?
Slang is an informal language used mainly in everyday or conversational settings. It is often
found in everyday conversations between friends, family members, or colleagues. For example:
"What's up?" (which means, "How are you?") Slang uses vocabulary that differs from standard
language norms. It includes new words, modified meanings of existing words, or words
borrowed from other languages or dialects. Example: "Lit" (which means "excellent" or
"amazing"). Native speakers invent new words and play with sounds to create new expressions.
Example: "Fam" (short for "family", used to refer to close friends or relatives). Slang is
characterized by emotionality, allowing speakers to convey views, emotions, which gives the
communication an accent, humor or authenticity. Example: "Chillax" (a combination of the
words "cool down" and "relax" to create a relaxed mood) Slang terms can quickly appear and
disappear, reflecting the temporary youth language. Example: "Bae" (affectionate address to a
romantic partner, derived from "baby" or "baby")
9) What do you know of professional and social jargonisms?
Professional and social jargon are specialized dictionaries or sets of terms used in certain
professional fields. They perform various functions, facilitate communication, and transfer
experience or knowledge. Professional jargon: Professional jargon consists of specialized
terminology, They often include technical terms, acronyms, abbreviations and specialized
language that are familiar to professionals in the field, but may be less understandable to those
who are not connected with IT. Examples: In medicine: "MRI" (magnetic resonance imaging),
"ECG" (electrocardiogram), "Intensive Care Unit" (ICU). In finance: ROI (Return on
Investment), NASDAQ (Automated Quotations of the National Association of Securities
Dealers), FOMC (Federal Open Market Committee). In the field of technology: "API"
(application programming interface), "HTML" (hypertext markup language), "VPN" (virtual
private network). Professional jargon helps professionals communicate effectively and
accurately in their field, allowing them to accurately convey technical information.
 Social jargon consists of informal vocabulary or expressions used in certain social groups,
communities. They often include slang expressions. Examples: Teenage slang: "FOMO" (fear of
missing something), "GOAT" (the greatest of all time), "Lit" (excellent or amazing).
Internet slang: "LOL" (laughing out loud), "ICYMI" (in case you missed it), "SMH" (shaking my
head). Game slang: "Noob" (beginner or inexperienced player), "GG" (good game), "Nerf"
(weaken or reduce the power of something) Social jargon helps people establish mutual
understanding in their social group or community. Both professional and social jargon play an
important role in communication, allowing people to express themselves effectively in
appropriate contexts and communities. Although they may differ in their formality and subject
specifics, both types of jargon contribute to the richness and diversity of language use in society.
10) What is the place and role of dialectal words in the national language? In the literary
language?
The place and role of dialect words in national and literary languages are significant because
they contribute to linguistic diversity and cultural heritage.
In the national language: Dialect words play a crucial role in the formation of the national
language, they represent local speech patterns that reflect the cultural and linguistic diversity of
the country. The national language consists of standardized forms and norms, it also includes
elements of dialect vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar from different regions. Dialect
words enrich the vocabulary of the national language by introducing unique terms and
expressions. Dialect words reflect the regional traditions and history of the country. Some dialect
features may remain in their original form, while others may undergo changes.
In literary language: Dialect words are also used in literary language to achieve certain
stylistic, artistic effects. Writers and poets often use dialect vocabulary to create authentic
depictions of characters, settings, or dialogue. In the literature, dialect words are used to convey
the atmosphere. By using dialect vocabulary in dialogues, writers can enliven their characters
and settings, making them more vivid and understandable to readers. Dialect words give
credibility and authenticity to literary works, especially those set in certain geographical
locations or historical periods. They allow readers to get acquainted with the sights, sounds and
rhythms of various dialects. Using dialect language, writers can convey subtle emotions in their
works. In both the national and literary languages, dialect words play an important role in
preserving linguistic diversity, strengthening cultural identity and enriching the expressive
capabilities of the language. Although they may differ in their forms and functions.
11) What lexical meanings of a word can you name?
A word can have several lexical meanings, depending on the context, usage, and linguistic
conventions. Here are some common types of lexical meanings:
Denotative meaning: This is the literal or basic meaning of a word that can be found in a
dictionary. Example: In the word "book", its denotative meaning is a set of written or printed
pages bound together. Connotative meaning: this refers to the additional meanings or
associations that a word carries in addition to its literal definition. Example: The word "home"
can mean a physical dwelling, but at the same time be associated with a sense of warmth,
security and belonging. Figurative meaning: Words can be used figuratively to convey
meanings. Example: In the phrase "time is money", the word "money" is used figuratively to
indicate the importance of time. Polysemy: this applies to words that have multiple meanings.
Example: The word "bank" may refer to a financial institution, a riverbank, or a gentle slope.
Homonymy: Homonyms are words that are written or pronounced the same way, but have
different meanings. Example: "Bat" may refer to a flying mammal or sports equipment used in
baseball. Synonymy: Synonyms are words that have similar meanings. Example: "Big" and
"large" are synonyms, both refer to something significant. Antonymy: Antonyms are words that
have opposite meanings. Example: "Hot" and "cold" are antonyms representing opposite
temperature states. Euphemism: Euphemisms are less harsh expressions used to replace more
direct or unpleasant ones. Example: "Passed away" is a euphemism meaning "died". What SDs
are based on the use of the logical (denotational) meaning of a word?
12) What is a contextual meaning? How is it used in a SD?
Contextual meaning refers to the interpretation of a word or phrase based on the surrounding
linguistic, situational, or cultural context. Unlike the denotative meaning, which is the literal
definition of a word found in a dictionary, the contextual meaning takes into account the specific
context in which that word is used, including the tone and intentions of the speaker. In
semasiological vocabulary, the focus is on the meanings of words rather than their forms, and
there contextual meaning plays a crucial role. Examples: Textbooks often include examples of
the use of words in sentences or phrases. These examples help readers understand how a word
and its meaning can change depending on the context. Example: The word: "Run" Contextual
meanings: (1) To move quickly on foot, (2) To act or drive, (3) To stretch, etc. Examples "She
runs every morning." "He runs a successful business." "The river runs through the valley.
Clarifying nuances: Contextual meaning helps to find differences in meaning that may arise
depending on the context of use. Example: The word: "Bold" Contextual meanings: (1) Brave
or daring, (2) Confident, (3) Visually noticeable or conspicuous, etc. Explanation: The word
"brave" can refer to someone who fearlessly takes risks (brave), confidently expresses his
opinion or actions (confident), or uses thick or dark lines in typography (visually eye-catching).
Example: The word: "Break a leg" Contextual meaning: An expression used to wish someone
good luck, especially before a performance or competition. Cultural Note: This expression
comes from theatrical slang and is considered a superstitious way to wish someone success
before performing on stage. It should not be taken literally. Thus, contextual meaning in a
semasiological dictionary is important for providing comprehensive definitions that take into
account different contexts of word usage, helping readers understand the nuances and versatility
of language use.
13) What is the difference between the original and the hackneyed SDs?
The original Semasiological Dictionary (SD) and the hackneyed semasiological dictionary differ
in approach, content and quality.
Original Semasiological Dictionary: The purpose of the original semasiological dictionary is to
provide reliable definitions of words. He offers detailed explanations and examples to facilitate
understanding. The original semasiological dictionary contains carefully selected articles that
have been thoroughly researched. It covers a wide range of words, providing definitions. The
original semasiological dictionary meets high standards of quality, accuracy and scientific value.
He is undergoing a thorough check. they are appreciated for their reliability and reliability.
A hackneyed semasiological dictionary may rely on brief descriptions, superficial research, or
outdated techniques. He may prefer quantity over quality. A hackneyed semasiological
dictionary may contain incomplete articles without detailed explanations. It may contain errors
due to insufficient research. Hackneyed dictionaries can also rely on outdated information. A
hackneyed semasiological dictionary may lack quality control, and leads to inaccuracies and
shortcomings. Thus, the main difference between the original and outdated semasiological
dictionaries lies in their quality of their content and reliability.
14) What is a metaphor? What are its semantic, morphological, syntactical, functional
peculiarities?
A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two unrelated things. It allows writers to convey
emotions and experiences using vivid images and associations. Semantic features: A metaphor
implies a comparison between two dissimilar objects without using explicit comparative words
such as "like" or "as". Instead, it assumes that the two objects have a common characteristic or
quality. Example: "Time is a thief." (It implies that time takes away opportunities or experience,
just like a thief steals property.) Morphological Features: Metaphors can be expressed with
nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, depending on the context and intended effect. Example:
"She is a shining star." (Noun metaphor) "He swallowed a book." (the metaphor of the verb)
"Her smile was radiant." (Adjective metaphor) "He speaks at lightning speed." (An adverb
metaphor) Syntactic features: Metaphors can occur in various positions of a sentence, including
subject, object, predicate or modifier, depending on the structure and stress in the sentence.
Example: "The sun (subject) smiled (predicate) at the earth." "She had a crown (object) of roses
(modifier) on her head." Functional features: Metaphors enhance the vividness of language by
creating figurative comparisons that evoke the reader's feelings and emotions. Example: "Her
voice was music to his ears." (Evokes a sensual image of pleasant sounds) In general, metaphors
play a crucial role in language and communication, offering a rich and versatile tool for
expressing ideas, conveying emotions and engaging the imagination of the audience. Their
semantic, morphological, syntactic and functional features contribute to their effectiveness and
widespread use in various forms of discourse.
15) What is a metonymy? Give a detailed description of the device.
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is replaced by another with which
they are closely related. Unlike metaphor, which compares two different concepts, metonymy is
based on the relationship or association between the term being replaced and the intended
meaning. Metonymy is widespread in everyday language and can be found in literature, poetry,
rhetoric, and everyday conversation. Using a part to represent the whole: a reference to a part of
something to represent the whole. Example: "The White House has issued a statement." (The
word "White House" is used to refer to the U.S. government or administration.) Using the
manufacturer's name to refer to a product: A reference to the manufacturer of the product to
represent the product itself. Example: "I need to buy new Nike sneakers." (The word "Nike" is
used to refer to Nike brand shoes.) Using a container to refer to the contents: A reference to a
container to refer to its contents. Example: "The kettle is boiling." (Using the word "kettle" to
refer to the water inside it.) Using a location to refer to residents: A link to a location to refer
to people associated with it. Example: "Wall Street reacted to the news." (The word "Wall
Street" is used to refer to financial institutions or investors.) Using a symbol to denote a
concept: A reference to a symbol or sign denoting the concept it stands for. Example: "The
Crown has announced new tax reforms." (The use of the word "crown" to refer to a monarchy or
ruling body.) Using a cause to denote an effect: a reference to a cause to represent the effect it
produces. Example: "The pen is stronger than the sword." (Using the word "pen" to refer to
written communication or persuasion). Thus, metonymy is a universal and effective figure of
speech that relies on associative connections between words or concepts to convey meaning.
16) What is included into the group of SDs known as "play on words"?
A group of stylistic techniques known as "play on words" involves the creative manipulation of
language to create effects like puns, ambiguity, wordplay, and verbal wit. These techniques rely
on ambiguity, sound similarity, or ambiguity of words and phrases to create humorous or witty
effects. A pun is a form of wordplay that uses ambiguity or similar sounding words to create
humor. Example: "I used to be a baker, but I couldn't make enough dough." "Раньше я был
пекарем, но у меня не хватало теста". Homophones are words that sound the same, but have
different meanings or spellings. Example: "They are going to celebrate " Homographs are
words that are spelled the same, but have different meanings and can be pronounced differently.
Example: "I shed tears when I saw the tear on my shirt. "Я прослезился, когда увидел прореху
на своей рубашке" Spoonerism is a humorous mistake in speech or intentional wordplay in
which the initial sounds or letters of two words are swapped to create a humorous effect.
Example: You have hissed all my mystery lectures and were caught fighting a liar in the quad .
Ты прошипел все мои лекции по мистике и был пойман во дворе, когда дрался со лжецом.
Anagrams are words or phrases formed by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase to
give them a new meaning. Example: the word "Dormitory can be replaced with "dirty room".
Malapropism is the erroneous use of a word instead of a similar-sounding one, which often
leads to a meaningless utterance. Example: "I am not the pineapple of politeness." - Я не
образец вежливости. These examples illustrate the various ways in which wordplay can be used
to entertain, amuse, or stimulate thinking through the manipulation of language. Wordplay
techniques are widely used in literature, poetry, advertising, stand-up comedy and everyday
conversation to add sharpness, humor and intelligence to communication.
17) What is irony, what lexical meaning is employed in its formation?
Irony is a rhetorical device that means the opposite of what is said literally, with the intention of
conveying ridicule, humor, or sarcasm. Irony implies a contrast between what is being said and
what is actually meant, Irony depends on the audience's ability to recognize the hidden meaning
or intention behind the words used. Irony often involves using words or phrases in their literal
meaning, while implying a different meaning. Example: "What a beautiful day for a picnic",
said on a rainy day, uses the literal meaning of "beautiful day" to convey irony, since the weather
contradicts the speaker's statement. Connotative meaning: Irony can be based on connotations
associated with words to create a contrasting effect. Example: When describing a disorganized
situation as "organized chaos", the connotative meanings "organized" and "chaos" are used to
convey irony. Figurative meaning: Irony can also be associated with metaphors or comparisons
to convey meaning. Contextual meaning: Irony often depends on the context in which it is
used, the meaning of words depends on the situational context. Example: Praising someone's
singing abilities after you've heard them sing terribly uses the contextual meaning of the word
"praise" to convey irony.
18) What is antonomasia? What meanings interact in its formation?
Antonomasia is a rhetorical device, the proper name is replaced by a descriptive phrase or
epithet that reflects a characteristic or quality associated with a person. This characteristic often
serves to identify a person in a certain context. Antonomasia is commonly used in literature,
rhetoric, and everyday language to emphasize a certain trait or property of a person.
Proper name: The proper name of a person, often well-known in history, mythology, and
literature, serves as the basis for antonomasia. Example: "The Bard of Avon" is an antonomasia
for William Shakespeare, which uses his place of birth (Avon) and reputation as a playwright
(bard) to identify him. Descriptive phrase or epithet: A descriptive phrase or epithet is used
instead of a proper name, emphasizing a characteristic, role, or quality associated with a given
person. Example: "Father of the Nation" is a synonym for Mahatma Gandhi, emphasizing his
key role in the Indian independence movement. Contextual meaning: The meaning of a
descriptive phrase or epithet is influenced by context, including cultural, historical, or literary
associations. Example: Referring to a wise and experienced elder as an "Oracle" may evoke
associations with the wisdom of the Delphic Oracle. Characterization and identification:
Antonomasia is used to characterize people or distinguish them from others. Example: Calling a
talented and innovative inventor the "Edison of our time", we compare him to Thomas Edison,
emphasizing his contribution to the development of technology. In general, Antonomasia gives
depth, nuances and originality to language, allowing speakers and writers to create vivid images
and convey subtle shades of meaning.
19) What lexical meaning is instrumental in the formation of epithets?
When forming epithets, several lexical meanings interact to convey the desired effect. Epithets
are descriptive terms or phrases that are used to characterize a person, an object by highlighting a
certain quality associated with them. The instrumental lexical meaning, which is crucial in the
formation of epithets, is the emphasized attribute or characteristic. Adjective: Adjectives play a
major role in epithets, describing the noun they modify. Example: "The swift-footed Achilles" -
"swift-footed" is an adjective that describes Achilles, emphasizing his speed and agility. Noun:
Nouns can also act as epithets when they describe a person, highlighting a characteristic
associated with him. Example: "King of Pop" - the word "pop" is used as a noun for Michael
Jackson, emphasizing his significant influence and popularity in the musical genre. Descriptive
phrase: Descriptive phrases combine several words to form an epithet that gives a detailed
description or characterization of the noun. Example: "The man with the golden Voice" - This
descriptive phrase serves as an epithet for a singer known for his voice In general, the key lexical
meaning in the formation of epithets is the emphasized attribute or characteristic, regardless of
whether they are conveyed using adjectives, nouns, descriptive phrases, symbolic meanings,
cultural references or contextual meaning. Epithets enrich language by adding depth, imagery,
and character to descriptions of people, objects, or concepts.
20) What semantic types of epithets do you know?
Semantic types of epithets refer to various categories or classifications based on the semantic
relationship between an epithet and the noun it describes. Descriptive epithets: Descriptive
epithets describe the quality of the noun they modify. Example: "The swift-footed Achilles" -
"swift-footed" describes the speed and agility of Achilles. Symbolic epithets: Symbolic epithets
use figurative language or symbolism to convey deeper meanings or associations. Example:
"Sword of Justice" - "sword" symbolizes power and the pursuit of justice. Меч правосудия" -
"меч" Emotional epithets: Emotional epithets evoke certain emotions associated with the noun.
Example: "The heartbroken widow" - "heartbroken" conveys the emotional state of a widow.
Cultural or historical epithets: Cultural or historical epithets refer to a specific cultural or
historical context, often associated with famous personalities or events. Example: "The Great
Liberator" refers to Abraham Lincoln's role in freeing slaves in the United States. Comparative
epithets: Comparative epithets compare a noun with another object, emphasizing similarities or
differences. Example: "Eiffel Tower, the tallest landmark in Paris" - Compares the height of the
Eiffel Tower with other attractions in Paris. Temporal epithets: Temporal epithets refer to
specific periods of time or temporal qualities associated with a noun. Example: "Eternal flame" -
"eternal" conveys the idea of permanence or continuity. "Вечный огонь" - "вечный" передает
идею постоянства или непрерывности. Professional epithets: Professional epithets describe
the role of a person. Example: "Noble knight" - "noble" describes the knightly qualities of a
knight. "Благородный рыцарь" - "благородный" описывает рыцарские качества рыцаря.
These semantic types of epithets demonstrate the variety of ways in which language can be used
to describe and characterize nouns, giving depth, imagery and meaning to communication.
21) What structural types of epithets do you know?
Epithets, descriptive words or phrases that characterize a person or thing, can be classified into several
structural types based on their form and composition. Here are some common types:
1. Simple Epithet (Single-Word):
* Structure: Consists of a single adjective or adverb that directly modifies the noun.
* Examples: brave knight, dark forest, swiftly flowing river
2. Compound Epithet:
* Structure: Formed by combining two or more words, usually adjectives or adverbs, to create a single
descriptive unit.
* Examples: ice-cold water, sugar-sweet candy, ever-lasting love
3. Phrase Epithet:
* Structure: A descriptive phrase that functions as an epithet, often using prepositional phrases or
participial phrases.
* Examples: knight in shining armor, woman with a heart of gold, river flowing through the valley
4. Transferred Epithet:
* Structure: An epithet that is transferred from the noun it logically modifies to another noun in the
sentence, creating a figurative association.
* Examples: sleepless night (the night is not sleepless, but the people experiencing it are), restless wind
(the wind itself is not restless, but it causes restlessness)
5. Appositive Epithet:
* Structure: A noun or noun phrase placed next to another noun to describe or rename it.
* Examples: William the Conqueror, London, the capital city, Venus, the goddess of love
6. Kenning:
* Structure: A metaphorical compound phrase or expression used in place of a simple noun, often found
in Old English and Old Norse poetry.
* Examples: whale-road (sea), battle-sweat (blood), sky-candle (sun)

22) What meaning is foregrounded in a hyperbole?

Hyperbole, a figure of speech that uses exaggeration for emphasis or effect, foregrounds
intensification and emotional impact. While the literal meaning is often outlandish or impossible, the
focus lies on amplifying the underlying emotions, attitudes, or ideas.
Here's how hyperbole foregrounds meaning:
1. Emphasis and Exaggeration:
* Hyperbole magnifies a quality, characteristic, or action to a point of absurdity. This deliberate
exaggeration draws attention to the element being emphasized and creates a sense of significance or
importance.
2 Emotional Impact:
* By stretching the boundaries of reality, hyperbole evokes strong emotional responses. It can convey
intense feelings like joy, anger, frustration, love, or fear in a dramatic and memorable way.
3. Humor and Playfulness:
* Hyperbole often creates humor and playfulness due to the obvious exaggeration. It can be used to
lighten a mood, create irony, or add a touch of whimsy to language.
4. Figurative Meaning:
* While the literal meaning is not intended to be taken seriously, hyperbole conveys a figurative meaning
that reveals the speaker's attitude or perspective. It can be used to emphasize personal opinions, beliefs, or
judgments.
Examples:
*"I'm so hungry I could eat a horse." (Emphasizes extreme hunger)
* "She's as light as a feather." (Exaggerates lightness and delicateness)
* "I've told you a million times!" (Expresses frustration and repeated attempts)
* "This bag weighs a ton!" (Highlights the heaviness of the bag)

23) What is understatement? In what way does it differ from hyperbole?

Understatement is a figure of speech that deliberately downplays, minimizes, or represents something as
less important or serious than it actually is. It achieves its effect by creating a contrast between what is
said and what is actually meant, often leading to irony or subtle humor.
Difference from Hyperbole:
Understatement stands in direct contrast to hyperbole. While hyperbole exaggerates for emphasis,
understatement underplays for effect. Here's a table summarizing the key differences:
Examples of Understatement:
* "It's a bit windy." (during a hurricane)
* "I was somewhat surprised." (after winning the lottery)
* "The exam was not too bad." (after getting a perfect score)
* "He's not the friendliest person." (referring to someone extremely rude)
Effects of Understatement:
* Irony and Humor: The contrast between the statement and reality creates irony, often leading to humor
or amusement.
* Subtlety and Implication: Understatement can be a more subtle way to express strong emotions or
opinions, leaving room for the listener to infer the true meaning.
* Emphasis through Contrast: By downplaying something, it can paradoxically draw attention to its
significance, making it appear even more important or serious.
* Maintaining Composure: Understatement can be used to maintain composure or appear calm in a
situation that might otherwise evoke strong emotions

24) What is an oxymoron and what meanings are foregrounded in its formation?
An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines two contradictory or opposite terms in a single
expression. This juxtaposition of contrasting words creates a paradoxical effect, often highlighting a
complex or multifaceted concept.
Foregrounded Meanings in Oxymoron Formation:
The combination of opposing terms in an oxymoron foregrounds several interesting meanings and effects:
1. Paradox and Complexity:
* The core meaning of an oxymoron lies in its inherent paradox. By bringing together contradictory ideas,
it reveals the complexities and contradictions that exist within a single concept or situation.
2. Emphasis and Intensity:
* The unexpected combination of opposites creates emphasis and draws attention to the specific qualities
being described. It intensifies the expression and makes it more memorable.
3. Figurative Meaning and Deeper Insights:
* Oxymorons often go beyond the literal meaning of the individual words to convey a deeper, figurative
meaning. They can reveal hidden truths, expose ironies, or offer fresh perspectives on familiar ideas.
4. Emotional Impact and Ambiguity:
* The contrasting emotions associated with the opposing terms can evoke complex emotional responses
in the reader or listener. It can create a sense of ambiguity, tension, or even humor.
Examples of Oxymorons:
* Deafening silence: Highlights the intensity of the silence that is so profound it almost feels loud.
* Living dead: Refers to someone who is alive but lacks vitality or purpose, suggesting a state of
emptiness or stagnation.
* Cruel kindness: Describes an act that seems kind on the surface but has negative consequences or
ulterior motives.
* Wise fool: Suggests that someone who appears foolish may possess hidden wisdom or insights.

25) What punctuation marks do you know and what is their stylistic potential?
Punctuation marks play a crucial role in written communication, not only for clarity and structure but also
for stylistic expression. Here are some common punctuation marks and their potential stylistic effects:
1. Period (.)
* Function: Marks the end of a declarative sentence or an indirect question.
* Stylistic Potential: Can create a sense of finality, decisiveness, or abruptness depending on the context.
2. Comma (,)
* Function: Separates elements in a list, sets off introductory phrases, separates clauses, and indicates
pauses within a sentence.
* Stylistic Potential: Can create rhythm and pacing, emphasize certain elements, and add clarity or
complexity to sentence structure.
3. Semicolon (;)
* Function: Joins two independent clauses that are closely related in thought.
* Stylistic Potential: Creates a closer connection between clauses than a period would, suggesting a
continuation or building of ideas.
4. Colon (:)
* Function: Introduces a list, explanation, quotation, or amplification of a previous statement.
* Stylistic Potential: Creates anticipation and signals that important information or a direct quote follows.
5. Question Mark (?)
* Function: Marks the end of a direct question.
* Stylistic Potential: Can express curiosity, doubt, uncertainty, or a challenge depending on the context.
6. Exclamation Point (!)
* Function: Marks the end of an exclamatory sentence or interjection.
* Stylistic Potential: Conveys strong emotions such as excitement, surprise, anger, or emphasis. Overuse
can diminish its impact.
7. Quotation Marks (“ ” or ‘ ’)
* Function: Enclose direct quotations, titles of short works, or words used in a special way.
* Stylistic Potential: Can set apart certain words or phrases for emphasis, irony, or to indicate a specific
meaning or usage.
8. Dash (— or –)
* Function: Indicates a break in thought, an interruption, or a shift in tone. Can also be used to set off
parenthetical elements.
* Stylistic Potential: Creates a stronger pause or emphasis than a comma, adding drama or a sense of
informality to the writing.
9. Ellipsis (...)
* Function: Indicates omission of words, trailing off of thought, or a pause in speech.
* Stylistic Potential: Can create suspense, suggest unspoken thoughts, or imply a sense of incompleteness.

10. Parentheses ( )
* Function: Enclose additional information or an aside that is not essential to the main sentence.
* Stylistic Potential: Can add clarification, provide context, or insert a humorous or ironic comment

26) What is a rhetorical question?

A rhetorical question is a question that is asked not to elicit a direct answer but rather to make a point,
emphasize an idea, or provoke thought. The answer may be obvious, implied, or not even expected.
Purposes of Rhetorical Questions:
Rhetorical questions serve various purposes in writing and speech:
* Emphasis and Persuasion: By posing a question that already implies the answer, the speaker or writer
can strongly emphasize a particular point or perspective.
* Engagement and Attention: Rhetorical questions can draw the audience's attention and encourage them
to actively consider the topic at hand.
* Introducing a Topic or Argument: A rhetorical question can effectively introduce a new topic or line of
reasoning, sparking curiosity and inviting further discussion.
* Expressing Emotions or Attitudes: Rhetorical questions can convey strong emotions like anger,
frustration, sarcasm, or excitement, depending on the context and delivery.
* Creating a Dramatic Effect: The use of rhetorical questions can add drama and emphasis to a speech or
piece of writing, making it more memorable and impactful.
Examples of Rhetorical Questions:
* "Can't you see what you've done?" (Emphasizes the obviousness of a mistake)
* "Who doesn't love a good story?" (Implies that everyone enjoys stories)
* "Are we going to stand for this injustice?" (Calls for action and expresses outrage)
* "What is the meaning of life?" (Prompts reflection on a philosophical question)
Identifying Rhetorical Questions:
Rhetorical questions can often be identified by the following characteristics:
* Obvious or implied answer: The answer to the question is usually clear from the context or easily
inferred.
* Lack of expectation for a response: The speaker does not pause or wait for an actual answer.
* Emphasis and emotional impact: The question is often delivered with strong intonation or emphasis.
* Purpose beyond information seeking: The primary goal is to make a point, persuade, or evoke an
emotional response.

27) What types of repetition do you know?

Repetition is a common literary device used to create emphasis, rhythm, and clarity in writing. There are
several types of repetition, including:
1. Anaphora: Repeating a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences.
2. Epistrophe: Repeating a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses or sentences.
3. Alliteration: Repeating the initial consonant sounds in adjacent or closely connected words.
4. Assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words.
5. Consonance: Repetition of consonant sounds in nearby words.
6. Parallelism: Repeating a grammatical structure or pattern for rhetorical effect.
7. Polysyndeton: Repeating conjunctions within a sentence for emphasis.
8. Anadiplosis: Repeating the last word of a clause at the beginning of the next clause.
9. Chiasmus: Repeating ideas in inverted order for emphasis or stylistic effect.
10. Repetition of key themes or motifs throughout a piece of writing for reinforcement or thematic
development.
These types of repetition can enhance the impact of writing and contribute to its overall effectiveness.

28) What constructions are called parallel?

Parallel constructions, also known as parallelism or parallel structure, refer to using the same grammatical
form or structure in a series of words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence. This technique helps to create
balance and clarity in writing, making it easier for the reader to understand the information presented.
Common examples of parallel constructions include using consistent verb tenses, maintaining a consistent
phrasing structure, and ensuring parallelism in lists or comparisons within a sentence.

29) What is chiasmus?

Chiasmus is a rhetorical device and a figure of speech in which two or more clauses are related to each
other through a reversal of structures in order to make a larger point. It is essentially an "inverted
parallelism," where the second half of the expression is balanced against the first with the parts reversed.
Structure of Chiasmus:
The basic structure of a chiasmus follows an A-B-B-A pattern, where:
* A represents the first idea or phrase.
* B represents the second idea or phrase.
* The second part of the chiasmus mirrors the first part but with the elements reversed.
Examples of Chiasmus:
* "By day the frolic, and the dance by night." (Samuel Johnson) - Here, "day" and "night" are reversed,
along with their corresponding activities.
* "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." (John F. Kennedy) -
This famous quote uses chiasmus to emphasize the contrast between individual responsibility and
national service.
* "You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget." (Cormac
McCarthy) - This example explores the complex relationship between memory and forgetting.
Effects of Chiasmus:
Chiasmus can have several effects on writing and speech:
* Emphasis and Balance: The reversal of structure draws attention to the ideas being presented and
creates a sense of balance and symmetry.
* Memorable and Impactful: The unique structure of chiasmus makes it more memorable and impactful
for the audience.
* Clarity and Comparison: Chiasmus can clarify relationships between contrasting ideas or highlight
similarities and differences.
* Aesthetic Appeal: The use of chiasmus adds a layer of sophistication and elegance to the language.

30) What syntactical stylistic devices dealing with arrangement of sentence members do
you remember?
Here are some syntactical stylistic devices dealing with the arrangement of sentence members:
Inversion: This is when the normal order of subject-verb or verb-object is reversed. It can be used for
emphasis, formality, or to introduce a question. (e.g. "Never have I seen such a sight!" - emphasis)
Parallelism: This is the repetition of a similar grammatical structure in successive phrases or clauses. It
creates a sense of rhythm and balance. (e.g. "I came, I saw, I conquered." - Julius Caesar)
Chiasmus: This is a special type of parallelism where the grammatical structures are mirrored but with a
reversal in the order of the elements. (e.g. "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can
do for your country." - John F. Kennedy)
Asyndeton: This is the omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. It can create a sense
of urgency or informality. (e.g. "I came, I saw, I conquered." - Julius Caesar)
Polysyndeton: This is the excessive use of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. It can create
a sense of accumulation or slowness. (e.g. "He was rich, and famous, and powerful, and yet he was
unhappy.")
Anaphora: This is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses. It
can create emphasis, unity, or a sense of urgency. (e.g. "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight at
the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall
never surrender." - Winston Churchill)
Epiphora: This is the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive phrases or clauses. It can
create emphasis or a sense of conclusion. (e.g. "Here lies the body of William Yeats. Cast a cold eye On
life, on death. Honour and gain, Hunger and thirst and lust for life Drought them together. All that life can
give He gave Gave willingly. Honour and gain, Hunger and thirst and lust for life, Dust in the end." -
Epitaph by W. B. Yeats for himself)
Ellipsis: This is the deliberate omission of a word, phrase, or clause that can be easily understood from
the context. It can create a sense of informality or urgency. (e.g. "See you later!" - Ellipsis of "I will")
Detachment: This is when a single word, phrase, or clause is separated from the main sentence by
commas, dashes, or parentheses. It can create emphasis or introduce additional information. (e.g. "John,
the tallest boy in class, easily dunked the basketball." - Detachment)
These are just a few examples, and there are many other syntactical stylistic devices used to create
different effects in writing and speaking

31) What types of inversion do you know?

Types of Inversion:
Inversion refers to the reversal of the usual word order in a sentence. This can be done for various
reasons, including adding emphasis, creating a particular rhythm or style, or highlighting specific
information. Here are some common types of inversion:
1. Subject-Verb Inversion:
* This is the most common type of inversion, where the verb comes before the subject. It often occurs in
questions:
* "Are you coming to the party?" (Instead of "You are coming to the party?")
* It can also be used in sentences beginning with negative adverbs or adverbial phrases:* "Never have I
seen such a beautiful sunset." (Instead of "I have never seen such a beautiful sunset.")
* "Only after he left did I realize what had happened." (Instead of "I realized what had happened only
after he left.")
2. Locative Inversion:
* This type of inversion occurs when a sentence begins with a prepositional phrase of place, followed by
the verb and then the subject: * "In the garden sat a little girl." (Instead of "A little girl sat in the
garden.")
3. Inversion for Emphasis:
* Inversion can be used to emphasize a particular word or phrase by placing it at the beginning of the
sentence:
* "Beautiful beyond words was the landscape." (Instead of "The landscape was beautiful beyond
words.")
4. Inversion in Conditional Sentences:
* In some conditional sentences, the "if" clause can be omitted, and the verb comes before the subject: *
"Had I known, I would have helped you." (Instead of "If I had known, I would have helped you.")
5. Inversion in Poetic Language:
* Inversion is frequently used in poetry to create rhythm, rhyme, or a particular stylistic effect.
Effects of Inversion:
* Emphasis: Inversion can draw attention to specific words or ideas by placing them in an unexpected
position.
* Variety and Style: It can add variety and stylistic flair to writing and speech.
* Formal Tone: Inversion can create a more formal or literary tone.
It's important to use inversion judiciously, as overuse can make writing seem awkward or overly formal.

32) What is suspense, how is it used and what is its function?

Suspense is a literary device that authors use to create a feeling of anticipation, excitement, and tension in
the reader. It leaves the reader uncertain and eager to know what will happen next, effectively keeping
them engaged and invested in the story.
How is Suspense Used?
Authors employ various techniques to build suspense:
* Withholding Information: The author might deliberately keep crucial information hidden from the
reader, creating a sense of mystery and encouraging them to speculate about what might happen.
* Foreshadowing: Hints and clues about future events are dropped, creating a sense of anticipation and
dread.
* Cliffhangers: Chapters or scenes end at critical moments, leaving the reader in suspense and eager to
discover the outcome.
* Pacing: The speed at which the story unfolds is controlled. Fast-paced scenes can create a sense of
urgency and excitement, while slower moments allow tension to build gradually.
* Description and Imagery: Vivid descriptions of settings, characters, and actions can immerse the reader
in the story and heighten their emotional response.
* Character Development: The reader becomes invested in the characters and their fates, increasing their
concern and curiosity about what will happen to them.
Function of Suspense:
* Engagement and Entertainment: Suspense is a powerful tool for captivating the reader and keeping
them glued to the pages. It makes the reading experience more enjoyable and exciting.
* Emotional Impact: It evokes a range of emotions in the reader, such as fear, anxiety, curiosity, and
anticipation.
* Plot Development: Suspense helps to drive the plot forward and keeps the reader invested in the story's
outcome.
* Thematic Exploration: It can be used to explore themes of uncertainty, danger, and the unknown.
Examples of Suspense in Literature:
* Mystery novels: The entire genre revolves around building suspense as the detective investigates a
crime and uncovers clues.
* Thriller novels: These stories use suspense to create a sense of danger and excitement, often keeping the
protagonist and the reader on the edge of their seats.
* Horror stories: Suspense is essential in building fear and anticipation of the unknown or the monstrous.

33) What types of connecting syntactical units do you know? Which of them are used to
Connecting syntactical units are words or phrases that link different parts of a sentence or paragraph,
ensuring coherence and smooth transitions. They help to establish relationships between ideas, indicate
logical flow, and guide the reader through the text.
Here are some common types of connecting syntactical units:
1. Conjunctions:
* Coordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal
grammatical rank. The most common coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
(FANBOYS).
* Example: "She studied hard, but she still failed the exam."
* Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions connect a subordinate clause to a main clause,
indicating a dependent relationship. Examples include after, although, as, because, before, if, since,
unless, until, when, where, while.
* Example: "Although he was tired, he continued working."
2. Conjunctive Adverbs:
* These adverbs connect clauses or sentences and show relationships such as contrast, cause and effect, or
addition. Examples include however, therefore, moreover, nevertheless, consequently, furthermore, thus.
* Example: "She was feeling unwell; however, she decided to go to work."
3. Transitional Phrases:
* These phrases are groups of words that act as bridges between ideas, indicating transitions or shifts in
thought. Examples include in addition, on the other hand, as a result, for example, in conclusion.
* Example: "In addition to her talent, she was also very hardworking."
4. Relative Pronouns:
* Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses, which provide additional information about a noun or
pronoun in the main clause. Examples include who, whom, whose, which, that.
* Example: "The woman who lives next door is a doctor."
5. Prepositions:
* Prepositions can also connect words and phrases by showing relationships of time, place, direction, or
other connections. Examples include in, on, at, to, from, with, by, about, for.
* Example: "The book is on the table."
Using Connecting Syntactical Units for Different Purposes:
a) Addition: and, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides
b) Contrast: but, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, yet, in contrast
c) Cause and Effect: because, so, therefore, as a result, consequently, thus
d) Time: after, before, when, while, until, since, as soon as
e) Example: for example, for instance, such as, namely, to illustrate
f) Conclusion: in conclusion, therefore, thus, to sum up, in summary

34) create additional information and achieve a specific effect?

Connecting syntactical units not only link parts of a sentence or paragraph but can also be used
strategically to:
1. Provide Additional Information:

* Relative Clauses: These clauses, introduced by relative pronouns, add details and descriptions to nouns
or pronouns.
* Example: "The man, who was wearing a blue hat, walked into the store."
* Appositives: Noun phrases that rename or provide additional information about a noun.
* Example: "My friend, a talented musician, will be performing tonight."
* Participial Phrases: Phrases containing a present or past participle that function as adjectives, adding
descriptive details.
* Example: "Exhausted from the long journey, she fell asleep immediately."
2. Achieve Specific Effects:
* Emphasis:
* Fronting: Placing a word or phrase at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis.
* Example: "Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset."
* Cleft Sentences: Using structures like "It was…that" or "What…was" to highlight a specific element.
* Example: "It was her kindness that impressed me the most."
* Contrast:
* Conjunctions like "but" and "however": These create a clear contrast between ideas.
* Example: "He studied hard, but he still failed the exam."
* Cause and Effect:
* Conjunctions like "because" and "so": These establish causal relationships between events or actions.
* Example: "She was late because her car broke down."
* Addition:
* Conjunctions like "and" and "also": These simply add information or ideas.
* Example: "She enjoys reading and writing."
Examples of Achieving Specific Effects:
* Building Suspense: Using short sentences and coordinating conjunctions like "and" can create a sense
of urgency and anticipation.
* Creating a Formal Tone: Employing more complex sentence structures and subordinating conjunctions
can contribute to a formal style.
* Adding Humor: Using unexpected conjunctions or transitions can create a humorous effect.

35) Speak about asyndeton and its functions.

Asyndeton is a literary device that involves the deliberate omission of conjunctions between words,
phrases, or clauses. While conjunctions typically serve to connect and clarify relationships between
elements, asyndeton creates a different effect by allowing the elements to stand independently.
Functions of Asyndeton:
* Speed and Concision: By removing conjunctions, asyndeton accelerates the pace of the sentence,
creating a sense of urgency or rapid movement. It makes the writing more concise and direct.
* Example: "He ran, jumped, landed, rolled."
* Emphasis and Impact: Asyndeton can place equal weight on each element in a series, emphasizing their
individual importance and creating a sense of parallelism.
* Example: "Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." -
Abraham Lincoln
* Emotional Intensity: The abruptness of asyndeton can evoke strong emotions and convey a sense of
excitement, passion, or chaos.
* Example: "I came, I saw, I conquered." - Julius Caesar
* Dramatic Effect: In dramatic writing, asyndeton can be used to build tension and heighten the impact of
a scene or action.
* Poetic Rhythm and Style: Asyndeton can contribute to the rhythm and flow of poetry or prose, creating
a distinct stylistic effect.
Examples of Asyndeton in Literature:
* "And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell:
and great was the fall of it." - Matthew 7:27 (The Bible)
* "I slithered, I swung, I slithered some more." - Shel Silverstein, "Boa Constrictor"
* "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in
the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender." - Winston Churchill

36) Discuss polysyndeton.

Polysyndeton is a literary device that involves the deliberate use of conjunctions between words, phrases,
or clauses, even when they could be omitted grammatically. This repetition of conjunctions creates a
distinct rhythm and emphasizes the interconnectedness of the elements.
Functions of Polysyndeton:
* Emphasis and Amplification: By repeating conjunctions, polysyndeton draws attention to each element
in a series, giving them equal weight and importance. It creates a sense of accumulation and amplifies the
overall effect.
* Example: "And the rain fell, and the wind blew, and the thunder roared."
* Unity and Connection: Polysyndeton reinforces the connection between elements, highlighting their
interdependence and creating a sense of unity.
 * Example: "She was tired and hungry and frustrated."
* Rhythm and Flow: The repetition of conjunctions can create a specific rhythm or cadence in the writing,
contributing to a poetic or lyrical style.
* Example: "And the waves crashed and the seagulls cried and the sun dipped below the horizon."
* Emotional Impact: Polysyndeton can evoke a range of emotions, such as excitement, urgency, or even a
sense of despair, depending on the context and the chosen conjunction.
* Example: "She searched and searched and searched, but she could not find him."
* Childlike Innocence: The repetitive nature of polysyndeton can sometimes evoke a childlike voice or
perspective.
Examples of Polysyndeton in Literature:
* "Let the whitefolks have their money and power and segregation and sarcasm and big houses and
schools and lawns like carpets, and books, and mostly–mostly–let them have their whiteness." - Maya
Angelou, "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings"
* "The river, and the mountains, and the sky, are reflected in its bosom, and in his own mind is reflected
the beauty of nature." - Henry David Thoreau, "Walden"
* "And Joshua, and all of Israel with him, took Achan the son of Zerah, and the silver, and the garment,
and the wedge of gold, and his sons, and his daughters, and his oxen, and his asses, and his sheep, and his
tent, and all that he had." - Joshua 7:24 (The Bible)
Polysyndeton is a versatile tool that can be used to achieve various effects in writing. When used
effectively, it can enhance clarity, create a specific rhythm, and evoke strong emotions in the reader.

37) What is attachment(gap-sentence link, annexation)? When and where is it used? (in the
dialogue, reported speech, entrusted narrative)
Attachment, also known as gap-sentence link or annexation, is a syntactical device used to connect a
sentence or clause that provides additional information to a preceding sentence. It acts as a bridge, filling
in a gap or expanding on something mentioned earlier. The attached element is often separated by a
comma or dash and is not grammatically essential to the main clause.
Types of Attachment:
* Appositive Attachment: An appositive phrase renames or provides additional information about a noun
in the main clause.
* Example: "Her latest novel, a gripping mystery, has received rave reviews."
* Participial Attachment: A participial phrase, containing a present or past participle, modifies a noun in
the main clause.
* Example: "Exhausted from the long journey, she fell asleep immediately."
* Absolute Attachment: An absolute phrase, containing a noun and a participle, adds information but is
not directly connected to any specific word in the main clause.
* Example: "Her eyes filled with tears, she turned and walked away."
When and Where is Attachment Used?
1. Dialogue: Attachment can be used to provide additional information about a speaker's actions,
thoughts, or emotions.
* Example: "“I don't know,” she said, shrugging her shoulders."
2. Reported Speech: When reporting what someone said, attachment can be used to clarify the context or
add details.
* Example: "He told me he was leaving, his voice filled with sadness."
3. Entrusted Narrative: In narrative writing, attachment can provide additional information about
characters, settings, or events.
* Example: "She walked down the street, her mind racing with possibilities."
Functions of Attachment:
* Adding Detail: Attachment provides additional information that enriches the main clause and creates a
more vivid picture for the reader.
* Clarifying Information: It can be used to clarify the context of a statement or action, avoiding
ambiguity.
* Creating Flow and Cohesion: Attachment helps to create a smooth flow between sentences and ideas,
improving the overall coherence of the text.
Using attachment effectively can enhance the depth and clarity of your writing, providing valuable
context and enriching the reader's understanding of the information presented.
38) What do you about antithesis? Why is it viewed separately from parallel constructions?
Antithesis is a rhetorical device that involves contrasting two opposite ideas in a sentence or a pair of
sentences to create a balanced effect. It is viewed separately from parallel constructions because while
parallelism involves using similar grammatical structures or patterns in a sentence for emphasis and
clarity, antithesis emphasizes the contrast between two opposing ideas. Antithesis is used to highlight the
difference between two concepts, whereas parallel constructions are used to show similarity or equality
between ideas. Both devices are used to create rhetorical impact in writing and speech, but they serve
different purposes in terms of emphasizing contrast versus similarity.

39) What is a simile and what is a simple comparison?

Both similes and simple comparisons are used to highlight similarities between two things, but they do it
in distinct ways. Here's a breakdown:
Simile:
* Definition: A figure of speech that directly compares two unlike things using connecting words,
typically "like" or "as."
* Purpose: To create a vivid image in the reader's mind and emphasize a specific quality or characteristic
shared by the two things.
* Examples:
* "He was as strong as an ox."
* "The moon was like a silver coin in the night sky."
* "Her eyes sparkled like diamonds."
Simple Comparison:
* Definition: A statement that points out a similarity between two things without using connecting words
like "like" or "as."
* Purpose: To inform the reader about a shared quality or attribute between two things in a
straightforward manner.
* Examples:
* "Her hair was the color of sunshine."
* "The room was an icebox."
* "He had a heart of gold."
Key Differences:
* Connecting Words: Similes explicitly use "like" or "as" to signal the comparison, while simple
comparisons do not.
* Figurative Language: Similes are considered figurative language, as they create a more imaginative and
evocative image, while simple comparisons are more literal.
* Emphasis: Similes tend to put more emphasis on the comparison itself, drawing attention to the specific
quality being compared, while simple comparisons focus more on the description of the object or subject.
In essence, similes are a more elaborate and expressive form of comparison, while simple comparisons
are more direct and factual. Both serve the purpose of highlighting similarities, but they do so with
different levels of emphasis and imagery.

40) What is the foundation of the simile? Its functions?

Foundation of Simile:
At its core, a simile is built upon the principle of analogy. It seeks to illuminate an unfamiliar or abstract
concept by comparing it to something familiar and concrete. This comparison relies on a shared quality or
characteristic between the two seemingly disparate things.
Functions of Simile:
1. Enhanced Imagery and Sensory Detail: Similes create vivid mental pictures by appealing to the reader's
senses. They can evoke sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and textures, making the writing more engaging and
memorable.
2. Clarification and Understanding: By comparing something unfamiliar to something familiar, similes
help readers grasp complex ideas or emotions more easily.
3. Emphasis and Exaggeration: Similes can be used to emphasize a particular quality or characteristic by
drawing a direct comparison. They can also exaggerate traits for dramatic or humorous effect.
4. Emotional Connection: Similes can evoke emotions and create a deeper connection between the reader
and the text. By relating abstract concepts to familiar experiences, they make the writing more relatable
and impactful.
5. Figurative Language and Style: Similes add depth and richness to writing by employing figurative
language. They contribute to the author's unique style and voice.
Examples of Simile Functions:
* Imagery: "The dancer moved like a willow in the wind." (evokes a visual image of grace and fluidity)
* Clarification: "Explaining the theory was like trying to nail Jell-O to a wall." (clarifies the difficulty of
the task)
* Emphasis: "He was as hungry as a bear after his workout." (emphasizes the intensity of his hunger)
* Emotional Connection: "Losing her was like losing a part of myself." (expresses the depth of grief)
Similes are powerful tools in the hands of skilled writers. They can bring clarity, depth, and beauty to the
written word, making writing more engaging and impactful for the reader.

41) What is litotes? What is there in common between litotes and understatement?
Both litotes and understatement are figures of speech that involve saying less than what is actually meant.
However, they achieve this in slightly different ways.
Litotes:
* Definition: A figure of speech that uses a negative statement to express a positive idea. It typically
involves using a negative word like "not" with an antonym of the intended meaning.
* Examples:
* "He is not a bad singer." (meaning he is a good singer)
* "The food was not unpleasant." (meaning the food was good)
* "She is not unattractive." (meaning she is attractive)
Understatement:
* Definition: A figure of speech that deliberately downplays or minimizes the significance of something.
It presents something as less important or serious than it actually is.
* Examples:
* "It rained a bit last night." (when it was a heavy downpour)
* "I was slightly disappointed." (when you were extremely disappointed)
* "He's quite good at playing the piano." (when he is an exceptional pianist)
Common Ground:
* Indirectness: Both litotes and understatement convey meaning indirectly by saying less than what is
intended.
* Emphasis through Downplay: Both figures of speech use downplay to emphasize the actual meaning.
By minimizing the positive or the negative, they draw attention to the true significance of the situation.
* Irony and Humor: Both litotes and understatement can be used to create irony or humor by highlighting
the discrepancy between what is said and what is meant.
Key Difference:

The key difference lies in the structure and approach. Litotes relies on negation and antonyms, while
understatement directly minimizes the significance of something without using negation.
Litotes and understatement are effective tools for writers and speakers who want to add subtlety and
sophistication to their language. They can be used to convey a variety of effects, from humor to emphasis
to irony, depending on the context.

42) Speak about the types of periphrasis.

Periphrasis is a fancy way of saying you're using more words than necessary. But it's not always bad! In
fact, periphrasis can be a useful stylistic device to achieve certain effects in your writing or speech.

There are two main ways to categorize periphrasis:

1. Figurative Periphrasis:
Metonymic: This type uses a closely related word or phrase to substitute for the original word.
Example: "The crown" instead of "the king" (the crown represents the monarchy)
Metaphoric: This uses a figurative expression to describe something else.
Example: "The liquid gold of the vine" instead of "wine" (wine is compared to gold)
2. Logical Periphrasis:
Syntactic: This rephrases a simple concept into a more complex grammatical structure.
Example: "There is a dog in the house" becomes "A dog can be found in the house" (uses a passive voice
construction)
Lexical: This substitutes a single word for a phrase or clause.
Example: "In conclusion" instead of "to summarize"
Here are some additional points to consider about periphrasis:
Euphemisms: These are a kind of periphrasis used to soften the impact of a harsh or unpleasant word or
phrase.
Example: "Passed away" instead of "died"
Formal language: Periphrasis is more common in formal writing and speech where a more elaborate style
is desired.
Clarity vs. Obscurity: While periphrasis can add nuance, it can also make your writing or speech unclear
if overused.

43) What are the main stylistic functions of periphrasis?

The main stylistic functions of periphrasis are:
Adding emphasis or nuance: By using more words than necessary, you can draw more attention to a
specific idea or concept. This can be useful for highlighting important points or adding subtlety to your
writing.
Creating a more formal tone: Periphrasis is more common in formal settings where a more elaborate style
is desired. It can add a sense of sophistication and seriousness to your writing.
Avoiding harsh or unpleasant phrasing (euphemisms): A common type of periphrasis is euphemisms,
which use indirect language to soften the impact of something negative or unpleasant.
Varying sentence structure for rhythm or flow: Using periphrasis can help you break up monotony and
create a more interesting rhythm in your sentences.

44) What narrative compositional forms are mainly represented in a рrosе work?
45) Which compositional forms are considered dynamic (narrative proper), static (description,
argumentation)? Why?
46) What types of language communication do you know?
47) What are the main characteristics of oral speech?
48) Enumerate functional styles of contemporary English.
49) What do you know about the scientific style?
50) Characterize the official style.
51) Discuss the peculiarities of the newspaper style.
52) What are the main features of the publicist style?
53) What is the status of belles-lettres style among other functional styles?
54) What dichotomies between the types and the forms of language communication
55) do you know? Do they correlate?
56) Can you think of any intermediate styles, boasting of qualities of the
57) two or even more "regular" styles?
58) Define the stylistic device used in the following phrase “I’d give worlds for it.”
59) The bulk of the English vocabulary is _____.
60) A rude word or expression, an obscene word is called _____.
61) Define the stylistic device used in the following phrase “She is horribly beautiful.”
62) Define the stylistic device used in the following phrase “I was scared to death when I saw his
face expression.”
63) Define the stylistic device used in the following phrase “I was scared to death when I saw his
face expression.”
64) Define the stylistic device used in the following phrase “He was dressed not without taste.”
65) Define the stylistic device used in the following phrase “Freddy was standing in front of the
fireplace with a ‘well-that’s-the-story-what-are-we-going-to-do-about-it’ air that made him a
focal point.”
66) Define the stylistic device. Meiosis is opposite to _____ .
The stylistic device "Meiosis" is opposite to hyperbole.
67) Give definition to “Oxymoron”. Give examples.
 "Oxymoron" is a figure of speech that combines contradictory terms. Example: "bittersweet,"
"jumbo shrimp," "deafening silence."
68) Give definition to “Metaphor”. Give examples.
"Metaphor" is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between
two unrelated things, suggesting a resemblance. Example: "The world
is a stage."
69) Give definition to “Indirect onomatopoeia”. Give examples.
"Indirect onomatopoeia" is a stylistic device where the sound of a word
imitates the sound it represents indirectly. Example: "The leaves
rustled softly."
70) Give definition to “Direct onomatopoeia”. Give examples.
71) "Direct onomatopoeia" is a stylistic device where the sound of a
word imitates the sound it represents directly. Example: "Buzz,"
"hiss," "moo."
72) Define the stylistic device used in the following phrase “… some people are smarter
than others, some people have more opportunity…, some people make more money
than others, some ladies make better cakes than others…”
The stylistic device used in the given phrase is parallelism, where
similar grammatical structures are repeated.
73) Define the stylistic device used in the following phrase “Eagerly I wished the
morrow…”
The stylistic device used in the given phrase is anaphora, where a word
or phrase is repeated at the beginning of successive clauses or
sentences.
74) Define the stylistic device used in the following phrase “They looked at hundreds of
houses; they climbed thousands of stairs; they inspected innumerable kitchens.”
75) Give definition to “Alliteration”. Give examples.
76) Give definition to “Slang”. Give examples.
77) Stylistic device the syntactic and semantic structures of which come to clashes is _____ .
78) Give definition. Anaphora is a rhetorical device in which _____ .
79) Give definition. Epiphora is a rhetorical device in which _____ .
80) Give definition . Framing is a rhetorical device in which _____ .
81) Give definition. Catch repetition is a rhetorical device in which _____ .
82) Give definition. Chain repetition is a rhetorical device in which _____ .
83) Find out the stylistic device. “A variety of periphrases, “a whitewashing device” – a
word/phrase used to replace an unpleasant or tabooed word/expression by a
conventionally more acceptable, mild, or less straightforward one.”
84) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence “He swallowed the hint with a
gulp and a gasp and a grin.”
85) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence “His voice was a dagger of
corroded brass.”
86) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence “Leaving Daniel to his fate, she
was conscious of joy springing in her heart.”
87) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence “Dinah, a slim, fresh, pale
eighteen, was yet fragile.”
88) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence “He made his way through the
perfume and conversation.”
89) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence “She saw around her red lips,
powdered cheeks, cold eyes.”
90) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence “After a while and a cake he crept
nervously to the door of the parlor.”
91) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence “There are two things I look for in
a man - a sympathetic character and full lips.”
92) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence “I haven’t planned a thing in three
years... I’m – I’m not a planner. I’m a liver.”
93) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence “I keep six honest serving-men
/They taught me all I know/Their names are What and Why and…” The stylistic device used
in the provided sentence is enumeration or listing. Specifically, the poet is listing the names
of six "honest serving-men" who represent different aspects of inquiry or questioning:
"What," "Why," "When," "How," "Where," and "Who." This device is often used to
emphasize a point or to create rhythm and structure within a piece of writing.
94) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence: “The next speaker was a tall man,
Sir Something Somebody” The stylistic device used in the provided sentence is "epithet." An
epithet is a descriptive term or phrase that expresses a characteristic of the person or thing
being described. In this case, "Sir Something Somebody" serves as an epithet because it
provides a descriptive label for the tall man without specifying his actual name.
95) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence: “He thoroughly disliked this
never-far-from-tragic look.”
The stylistic device used in the sentence "He thoroughly disliked this never-far-from-tragic
look" is litotes.

Litotes is a figure of speech that uses understatement to emphasize a point by stating the
negative of its opposite. In this case, "never-far-from-tragic" is a way of saying that the look
is almost always tragic, without directly stating it. This understatement actually intensifies
the meaning, highlighting the character's strong dislike for the look.
96) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence: “She was a sparrow of a woman.”
The stylistic device used in the provided sentence is "similar." A simile is a figure of speech
that compares two different things using the words "like" or "as" to create a vivid image or
understanding. In this sentence, the woman is compared to a sparrow using the phrase "of a
woman," indicating that she shares some characteristic(s) with a sparrow, such as being
small, delicate, or perhaps quick in movement.
97) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence: “He behaved pretty lousily to Jan.”
The stylistic device used in the sentence is colloquialism. It is informal language or slang that is
commonly used in spoken language but not in formal writing. In this sentence, "pretty lousily" is
a colloquial expression meaning poorly or badly.
98) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence: “Obviously – this is infection.
Obviously.” The stylistic device used in the provided sentence is "repetition." Repetition is a
rhetorical device where a word or phrase is repeated for emphasis or to convey a point more
forcefully. In this sentence, the word "obviously" is repeated for emphasis, underscoring the
speaker's certainty about the situation being described as an infection.
99) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence: “Women are not made for attack.
Wait they must.” Juxtaposition: As mentioned before, the sentence places contrasting ideas
side-by-side – women's unsuitability for attack and their forced passivity. This highlights the
unfairness and vulnerability of their situation.
100) Define the type of stylistic device used in the following sentence: “Don't use big words.
They mean so little.” The type of stylistic device used in the provided sentence is "irony."
Irony is a figure of speech where the intended meaning of words is different, often opposite,
from their literal meaning. In this sentence, the speaker instructs not to use big words
because they "mean so little," implying that despite their complexity, big words often convey
little actual meaning or significance. This statement is ironic because it contradicts the
typical expectation that big words convey more meaning.
101) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence: “Indian summer is like a
woman. Ripe, hotly passionate.” The stylistic device used in the provided sentence is
 "simile." A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using the words
"like" or "as" to create a vivid image or understanding. In this sentence, "Indian summer" is
compared to a woman using the simile "Indian summer is like a woman," suggesting that the
characteristics of an Indian summer, such as warmth and intensity, resemble those of a
passionate woman.
102) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence: “Of course it’s important.
Incredibly, urgently, desperately important.” The stylistic device used in the provided
sentence is "gradation" or "climax." Gradation involves arranging words, phrases, or
clauses in order of increasing importance, intensity, or emphasis. In this sentence, the
repetition of adverbs "incredibly, urgently, desperately" increases the intensity of
importance, emphasizing the significance of the subject matter. This creates a sense of
escalating urgency and emphasis, contributing to the overall impact of the statement.
103) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence: “Of course it’s important.
Incredibly, urgently, desperately important.” The stylistic device used in the provided
sentence is "gradation" or "climax." Gradation involves arranging words, phrases, or
clauses in order of increasing importance, intensity, or emphasis. In this sentence, the
repetition of adverbs "incredibly, urgently, desperately" increases the intensity of
importance, emphasizing the significance of the subject matter. This creates a sense of
escalating urgency and emphasis, contributing to the overall impact of the statement.
104) Define the type of stylistic device used in the following sentence: “Have you been seeing
any spirits? Or taking any?”
The stylistic device used in the sentence "Have you been seeing any spirits? Or taking any?" is a
pun.
Pun: A play on words that exploits different possible meanings of a word or the fact that two
words sound alike but have different meanings. In this case, the word "spirits" can refer to both
ghosts and alcoholic beverages. This creates a humorous ambiguity and a double meaning
within the sentence.
105) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence: “His jokes were sermons, and
his sermons jokes”.
The stylistic device used in the sentence "His jokes were sermons, and his sermons jokes" is
chiasmus.

Chiasmus: A rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by
the reversal of their structures in order to make a larger point. In this sentence, the structure of
the first clause ("His jokes were sermons") is reversed in the second clause ("his sermons
jokes"). This creates a sense of balance and emphasizes the idea that the man's jokes and
sermons were similar in some way, perhaps suggesting that they were both humorous, or
perhaps that they both contained moral lessons.
106) Define the stylistic device used in the following sentence: “This is a pity though, in this
sublime world that Pleasure’s a sin, and sometimes sin’s a pleasure”. The stylistic device
used in the sentence "This is a pity though, in this sublime world that Pleasure’s a sin, and
sometimes sin’s a pleasure" is a paradox. A paradox is a statement that appears self-
contradictory or logically absurd but may reveal a deeper truth or meaning. In this sentence,
the paradox lies in the juxtaposition of "Pleasure's a sin" and "sometimes sin's a pleasure."
It highlights the complex and contradictory nature of human experiences and moral
concepts, suggesting that what is considered pleasurable can sometimes be sinful, and what
is considered sinful can sometimes be pleasurable.
107) Give definition to “Irony”. Irony is a literary or rhetorical device in which there is a
discrepancy between what is said and what is meant, or between what is expected to happen
and what actually occurs. It often involves a situation where the intended meaning is
opposite to the literal meaning of the words used, creating a contrast that can be humorous,
satirical, or poignant. Irony can manifest in various forms, including verbal irony (where
 words express the opposite of their literal meaning), situational irony (where there is a
contrast between what is expected and what happens), and dramatic irony (where the
audience or reader knows something that the characters do not). Overall, irony adds depth
and complexity to literature, speech, and everyday communication by highlighting
incongruities or contradictions.
108) Define the stylistic device “foot of a bed” A dead metaphor is a figure of speech that has
lost its original metaphorical meaning due to overuse or conventionalization. It's a metaphor
that has become so familiar and ingrained in everyday language that its metaphorical
association is no longer consciously recognized by most speakers. Instead, it's interpreted
literally. For example, phrases like "the foot of the bed," "the face of the clock," or "the leg
of a table" were once metaphors, but they have become so commonplace that they are now
understood simply as descriptions of physical objects without invoking any metaphorical
imagery.
109) Expressive means of a language are
Expressive means of a language refer to the various linguistic tools and techniques used to
convey emotions, attitudes, or moods effectively. These means include:

1. **Figurative Language**: Devices such as similes, metaphors, personification, and

hyperbole add depth and emotion to language by comparing one thing to another or attributing
human qualities to non-human entities.
2. **Imagery**: Descriptive language that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, taste, touch,
smell) to evoke vivid mental images and emotional responses.
3. **Tone**: The attitude or mood conveyed by the speaker or writer through their choice of
words, sentence structure, and overall style.
4. **Rhythm and Sound Devices**: Techniques like alliteration, assonance, consonance, and
onomatopoeia enhance the musicality of language and contribute to its emotional impact.
6. **Diction**: The choice of words, including their connotations, denotations, and register,
influences the emotional tone and impact of a piece of writing.
7. **Repetition and Parallelism**: Repeating words, phrases, or grammatical structures can
emphasize key points or create a rhythmic effect that enhances emotional resonance.

These expressive means work together to create rich and nuanced communication, allowing
speakers and writers to convey complex emotions, attitudes, and perspectives effectively.
110) Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices are .
Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices are linguistic tools that manipulate both the lexical (word
choice) and syntactical (sentence structure) aspects of language to achieve specific stylistic
effects. These devices often involve the arrangement, repetition, or alteration of words and
phrases within sentences. Here are some examples:

1. **Parallelism**: This device involves the repetition of grammatical structures, such as

phrases or clauses, within a sentence or across sentences. It creates a sense of balance, rhythm,
and emphasis. For example: "Like father, like son."

2. **Chiasmus**: In chiasmus, words or phrases are repeated in reverse order to create a

mirror-like structure. This device adds symmetry and emphasis to a statement. For example:
"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."

4. **Ellipsis**: Ellipsis involves the deliberate omission of words or phrases that are implied by
the context. It creates a sense of conciseness or suspense. For example: "When the going gets
tough, the tough get going."
These lexico-syntactical stylistic devices are used by writers and speakers to enhance the
expressiveness, clarity, and impact of their language, adding richness and depth to their
communication.

111) Give example to metonymy.

Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one term is substituted for another with which it is
closely associated. Here's an example:
"The White House issued a statement today." In this sentence, "The White House" is used as a
metonymy for the government or the executive branch of the United States. The term "White
House" is substituted for the institution or authority that resides there.

112) Give example to simile.

A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using the words "like" or "as" to
create a vivid image or description. Here's an example:

1. "Her smile was as bright as the sun." In this sentence, the brightness of the person's smile is
being compared to the brightness of the sun using the word "as," which indicates a simile.

Similes are commonly used in literature, poetry, and everyday language to add depth and
imagery to descriptions
113) Explain the Stylistic device
Stylistic devices, also known as literary devices or figures of speech, are techniques used
by writers to enhance their writing and create specific effects on the reader. These
devices go beyond the literal meaning of words, adding depth, clarity, and impact to the
text. They can be employed in various forms of writing, including poetry, prose, drama,
and even everyday communication.

Here are some key points about stylistic devices:

Purpose:
* Enhance meaning: They add layers of meaning to the text, making it more interesting and
engaging.
* Create imagery: They paint vivid pictures in the reader's mind, evoking emotions and
sensory experiences.
* Emphasize ideas: They draw attention to important points and create a lasting
impression.
* Develop tone and mood: They help establish the overall atmosphere and feeling of the
text.
* Build rhythm and sound: They create pleasing sounds and patterns in the language,
making it more enjoyable to read or listen to.

Types of Stylistic Devices:

There are numerous stylistic devices, each with its unique function. Some common examples
include:
* Simile: Comparing two things using "like" or "as." (e.g., "Her eyes were like stars.")
* Metaphor: Comparing two things by saying one is the other. (e.g., "Life is a
journey.")
* Personification: Giving human qualities to non-human things. (e.g., "The wind
whispered secrets.")
* Hyperbole: Exaggeration for emphasis. (e.g., "I've told you a million times!")
* Sound devices:
 * Alliteration: Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. (e.g., "Peter
Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.")
* Irony: Saying the opposite of what is meant.
* Symbolism: Using symbols to represent ideas or qualities.
* Repetition: Repeating words or phrases for emphasis.

114) Give definition to Graphical stylistic means”. Give examples.

Graphical stylistic means, also known as visual stylistic devices or typographical devices, refer
to the intentional arrangement of text on a page to create a visual effect that complements or
enhances the meaning of the words. These devices go beyond the standard presentation of text
and use elements like spacing, font size and style, line breaks, and even symbols to create visual
imagery and evoke emotions in the reader.

Examples of Graphical Stylistic Means:

* Concrete poetry: The words are arranged on the page to form a shape or image that relates to
the poem's theme. This creates a visual representation of the poem's meaning.
* Calligram: A type of concrete poem where the text is arranged to form a specific image, often
the subject of the poem itself (e.g., a poem about a cat shaped like a cat).
* Typography: Using different fonts, sizes, and styles to emphasize certain words or phrases.
Bold or italicized text can highlight important points, while different fonts can create different
moods or tones.
* Line breaks: Breaking lines in unexpected places to control the pace of reading, create
emphasis, or mimic natural speech patterns.
* Spacing: Using white space on the page to create visual pauses, separate ideas, or guide the
reader's eye through the text.
* Alignment: Arranging the text in different ways, such as centered, justified, or flush left/right,
to create visual interest or suggest different meanings.
* Symbols and punctuation: Using symbols or punctuation marks in unconventional ways to
create visual imagery or add additional layers of meaning.

115) Give definition to “onomatopoeia”. Give examples.

Onomatopoeia refers to words that imitate the sounds they represent. These words directly evoke
the sound of the action or object they describe, creating a more vivid and sensory experience for
the reader or listener.
Examples of Onomatopoeia:
* Animal sounds:
* Woof, meow, moo, chirp, roar, hiss
* Sounds of nature:
* Boom (thunder), crackle (fire), whoosh (wind), drip (water), sizzle (frying)
* Sounds of objects:
* Tick-tock (clock), clang (bell), zoom (car), bang (door), pop (balloon)
* Human sounds:
* Cough, giggle, hiccup, murmur, whisper
Uses of Onomatopoeia:
* Creative writing: Poetry, prose, drama, and children's literature often use onomatopoeia to
bring the text to life.
* Comic books and graphic novels: Sound effects are frequently represented through
onomatopoeic words to enhance the visual storytelling.
* Advertising and marketing: Used to create memorable slogans and jingles.
* Everyday language: We use onomatopoeia in everyday conversation to describe sounds around
us.
116) Give definition to “assonance”. Give examples.
Assonance is a literary device that refers to the repetition of vowel sounds within words, close to
each other, in a phrase or sentence. While the consonant sounds around the vowels may differ,
the repeated vowel sounds create a sense of rhythm and musicality in the language.
**Examples of Assonance:**
* **"The b**ee**s kn**ee**d the sw**ee**t h**o**n**ey**." (Repetition of the short "e"
sound)
* **"H**o**w n**ow** br**ow**n c**ow**." (Repetition of the "ow" sound)
* **"The r**ai**n in Sp**ai**n falls m**ai**nly on the pl**ai**n." (Repetition of the long "a"
sound)
* **"The silken s**u**n sank low in the d**u**sk sky." (Repetition of the short "u" sound)
* **"The st**ea**my str**ea**m f**ea**sted on the f**ea**rs of men." (Repetition of the long
"e" sound)
Uses of Assonance:**
* **Poetry:** Assonance is a common tool used by poets to create musicality and rhythm in
their verses.
* **Prose:** Authors may use assonance to create a particular effect or enhance the sound of
their prose.
* **Song lyrics:** The repetition of vowel sounds helps to make lyrics catchy and memorable.
* **Advertising and marketing:** Used to create slogans and jingles that are pleasing to the ear
and easy to remember.

**Assonance, although a subtle technique, can significantly impact the sound and feel of
language. By paying attention to the sounds of words, writers can create a more engaging and
evocative experience for their readers.**

117) Define the stylistic device. Such words as “hiss”, “bowwow”, “murmur”, “bump”,
“grumble”, “sizzle” and many more are examples of.

The stylistic device exemplified by words like "hiss," "bowwow," "murmur," "bump,"
"grumble," and "sizzle" is onomatopoeia.

These words imitate the sounds they represent, creating a vivid and sensory experience for the
reader or listener by directly evoking the sounds of actions, objects, or animals.

118) Zeugma restores the literal original meaning of the word, which also occurs in ...
Zeugma restores the literal original meaning of the word, which also occurs in ...
violation of phraseological units
Zeugma is a rhetorical device where a single word is used to govern or modify two or more
words although its use is grammatically or logically correct with only one. It can occur in various
forms, such as syntactical zeugma, where a single verb or adjective applies to multiple parts of a
sentence, or semantic zeugma, where a word carries different meanings in relation to the other
words it modifies. An example of zeugma is: "He stole both her heart and her wallet." Here, the
verb "stole" applies both literally to "wallet" and metaphorically to "heart."
119) Define the stylistic device. As an example of_________the famous lines of E.A. Рое may
serve: “... silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain ...”
The stylistic device exemplified by Edgar Allan Poe's lines "... silken sad uncertain rustling of
each purple curtain..." is synaesthesia.

Synaesthesia refers to a technique where one sense or sensation is described in terms of another.
In this case, Poe uses the tactile sensation of "silken" to describe the sound of the rustling
curtains, creating a richer and more evocative image for the reader. He also ascribes the
emotional quality of "sad" to the rustling, further blending sensory experiences.
120) The following phrase “Little Jon was born with a silver spoon in his mouth which was
rather curly and large” is an example of:
The phrase "Little Jon was born with a silver spoon in his mouth which was rather curly and
large" is an example of mixed metaphor.

A mixed metaphor occurs when two or more unrelated metaphors are combined in a single
sentence, creating a confusing or illogical image. In this case, the traditional metaphor of being
"born with a silver spoon in one's mouth" (meaning born into wealth and privilege) is mixed with
the literal description of the spoon being "curly and large," which creates a nonsensical image.

121) The given definition: “intentional violation of the graphical shape of a word (or word
combination) used to reflect its authentic pronunciation” is true for:
The given definition accurately describes the concept of orthographical transgression. This term
refers to intentionally violating the conventional spelling of a word or phrase to reflect its
authentic pronunciation, often in informal or dialectal contexts. Examples include writing
"gonna" instead of "going to" or "wanna" instead of "want to."

122) Define the stylistic device. __________ is an effective way of supplying information
about the speaker’s origin, social and educational background, physical or emotional
condition, etc.
The stylistic device that effectively supplies information about the speaker's origin, social and
educational background, physical or emotional condition, etc., is dialect.

Dialect refers to a variety of a language spoken by a particular group of people, often from a
specific region or social class. It can differ from the standard form of the language in terms of
pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. By using dialect, a writer can create more realistic and
believable characters and provide insights into their background and identity.

123) Define the stylistic device. The words “sellybrated” (celebrated), “bennyviolent”
(benevolent), “illygitmit” (illegitimate), “jewinile” (juvenile) are examples of:
Graphon. Graphon is a stylistic device that involves deliberately altering the spelling,
pronunciation, or arrangement of words to create a visual or auditory effect. It's often used
for humorous or rhetorical purposes. Examples of graphon include puns, wordplay, and
deliberate misspellings.
124) Define the stylistic device. The words “sellybrated” (celebrated), “bennyviolent”
(benevolent), “illygitmit” (illegitimate), “jewinile” (juvenile) are examples of:
Graphon. Graphon is a stylistic device that involves deliberately altering the spelling,
pronunciation, or arrangement of words to create a visual or auditory effect. It's often used
for humorous or rhetorical purposes. Examples of graphon include puns, wordplay, and
deliberate misspellings.

125) Define the stylistic device. The following “gimme” (give me), “lemme” (let me), “gonna”
(going to), “gotta” (got to) are examples of:
The stylistic device at play here is called "contraction." Contractions involve shortening words
by combining two or more words into one, typically by omitting one or more letters and
replacing them with an apostrophe. Examples include "gimme" (give me), "lemme" (let me),
"gonna" (going to), and "gotta" (got to). Contractions are commonly used in informal speech and
writing to convey a more casual or colloquial tone.
126) Define the stylistic device. The following phrase “Аlllll aboarrrrrd” is an example of
The stylistic device used in the phrase "Аlllll aboarrrrrd" is elongation or stretching of sounds.
This is a type of onomatopoeia, where the written word imitates the sound it represents.

Explanation:
* The elongated "a" and "r" sounds mimic the way a train conductor might draw out the
syllables when calling out "All aboard!"
* This elongation adds emphasis and creates a more vivid and engaging experience for the
reader, allowing them to almost hear the call in their mind.
127) Define the stylistic device. The following phrase: "Help. Help. HELP." is an example of:
The stylistic device used in the phrase "Help. Help. HELP." is repetition with increasing
intensity.
Explanation:
* Repetition: The word "Help" is repeated three times, emphasizing the urgency and
desperation of the situation.
* Increasing Intensity: The shift from lowercase to uppercase in the final repetition further
amplifies the desperation and creates a sense of escalation.

This combination effectively conveys a feeling of panic and a desperate plea for assistance.
128) Define the stylistic device. The following phrase: “grinning like a chim-pan-zee” is an
example of
The stylistic device used in the phrase "grinning like a chim-pan-zee" is simile.
Explanation:
* A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two unlike things using the words "like"
or "as".
* Here, the person's grin is being compared to that of a chimpanzee, known for their wide,
expressive grins.
* This comparison creates a vivid image in the reader's mind and emphasizes the wideness and
perhaps mischievousness of the person's grin.
129) Define the stylistic device. The following phrase: “Streaked by a quarter moon, the
Mediterranean shushed gently into the beach” is an example of:
This phrase employs several stylistic devices to create a vivid and evocative image:
* Personification: The Mediterranean Sea is given a human quality by being described as
"shushing," suggesting a gentle and calming sound of the waves.
* Metaphor: The phrase "streaked by a quarter moon" implies that the moonlight is reflected on
the water's surface, creating streaks of light.
* Imagery: The author uses descriptive language to create a sensory experience for the reader,
allowing them to imagine the scene of the moonlit sea gently rolling onto the beach.
130) Define the stylistic device. The following phrase: “He swallowed the hint with a gulp and
a gasp and a grin” is an example of …
The stylistic device used in the phrase "He swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp and a grin"
is called "alliteration." Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of
words in close proximity. In this example, the repeated "g" sound in "gulp," "gasp," and "grin"
creates a rhythmic and memorable effect, enhancing the flow and impact of the sentence.
131) Define the stylistic device. The following phrase: “Then, with an enormous, shattering
rumble, sludge-puff, sludge-puff, the train came into the station” is an example of:
This phrase uses a combination of stylistic devices to create a vivid and impactful description:
* Onomatopoeia: The words "sludge-puff" imitate the sound of the train, bringing the scene to
life and making it more engaging for the reader.
* Assonance: The repetition of the short "u" sound in "sludge-puff" creates a rhythmic effect
and emphasizes the sound of the train.
* Alliteration: The repetition of the "s" sound in "shattering" and "sludge" adds to the rhythmic
quality of the phrase.
* Imagery: The author uses descriptive language ("enormous, shattering rumble") to create a
sensory experience for the reader, allowing them to imagine the loud and powerful arrival of the
train.
132) Define the stylistic device. Substitution of the existing names approved by long usage and
fixed in dictionaries by new, occasional, individual ones is _____ .

The substitution of existing names with new, occasional, individual ones is called neologism.
Explanation:
* Neologism refers to the creation and use of new words or expressions.
* In this case, the "new words" are specifically replacing established names, suggesting a
deliberate effort to deviate from the norm and potentially create a unique identity or meaning for
the things being renamed.
133) Define the stylistic device. In “the face of London”, or “the pain of the ocean” we deal
with _____
The stylistic device used in these phrases is personification.

Explanation:

* Personification is attributing human qualities, characteristics, or actions to non-human

entities.
* In these examples, both "London" (a city) and "the ocean" (a body of water) are given human
attributes:
* "Face of London" suggests that the city has a personality or expression, like a human face.
* "Pain of the ocean" implies that the ocean can experience the sensation of pain, like a living
being.
134) Give definition to “personification”.
Personification is a figure of speech in which human qualities, characteristics, or actions are
attributed to non-human entities or abstract concepts. This means giving inanimate objects,
animals, or ideas the ability to act and feel like people.
Examples of Personification:
* The wind whispered secrets through the trees.
* The sun smiled down on the happy children.
* Opportunity knocked at his door.
* The car complained as it went up the hill.
Purpose of Personification:
* Creates vivid imagery: Personification helps readers or listeners imagine things in a more
lively and engaging way.
* Adds emotional depth: By giving human emotions to non-human things, personification can
evoke feelings and create a stronger connection with the subject.
* Emphasizes qualities: Personification can be used to highlight specific characteristics of the
non-human entity.
135) Define the stylistic device. Such words as the “pancake”, or “ball”, or “volcano” for the
“sun”; “silver dust”, “sequins” for “stars”; “vault”, “blanket”, “veil” for the “sky” are the
examples of…
The examples you provided, such as "pancake" for the sun, "silver dust" for stars, and "vault" for
the sky, illustrate the stylistic device of metaphor.
Explanation:
* A metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a direct comparison between two unlike things
without using the words "like" or "as."
* In these examples, the authors are using concrete, tangible objects (pancake, silver dust,
vault) to describe abstract or distant things (sun, stars, sky).
* This creates a more vivid and imaginative understanding of the subject matter.
136) Define the stylistic device. Which lexical SD is based on the relations between a part
and the whole?
This stylistic device is called "synecdoche." Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part
is used to represent the whole or vice versa. It is based on the relations between a part and the
whole, where a specific part of something is used to refer to the entire thing.
Sure, here are some examples of synecdoche:
1. "All hands on deck." (Here, "hands" represents the whole person.)
2. "The White House declared a statement." (Here, "White House" refers to the President or
the administration.)
3. "The city mourned the loss of one of its finest voices." (Here, "voice" represents the
person as a whole.)
4. "The pen is mightier than the sword." (Here, "pen" stands for the written word and
"sword" for military force.)
5. "The school sent two hundred brains to the science fair." (Here, "brains" refers to
students.)
These examples show how a part of something is used to represent the whole or vice versa,
creating a vivid and impactful image in the reader's mind.
137) Define the stylistic device. The conversational cliche “Will you have another cup?” is
a case of _____ .
The conversational cliche "Will you have another cup?" is a case of a rhetorical question. A
rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question that is asked to make a
point rather than to elicit an answer. In this case, the speaker is not necessarily seeking a
response about having another cup but rather using the question as a polite or conversational
way to offer more tea or coffee.

138) Define the stylistic device. In the following abstract “She wanted to have a lot of
children, and she was glad that things were that way, that the Church approved. Then the
little girl died. Nancy broke with Rome the day her baby died. It was a secret break, but
no Catholic breaks with Rome casually” is an example of

The stylistic device used in the given abstract is irony. Irony is a literary technique where
there is a contrast between what is expected and what actually occurs. In this case, the irony
lies in the fact that the character, Nancy, breaks with Rome (symbolizing the Catholic
Church) after the death of her baby, despite her initial approval and adherence to the
Church's teachings regarding having many children. The unexpected turn of events creates a
sense of irony in the passage.

139) Define the stylistic device. The following phrase “You have nobody to blame but
yourself. The saddest words of tongue or pen” is an example of:
Paradox: A paradox is a statement that seems contradictory or absurd at first, but upon
further consideration, may reveal a deeper truth. In this phrase, the idea that "The saddest
words of tongue or pen" suggests that words spoken or written can be profoundly sad, which
creates a paradoxical effect.

140) Define the stylistic device. Which lexical SD is also referred as paronomasia?
The stylistic device you're referring to is pun. It's also known as paronomasia, where words
with similar sounds but different meanings are used for humorous or rhetorical effect.

141) Give definition to “pun”

Examples:
1. I'm reading a book on anti-gravity. It's impossible to put down!
2. When does an astronaut eat?
At launch time.
A pun is a form of wordplay that exploits multiple meanings of a term, or different terms that
sound similar but have different meanings. Puns are often used for humor or to create a
clever or witty effect in language. They can involve homophones (words that sound alike but
have different meanings), double entendres (phrases with two interpretations, one usually
risqué), or other forms of linguistic ambiguity. Puns are commonly used in jokes, riddles, and
everyday conversation to add a playful or humorous twist to language.

142) Define the stylistic device. The following sentence “There comes a period in every
man’s life, but she is just a semicolon in his” is an example of:
The sentence "There comes a period in every man’s life, but she is just a semicolon in his" is
an example of a stylistic device known as a metaphor. A metaphor is a figure of speech that
directly refers to one thing by mentioning another for rhetorical effect. In this sentence, the
metaphor compares a woman to a semicolon, suggesting that she plays a minor or
insignificant role in the man's life compared to the significant "period" that comes in every
man's life. Metaphors are commonly used in literature and everyday language to create vivid
imagery, evoke emotions, or convey complex ideas in a more engaging way.

143) Define the stylistic device. The following sentence “He took his hat and his leave” is
an example of
The stylistic device used in the sentence "He took his hat and his leave" is an example of
zeugma. Zeugma is a figure of speech where a single word is used to govern or modify two
or more words in a sentence, although its use is grammatically or logically correct with only
one. In this example, "took" is applied both to "hat" and "leave," even though it logically fits
only with "hat."

144) Define the stylistic device. The following phrase “She went home, in a flood of tears
and a sedan chair” is an example of:
The stylistic device used in the phrase "She went home, in a flood of tears and a sedan chair"
is an example of hyperbole. Hyperbole is an exaggeration or overstatement used for
emphasis or to create a vivid impression. In this example, the image of someone going home
in both tears and a sedan chair is exaggerated for effect.

145) Define the stylistic device. The following phrase “The sun was like a large ball of
butter” is an example of:.
The stylistic device used in the phrase "The sun was like a large ball of butter" is an example
of a simile. A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two different things using
the words "like" or "as" to highlight a resemblance between them. In this example, the sun is
being compared to a large ball of butter using the word "like."

146) Define the stylistic device. The following sentence “The wall stared at me silently” is
an example of:
The stylistic device used in the sentence "The wall stared at me silently" is personification.
Personification is a figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstract concepts are
given human-like qualities or abilities. In this example, the wall is personified by being
described as if it has the human ability to stare silently

147) Define the stylistic device. The following sentence “If I do not eat my daily papaya, I
will surely die” is an example of:
The stylistic device used in the sentence "If I do not eat my daily papaya, I will surely die" is
hyperbole. Hyperbole is an exaggeration used for emphasis or effect. In this example, the
statement "I will surely die" is an exaggerated consequence of not eating papaya,
emphasizing the importance of eating it.

148) Define the stylistic device. The following sentence “The road was a ribbon of
moonlight” is an example of:
The stylistic device used in the sentence "The road was a ribbon of moonlight" is a metaphor.
A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly refers to one thing by mentioning another for
rhetorical effect, without using "like" or "as" as in a simile. In this example, the road is
compared to a ribbon of moonlight, suggesting that it gleamed or shone brightly like
moonlight on a ribbon.

149) Define the stylistic device. “The wise fool is burning my taco” employs what kind of
literary device?
The phrase "The wise fool is burning my taco" employs irony. Specifically, it utilizes
situational irony, where there's a contradiction between what is expected to happen and what
actually occurs. In this case, the wise fool, who is expected to act wisely, is ironically
burning the taco instead.

150) Define the stylistic device. Picture this literary scene: the main character hears a
scream, and then sees a man running out of the room with a bloody knife. You can often
come to the conclusion (most of the time) that he killed whoever just screamed, although
it never says outright that "the guy with the knife butchered the screamer." This type of
intelligent conclusion drawn by the reader based on clues and observations is called a(n)
_____ ?
The term you're looking for is "inference." In literature, an inference is a logical deduction or
conclusion drawn by the reader based on evidence, clues, and observations provided by the
author. In the scenario you described, the reader infers that the man with the bloody knife
likely committed the murder, even though it's not explicitly stated in the text.

151) Define the stylistic device. In the Fifth Act of the play (“Romeo and Juliet”), Romeo
arrives at the Capulet family tomb to find his love, Juliet, supposedly dead. However, we
in the audience know that Juliet is not really dead, she merely took a potion to make it
look like she was dead for her own motives. When the audience of a story knows more
than the characters involved, what type of irony is employed?
The type of irony employed when the audience knows more than the characters involved is
called dramatic irony. In dramatic irony, the audience is aware of information that one or
more characters are unaware of, leading to tension or humor as the events unfold. In the
scenario you described from "Romeo and Juliet," the audience knows that Juliet is not
actually dead, while Romeo believes she is, creating dramatic tension.

152) Define the stylistic device. If you were bullied by another kid on the playground, and
afterwards your friend came over and said “I'll bet you loved that” and you said “Of
course”, what type of irony is employed?
The type of irony employed in this scenario is sarcasm. Sarcasm is a form of verbal irony in
which someone says something with the intention to mock or convey contempt, often by
saying the opposite of what they actually mean. In this case, when you respond "Of course"
to your friend's suggestion that you loved being bullied, you're using sarcasm to convey your
true feelings, which are likely the opposite of what you're saying.

153) Define the stylistic device. “Flaming ice” is an example of what literary technique?
"Flaming ice" is an example of an oxymoron. An oxymoron is a figure of speech that
combines contradictory terms for effect. In this case, "flaming" and "ice" are opposites,
creating a striking contrast that emphasizes the incongruity of the two words being used
together.

154) Define the stylistic device. “I simultaneously composed and destroyed the opera
while writing it” is an example of what literary device?
The statement "I simultaneously composed and destroyed the opera while writing it" is an
example of paradox. A paradox is a statement that appears self-contradictory or logically
absurd, but upon closer examination, may reveal a deeper truth or meaning. In this example,
the idea of composing and destroying the opera at the same time seems contradictory, yet it
highlights the complex and perhaps conflicting nature of the creative process.

155) Define the stylistic device. "Bob is as brave as a lion” is an example of what literary
device?”
The statement "Bob is as brave as a lion" is an example of a simile. A simile is a figure of
speech that directly compares two different things using the words "like" or "as" to highlight
a resemblance between them. In this example, Bob's bravery is being compared to the
bravery of a lion, emphasizing his courage.
156) Define the stylistic device. “My mother always told me never to get close to any
danger, as that would be dancing with the devil. Little did I know that in my professional
ballroom dancing career, that is exactly what I would do” what type of literary device is
used?”
The literary device used in the passage is irony. Irony is when the intended meaning of a
statement is different from the literal meaning, often creating a contrast between expectation
and reality. In this case, the speaker's mother's warning about "dancing with the devil" is
intended metaphorically to mean avoiding danger, but the speaker ironically discovers that
they are literally "dancing" as a ballroom dancer, which involves embracing risk and
challenge.

157) Define the stylistic device. “In the movie “Casablanca” you expect the loving couple
to stay together, but then the girl hops off on a plane! Hey, that's not what I expected!”
What type of irony is employed in this instance?
The type of irony employed in this instance is situational irony. Situational irony occurs
when the outcome of a situation is different from what is expected or intended, often leading
to a reversal of expectations. In "Casablanca," the audience might expect the loving couple to
stay together, but then the girl unexpectedly leaves on a plane, defying those expectations
and creating a sense of surprise or irony.

158) Define the stylistic device. “Up went the bacon strips” is an example of what literary
technique? (This technique is used more often in poetry.)
The phrase "Up went the bacon strips" is an example of inversion. Inversion is a literary
technique where the normal word order of a sentence is reversed for emphasis or poetic
effect. In this example, the typical word order "The bacon strips went up" is reversed to "Up
went the bacon strips," creating a more impactful and rhythmic line, often found in poetry.

4. REQUIRED RESOURCES:
Basic references:
Гальперин, И. Р. English Stylistics / Стилистика английского языка. Учебник / И.Р.
Гальперин. - М.: Красанд, 2017.
Гальперин, И. Р. Очерки по стилистике английского языка. Опыт систематизации
выразительных средств / И.Р. Гальперин. - М.: Либроком, 2019.
Кухаренко В.А., Практикум по стилистике английского языка : Seminars in stylistics,
Москва, Издательство Флинта, 2009
 Т.А. Знаменская. Стилистика английского языка. Основы курса / Stylistics of the English
Language: Fundamentals of the Course. – М.: ЛКИ, 2008. – 224 с.
Stylistics A Resource Book for Students - Paul Simpson
Literature and Stylistics for Language Learners - Greg Watson and Sonia Zyngier
Language in Literature An Introduction to Stylistics - Michael Toolan
Additional literature/ materials
В.И. Шаховский. English Stylistics / Стилистика английского языка. – М.: ЛКИ, 2008. – 232
с.
И.Р. Гальперин. Стилистика английского языка / English Stylistics. – М.: Либроком, 2012. –
336 с.
Kathleen Wheeler. A Critical Guide to Twentieth–century Women Novelists. – М.: , 1998. – 456
с.
Richard W Bailey. English Stylistics – A Bibliography. – М.: , 2003. – 222 с.
Wallace Chafe. Discourse, Consciousness, and Time: The Flow and Displacement of Conscious
Experience in Speaking and Writing. – М.: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Sentence Combining: A Composing Book. – М.: , 1993.
А.Павлова. Three Level Textbook to "Three Men in a Boat" (+ CD-ROM). – М.: Константа,
2010. – 148 с.
В.И. Шаховский. English Stylistics / Стилистика английского языка. – М.: Либроком, 2013.
– 232 с.
И.Р. Гальперин. English Stylistics / Стилистика английского языка. Учебник. – М.:
Красанд, 2014. – 336 с.
Electronic resources:
1. Google-формы https://docs.google.com/form
2. Microsoft формы https://forms.office.com/
3. https://anketolog.ru/
4. https://quizizz.com
5. https://literary-devices.com/
6. https://engblog.ru/stylistics