Javascript Notes

JAVASCRIPT Notes
JAVASCRIPT
JavaScript is the scripting language of the Web.
JavaScript is used in millions of Web pages to add functionality, validate forms, detect browsers, and
much more.
Introduction to JavaScript
JavaScript is used in millions of Web pages to improve the design, validate forms, detect browsers, create
cookies, and much more.
JavaScript is the most popular scripting language on the Internet, and works in all major browsers, such
as Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera.
What is JavaScript?
• JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages
• JavaScript is a scripting language
• A scripting language is a lightweight programming language
• JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages
• JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without preliminary compilation)
Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license
Java and JavaScript are two completely different languages in both concept and design!
Java (developed by Sun Microsystems) is a powerful and much more complex programming language -
in the same category as C and C++.
What can a JavaScript Do ?

• JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML authors are normally not
programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone
can put small "snippets" of code into their HTML pages
• JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A JavaScript statement like this:
document.write("<h1>" + name + "</h1>") can write a variable text into an HTML page
• JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens,
like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element
• JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can read and change the content
of an HTML element
• JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used to validate form data before
it is submitted to a server. This saves the server from extra processing
• JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A JavaScript can be used to detect the
visitor's browser, and - depending on the browser - load another page specifically designed for
that browser
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• JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be used to store and retrieve
information on the visitor's computer.
JavaScript Variables
Variables are "containers" for storing information.
JavaScript variables are used to hold values or expressions.
A variable can have a short name, like x, or a more descriptive name, like carname.
Rules for JavaScript variable names:
• Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are two different variables)
• Variable names must begin with a letter or the underscore character
Note: Because JavaScript is case-sensitive, variable names are case-sensitive.
Example
A variable's value can change during the execution of a script. You can refer to a variable by its name to
display or change its value.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var firstname;
firstname="Welcome";
document.write(firstname);
document.write("<br />");
firstname="XYZ";
document.write(firstname);
</script>
<p>The script above declares a variable, assigns a value to it, displays the value, change the value,
and displays the value again.</p>
</body> </html>
Output : Welcome
XYZ
The script above declares a variable, assigns a value to it, displays the value, change the value, and
displays the value again.
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Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables
Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as "declaring" variables.
You can declare JavaScript variables with the var statement:
var x; var
carname;
After the declaration shown above, the variables are empty (they have no values yet).
However, you can also assign values to the variables when you declare them:
var x=5; var

carname="Scorpio";
After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will hold the value 5, and carname will hold
the value Scorpio.
Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, use quotes around the value.
Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables
If you assign values to variables that have not yet been declared, the variables will automatically
be declared. These statements:
x=5;
carname="Scorpio";
have the same effect as:
var x=5;
var carname="Scorpio";
Redeclaring JavaScript Variables
If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its original value.
var x=5;
var x;
After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will still have the value of 5. The value of x is
not reset (or cleared) when you redeclare it.
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DataTypes
• Numbers - are values that can be processed and calculated. You don't enclose them in quotation
marks. The numbers can be either positive or negative.
• Strings - are a series of letters and numbers enclosed in quotation marks. JavaScript uses the
string literally; it doesn't process it. You'll use strings for text you want displayed or values you
want passed along.
• Boolean (true/false) - lets you evaluate whether a condition meets or does not meet specified
criteria.
• Null - is an empty value. null is not the same as 0 -- 0 is a real, calculable number, whereas null is
the absence of any value.
Data Types
TYPE EXAMPLE
Numbers Any number, such as 17, 21, or 54e7
Strings "Greetings!" or "Fun"
Boolean Either true or false
Bigint 9999999999999999n, Any number greater than 15 digits
Null A special keyword for exactly that – the null value (that is, nothing)
Object [1,2,3] or date or {firstName:"John", lastName:"Doe", age:50, eyeColor:"blue"}
JavaScript Arithmetic
As with algebra, you can do arithmetic operations with JavaScript variables:
y=x-5;
z=y+5;
JavaScript Operators
The assignment operator = is used to assign values to JavaScript variables.
The arithmetic operator + is used to add values together.
y=5;
z=2;
x=y+z;
The value of x, after the execution of the statements above is 7.
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JavaScript Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic between variables and/or values.
Given that y=5, the table below explains the arithmetic operators:
Operator Description Example Result
+ Addition x=y+2 x=7
- Subtraction x=y-2 x=3
* Multiplication x=y*2 x=10
/ Division x=y/2 x=2.5
% Modulus (division remainder) x=y%2 x=1
++ Increment x=++y x=6
-- Decrement x=--y x=4
JavaScript Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to JavaScript variables.
Given that x=10 and y=5, the table below explains the assignment operators:
Operator Example Same As Result
= x=y x=5
+= x+=y x=x+y x=15
-= x-=y x=x-y x=5
*= x*=y x=x*y x=50
/= x/=y x=x/y x=2
%= x%=y x=x%y x=0
The + Operator Used on Strings
The + operator can also be used to add string variables or text values together.
To add two or more string variables together, use the + operator.
txt1="What a very";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+txt2;
After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3 contains "What a verynice day".
To add a space between the two strings, insert a space into one of the strings:
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txt1="What a very ";

txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+txt2;
or insert a space into the expression:
txt1="What a very";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+" "+txt2;
After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3 contains:
"What a very nice day"
Adding Strings and Numbers
Look at these examples:
x=5+5;
document.write(x);
x="5"+"5";
document.write(x);
x=5+"5";
document.write(x);
x="5"+5;
document.write(x);
The rule is:
If you add a number and a string, the result will be a string.
JavaScript Comparison and Logical Operators
Comparison and Logical operators are used to test for true or false.
Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used in logical statements to determine equality or difference between
variables or values.
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Given that x=5, the table below explains the comparison operators:
Operator Description Example

== is equal to x==8 is false
=== is exactly equal to (value and type) x===5 is true
x==="5" is false
!= is not equal x!=8 is true
> is greater than x>8 is false
< is less than x<8 is true
>= is greater than or equal to x>=8 is false
<= is less than or equal to x<=8 is true
How Can it be Used
Comparison operators can be used in conditional statements to compare values and take action depending
on the result:
if (age<18) document.write("Too young");
You will learn more about the use of conditional statements in the next chapter of this tutorial.
Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values.
Given that x=6 and y=3, the table below explains the logical operators:
Operator Description Example
&& and (x < 10 && y > 1) is true
|| or (x==5 || y==5) is false
! not !(x==y) is true
Conditional Operator
JavaScript also contains a conditional operator that assigns a value to a variable based on some condition.
Syntax
variablename=(condition)?value1:value2
Example
greeting=(visitor=="PRES")?"Dear President ":"Dear ";
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If the variable visitor has the value of "PRES", then the variable greeting will be assigned the value
"Dear President " else it will be assigned "Dear".
Conditional Statements
Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions. You can
use conditional statements in your code to do this.
In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements:
• if statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified condition is
true
• if...else statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code if the condition is true
and another code if the condition is false
• if...else if....else statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code
to be executed
• switch statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed If Statement
You should use the if statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified condition is true.
Syntax
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true }
Note that if is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters (IF) will generate a JavaScript error!
Example 1
//Write a "Good morning" greeting if
//the time is less than 10
var d=new Date();
var time=d.getHours();
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if (time<10)
{
document.write("<b>Good morning</b>");
}
</script>
Example 2
//Write "Lunch-time!" if the time is 11
var d=new Date();
var time=d.getHours();
if (time==11)
{
document.write("<b>Lunch-time!</b>");
}
</script>
Note: When comparing variables you must always use two equals signs next to each other (==)!
Notice that there is no ..else.. in this syntax. You just tell the code to execute some code only if the
specified condition is true.
If...else Statement
If you want to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if the condition is not true, use
the if....else statement.
Syntax
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition is not true
}
Example
<script type="text/javascript"> //If the time is less than 10,
//you will get a "Good morning" greeting.
//Otherwise you will get a "Good day" greeting.
var d = new Date();
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var time = d.getHours();
if (time < 10)

{
document.write("Good morning!");
}
else
{
document.write("Good day!");
}
</script>
If...else if...else Statement
You should use the if....else if...else statement if you want to select one of many sets of lines to execute.
Syntax
if (condition1)
{
code to be executed if condition1 is true
}
else if (condition2)
{
code to be executed if condition2 is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition1 and
condition2 are not true
}
Example
var d = new Date() var time =
d.getHours()
if (time<10)
{
document.write("<b>Good morning</b>");
}
else if (time>10 && time<16)
{
document.write("<b>Good day</b>");
}
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else
{
document.write("<b>Hello World!</b>");
}
</script>
The JavaScript Switch Statement
You should use the switch statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed.
Syntax
switch(n)
{
case 1:
execute code block 1
break;
case 2:
execute code block 2
break;
default:
code to be executed if n is
different from case 1 and 2
}
This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often a variable), that is evaluated once.
The value of the expression is then compared with the values for each case in the structure. If there is a
match, the block of code associated with that case is executed. Use break to prevent the code from
running into the next case automatically.
Example
//You will receive a different greeting based
//on what day it is. Note that Sunday=0,
//Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc.
var d=new Date(); theDay=d.getDay(); switch (theDay)
{
case 5:
document.write("Finally Friday");
break;
case 6:
document.write("Super Saturday");
break;
case 0:
document.write("Sleepy Sunday");
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break;
default:
document.write("I'm looking forward to this weekend!");
}
</script>
JavaScript Controlling(Looping) Statements

Loops in JavaScript are used to execute the same block of code a specified number of times or while
a specified condition is true.
JavaScript Loops
Very often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over and over again in a row.
Instead of adding several almost equal lines in a script we can use loops to perform a task like this.
In JavaScript there are two different kind of loops:
• for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times

• while - loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true
The for Loop
The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the script should run.
Syntax
for (var=startvalue;var<=endvalue;var=var+increment)
{
code to be executed
}
Example
Explanation: The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue to run as long
as i is less than, or equal to 10. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.
Note: The increment parameter could also be negative, and the <= could be any comparing statement.
<html>
<body>
var i=0;
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
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document.write("The number is " + i);

}
</script>
</body> </html>
Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
JavaScript While Loop
Loops in JavaScript are used to execute the same block of code a specified number of times or while
a specified condition is true.
The while loop
The while loop is used when you want the loop to execute and continue executing while the specified
condition is true.
while (var<=endvalue)
{
code to be executed }
Note: The <= could be any comparing statement.
Example
Explanation: The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue to run as long
as i is less than, or equal to 10. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.
<html>
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<body>
var i=0; while (i<=10)
{
i=i+1;
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
The do...while Loop
The do...while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will always execute a block of code ONCE,
and then it will repeat the loop as long as the specified condition is true. This loop will always be executed
at least once, even if the condition is false, because the code is executed before the condition is tested.
do
{
code to be executed
}
while (var<=endvalue);
Example
<html>
<body>
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var i=0;
do
{
i=i+1;
}
while (i<0);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
JavaScript Break and Continue

There are two special statements that can be used inside loops: break and continue.
JavaScript break and continue Statements
There are two special statements that can be used inside loops: break and continue.
Break
The break command will break the loop and continue executing the code that follows after the loop (if
any).
Example
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript"> var
i=0;
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
if (i==3)
{
break;
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
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Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
Continue
The continue command will break the current loop and continue with the next value.
Example
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript"> var
i=0
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
if (i==3)
{
continue;
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
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JavaScript Functions
A function (also known as a method) is a self-contained piece of code that performs a particular
"function". You can recognise a function by its format - it's a piece of descriptive text, followed by open
and close brackets.A function is a reusable code-block that will be executed by an event, or when the
function is called.
To keep the browser from executing a script when the page loads, you can put your script into a function.
A function contains code that will be executed by an event or by a call to that function.
You may call a function from anywhere within the page (or even from other pages if the function is
embedded in an external .js file).
Functions can be defined both in the <head> and in the <body> section of a document. However, to assure
that the function is read/loaded by the browser before it is called, it could be wise to put it in the <head>
section.
Example
<html>
<head>
function displaymessage()
{
alert("Hello World!");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click me!"
onclick="displaymessage()" >
</form>
</body>
</html>
If the line: alert("Hello world!!") in the example above had not been put within a function, it would have
been executed as soon as the line was loaded. Now, the script is not executed before the user hits the
button. We have added an onClick event to the button that will execute the function displaymessage()
when the button is clicked.
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How to Define a Function
The syntax for creating a function is:
function functionname(var1,var2,...,varX)
{
some code
}
var1, var2, etc are variables or values passed into the function. The { and the } defines the start and end of
the function.
Note: A function with no parameters must include the parentheses () after the function name:
function functionname()
{
some code
}
Note: Do not forget about the importance of capitals in JavaScript! The word function must be written in
lowercase letters, otherwise a JavaScript error occurs! Also note that you must call a function with the
exact same capitals as in the function name.
The return Statement
The return statement is used to specify the value that is returned from the function.
So, functions that are going to return a value must use the return statement.
Example
The function below should return the product of two numbers (a and b):
function prod(a,b)
{
x=a*b;
return x;
}
When you call the function above, you must pass along two parameters:
product=prod(2,3);
The returned value from the prod() function is 6, and it will be stored in the variable called product.
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The Lifetime of JavaScript Variables
When you declare a variable within a function, the variable can only be accessed within that function.
When you exit the function, the variable is destroyed. These variables are called local variables. You can
have local variables with the same name in different functions, because each is recognized only by the
function in which it is declared.
If you declare a variable outside a function, all the functions on your page can access it. The lifetime of
these variables starts when they are declared, and ends when the page is closed.
What is an Event?
Event Handlers
Event Handlers are JavaScript methods, i.e. functions of objects, that allow us as JavaScript
programmers to control what happens when events occur.
Directly or indirectly, an Event is always the result of something a user does. For example, we've already
seen Event Handlers like onClick and onMouseOver that respond to mouse actions. Another type of
Event, an internal change-of-state to the page (completion of loading or leaving the page). An onLoad
Event can be considered an indirect result of a user action.
Although we often refer to Events and Event Handlers interchangeably, it's important to keep in mind the
distinction between them. An Event is merely something that happens - something that it is initiated by an
Event Handler (onClick, onMouseOver, etc...).
The elements on a page which can trigger events are known as "targets" or "target elements," and we can
easily understand how a button which triggers a Click event is a target element for this event. Typically,
events are defined through the use of Event Handlers, which are bits of script that tell the browser what to
do when a particular event occurs at a particular target. These Event Handlers are commonly written as
attributes of the target element's HTML tag.
The Event Handler for a Click event at a form field button element is quite simple to understand:
<INPUT TYPE="button" NAME="click1" VALUE="Click me for fun!"

onClick="event_handler_code">
The event_handler_code portion of this example is any valid JavaScript and it will be executed when the
specified event is triggered at this target element. This particular topic will be continued in Incorporating
JavaScripts into your HTML pages.
There are "three different ways" that Event Handlers can be used to trigger Events or Functions.
Method 1 (Link Events):

Places an Event Handler as an attribute within an <A HREF= > tag, like this:
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<A HREF="foo.html" onMouseOver="doSomething()"> ... </A>
You can use an Event Handler located within an <A HREF= > tag to make either an image or a text link
respond to a mouseover Event. Just enclose the image or text string between the <A HREF= > and the
</A> tags.
Whenever a user clicks on a link, or moves her cursor over one, JavaScript is sent a Link Event. One
Link Event is called onClick, and it gets sent whenever someone clicks on a link. Another link event is
called onMouseOver. This one gets sent when someone moves the cursor over the link.
You can use these events to affect what the user sees on a page. Here's an example of how to use link
events. Try it out, View Source, and we'll go over it.
<A HREF="javascript:void('')"
onClick="open('index.htm', 'links', 'height=200,width=200');">How to Use Link Events
</A>
The first interesting thing is that there are no <SCRIPT> tags. That's because anything that appears in the
quotes of an onClick or an onMouseOver is automatically interpreted as JavaScript. In fact, because
semicolons mark the end of statements allowing you to write entire JavaScripts in one line, you can fit an
entire JavaScript program between the quotes of an onClick. It'd be ugly, but you could do it.
Here are the three lines of interest:
1. <A HREF="#" onClick="alert('Ooo, do it again!');">Click on me!</A>

2. <A HREF="javascript:void('')" onClick="alert('Ooo, do it again!');">
Click on me!
</A>
3. <A HREF="javascript:alert('Ooo, do it again!')" >Click on me!</A>
In the first example we have a normal <A> tag, but it has the magic onClick="" element, which says,
"When someone clicks on this link, run the little bit of JavaScript between my quotes." Notice, there's
even a terminating semicolon at the end of the alert. Question: is this required? NO.
Let's go over each line:
1. HREF="#" tells the browser to look for the anchor #, but there is no anchor "#", so the browser
reloads the page and goes to top of the page since it couldn't find the anchor.
2. <A HREF="javascript:void('')" tells the browser not to go anywhere - it "deadens" the link when
you click on it. HREF="javascript: is the way to call a function when a link (hyperlink or an
HREFed image) is clicked.
3. HREF="javascript:alert('Ooo, do it again!')" here we kill two birds with one stone. The default
behavior of a hyperlink is to click on it. By clicking on the link we call the window Method alert()
and also at the same time "deaden" the link.
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The next line is
<A HREF="javascript:void('')" onMouseOver="alert('Hee hee!');">

Mouse over me!
</A>
This is just like the first line, but it uses an onMouseOver instead of an onClick.
Method 2 (Actions within FORMs):
The second technique we've seen for triggering a Function in response to a mouse action is to place an
onClick Event Handler inside a button type form element, like this:
<FORM>
<INPUT TYPE="button" onClick="doSomething()">
</FORM>
While any JavaScript statement, methods, or functions can appear inside the quotation marks of an Event
Handler, typically, the JavaScript script that makes up the Event Handler is actually a call to a function
defined in the header of the document or a single JavaScript command. Essentially, though, anything that
appears inside a command block (inside curly braces {}) can appear between the quotation marks.
For instance, if you have a form with a text field and want to call the function checkField() whenever the
value of the text field changes, you can define your text field as follows:
<INPUT TYPE="text" onChange="checkField(this)">
Nonetheless, the entire code for the function could appear in quotation marks rather than a function call:
<INPUT TYPE="text" onChange="if (this.value <= 5) {

alert("Please enter a number greater than 5"); }">
To separate multiple commands in an Event Handler, use semicolons
<INPUT TYPE="text" onChange="alert(‘Thanks for the entry.’);

confirm(‘Do you want to continue?’);">
The advantage of using functions as Event Handlers, however, is that you can use the same Event Handler
code for multiple items in your document and, functions make your code easier to read and understand.
Method 3 (BODY onLoad & onUnLoad):
The third technique is to us an Event Handler to ensure that all required objects are defined involve the
onLoad and onUnLoad. These Event Handlers are defined in the <BODY> or <FRAMESET> tag of an
HTML file and are invoked when the document or frameset are fully loaded or unloaded. If you set a flag
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within the onLoad Event Handler, other Event Handlers can test this flags to see if they can safely run,
with the knowledge that the document is fully loaded and all objects are defined. For example:
<SCRIPT>
var loaded = false;
function doit() {
// alert("Everything is \"loaded\" and loaded = " +
loaded); alert('Everything is "loaded" and loaded = ' +
loaded); }
</SCRIPT>
<BODY onLoad="loaded = true;">

-- OR --
<BODY onLoad="window.loaded = true;">
<FORM>
<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Press Me"
onClick="if (loaded == true) doit();">
-- OR --
onClick="if (window.loaded == true) doit();">
-- OR --
onClick="if (loaded) doit();">
</FORM>
</BODY>
The onLoad Event Handler is executed when the document or frameset is fully loaded, which means that
all images have been downloaded and displayed, all subframes have loaded, any Java Applets and Plugins
(Navigator) have started running, and so on. The onUnLoad Event Handler is executed just before the
page is unloaded, which occurs when the browser is about to move on to a new page. Be aware that when
you are working with multiple frames, there is no guarantee of the order in which the onLoad Event
Handler is invoked for the various frames, except that the Event Handlers for the parent frame is invoked
after the Event Handlers of all its children frames -- This will be discussed in detail in Week 8.
Setting the bgColor Property
The first example allows the user to change the color by clicking buttons, while the second example
allows you to change colors by using drop down boxes.
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Event Handlers
EVENT DESCRIPTION
onAbort the user cancels loading of an image
input focus is removed from a form element (when the user clicks outside the field) or
onBlur focus is removed from a window
onClick the user clicks on a link or form element
onChange the value of a form field is changed by the user
onError an error happens during loading of a document or image
onFocus input focus is given to a form element or a window
onLoad once a page is loaded, NOT while loading
onMouseOut the user moves the pointer off of a link or clickable area of an image map
onMouseOver the user moves the pointer over a hypertext link
onReset the user clears a form using the Reset button
onSelect the user selects a form element’s field
onSubmit a form is submitted (ie, when the users clicks on a submit button)
onUnload the user leaves a page
Note: Input focus refers to the act of clicking on or in a form element or field. This can be done by
clicking in a text field or by tabbing between text fields.
Which Event Handlers Can Be Used

OBJECT EVENT HANDLERS AVAILABLE
Button element onClick, onMouseOver
Checkbox onClick
Clickable ImageMap area onClick, onMouseOver, onMouseOut
Document onLoad, onUnload, onError
Form onSubmit, onReset
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JAVASCRIPT Notes
Framesets onBlur, onFocus
Hypertext link onClick, onMouseOver, onMouseOut
Image onLoad, onError, onAbort
Radio button onClick
Reset button onClick
Selection list onBlur, onChange, onFocus
Submit button onClick
TextArea element onBlur, onChange, onFocus, onSelect
Text element onBlur, onChange, onFocus, onSelect
Window onLoad, onUnload, onBlur, onFocus
Page 24

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JAVASCRIPT Notes

What can a JavaScript Do ?

JavaScript variables are used to hold values or expressions.

Rules for JavaScript variable names:

Note: Because JavaScript is case-sensitive, variable names are case-sensitive.

Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables

Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as "declaring" variables.

You can declare JavaScript variables with the var statement:

var x=5; var

Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables

have the same effect as:

Redeclaring JavaScript Variables

Numbers Any number, such as 17, 21, or 54e7

Strings "Greetings!" or "Fun"

Boolean Either true or false

Bigint 9999999999999999n, Any number greater than 15 digits

Object [1,2,3] or date or {firstName:"John", lastName:"Doe", age:50, eyeColor:"blue"}

The arithmetic operator + is used to add values together.

JavaScript Arithmetic Operators

JavaScript Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to JavaScript variables.

To add two or more string variables together, use the + operator.

txt1="What a very ";

or insert a space into the expression:

"What a very nice day"

Adding Strings and Numbers

Look at these examples:

The rule is:

If you add a number and a string, the result will be a string.

JavaScript Comparison and Logical Operators

Operator Description Example

if (age<18) document.write("Too young");

In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements:

var time = d.getHours();

if (time < 10)

If...else if...else Statement

JavaScript Controlling(Looping) Statements

In JavaScript there are two different kind of loops:

• for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times

The for Loop

document.write("The number is " + i);

JavaScript While Loop

The while loop

Note: The <= could be any comparing statement.

The do...while Loop

JavaScript Break and Continue

JavaScript break and continue Statements

How to Define a Function

The syntax for creating a function is:

The return Statement

The Lifetime of JavaScript Variables

<INPUT TYPE="button" NAME="click1" VALUE="Click me for fun!"

Method 1 (Link Events):

<A HREF="foo.html" onMouseOver="doSomething()"> ... </A>

Here are the three lines of interest:

1. <A HREF="#" onClick="alert('Ooo, do it again!');">Click on me!</A>

Let's go over each line:

The next line is