CROWD & CRISIS MANAGEMENT FOR

PERSONNEL SERVING ONBOARD

DOMESTIC RORO/PASSENGER/CARGO,
PASSENGER SHIPS
Intended Learning Outcome for
this topic:
.1 Explains the relevant requirements as regarded
by the department of transportation and
communication (DOTC) and Maritime Industry
Authority (MARINA)

.2 Explanation and communication requirements

governed by STCW 95 and flag state regulations
Intended Learning Outcome for
this topic: conti..
.3 Explains the appropriate/effective training will
result in a safer ship and clean environment

.4 States that during emergencies, outsides

assistance is often delayed or not available
1. Course Introduction
This training program aims to meet the
mandatory requirements for masters.
Officers, and ratings and other personnel
onboard RORO/PASSENGER/CARGO
PASSENGER SHIPS engaged on domestic
voyages pursuant to DOTC Dept. Order No.
2001-49
Upon completion of the training course,
the trainee shall be able to:
• Assist passengers during emergency situation
in the correct usage of life-saving
device/equipment;
• Locate essential safety and emergency
equipment onboard
• Plan and control emergency procedures
• Give reassuring order and guidance/direction in
the conduct mustering procedures onboard
passenger ships engaged in domestic voyages;
Upon
Uponcompletion
completionofofthe
thetraining
trainingcourse,
course,
the
thetrainee
traineeshall
shallbe
beable
able to:
to:
• Organize shipboard emergency procedures;
• Control passengers and other personnel during
emergency situation;
• Optimize use of resources
• Organize the safe movement of vehicles and
passengers when embarking and disembarking;
• Establish and maintain effective communication
.1 Explain the determination of terms in
accordance to MARINA

MARINA bases its interpretation and application of

maritime terms and standards on legally binding
definitions provided by relevant laws, international
agreements like SOLAS, and domestic legislation,
such as the Philippine Merchant Marine Rules and
regulations, serving as the fundamental guidelines for
the maritime industry.
.1 Explain the determination of terms in
accordance to MARINA. conti...
1. Emergency Response Team - Defining the roles,
qualifications, and training requirements for the emergency
response team members who are responsible for handling
crises and emergencies.
2. Assembly Points - Identifying the designated
assembly points where passengers and crew
should gather during an emergency or evacuation.
3. Life-Saving Appliances - Defining the different types
of life-saving appliances available on board, such as
lifeboats, life rafts, lifebuoys, and lifejackets, and their
proper use.
.1 Explain the determination of terms in
accordance to MARINA. conti...
4. Muster Stations - Clarifying the locations of muster
stations and the procedures for passengers and crew to
assemble there in the event of an emergency.
5. Safety Drill - Describing the frequency and format of
safety drills to ensure that passengers and crew are
familiar with emergency procedures and the proper use
of safety equipment.
6. Search and Rescue - Outlining the procedures for search
and rescue operations, including coordination with external
authorities and agencies.
.1 Explain the determination of terms in
accordance to MARINA. conti...

7. Communication Protocols - Establishing clear

communication protocols for reporting emergencies,
coordinating responses, and disseminating information to
passengers and crew.
 .2 Explain that effective training will
result in a safer ship operation
• Emergency Preparedness - Effective training equips
crew members with the knowledge and skills required to
respond to various emergency situations, such as fires,
collisions, grounding, or passenger illness.
• Risk Assessment: - Training provides personnel with the
ability to identify potential risks and hazards that could lead
to crowd and crisis situations.
• Effective Communication - Crew members learn how to
communicate with passengers, fellow crew members, and
authorities to ensure a coordinated response, reducing
confusion and panic.
 .2 Explain that effective training will
result in a safer ship operation. conti...
• Passenger Safety - Crew members will learn on how to
guide passengers to assembly stations, use life-saving
equipment, and conduct evacuation procedures if
necessary.
• Familiarity with Ship Systems - Training ensures
that crew members are familiar with the ship's safety
systems, such as fire suppression equipment,
lifeboats, and life rafts.
• Regular Drills and Exercises - Regular training drills and
exercises allow crew members to practice their skills and
responses to various emergency scenarios.
.3 States that during emergencies,
outside assistance is often not available
• Remote Locations - Domestic shipping routes may pass
through remote areas, far from coastal infrastructure and
assistance centers. In such remote locations.
• Limited Resources - There may be a scarcity of
available resources, such as emergency response
teams, vessels, or equipment.

• Weather Conditions - Severe weather conditions,

such as storms, heavy fog, or rough seas, can hinder
the ability of outside agencies to provide assistance.
.3 States that during emergencies, outside
assistance is often not available. conti..
• Communication Challenges - During emergencies,
communication systems onboard the ship may be
compromised.
• Response Time - The time it takes for outside
agencies to mobilize, travel to the scene, and
effectively address the situation can be prolonged,
especially in areas with limited infrastructure.
• Resource Allocation - In cases where multiple
emergencies are occurring simultaneously, outside
assistance agencies may need to prioritize their
responses, potentially delaying help to some ships.
 Conclusion and Recap of the
topics Covered

• Discuss exhaustively the topics

covered on this lesson

• Why is this important to you as a

seafarer?
2. Familiarization of the Life-
saving and Control Plan
•Intended Learning Outcome for
this topic:

.1Identify and explain Life savings and safety plan,

details in Muster Lists and emergency instructions
including;

1.1 Identify Emergency Exits..

1.2 Explain the restriction on the use of elevators.

Life Saving
Appliances
19
• Life-saving appliances are those appliances
that protect human life at sea. The devices
are documented as part of the International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, or
SOLAS Convention.

• Life-saving appliances on all ships have to be

fitted with retro-reflective material where it
will assist in detection
20
Life Buoy
- is a life
saving buoy designed to
be thrown to a person
in the water, to
provide buoyancy and
prevent drowning.

21
Specification
Outside diameter: 800mm
Inside diameter:400mm
Mass: Not less than 2.5kg
Withstand drop up to 30m

Number of Lifebuoys:
Under 60 ----------------------------8
60 and under 120 ----------------12
120 and under 180 ----------------18
180 and under 240 ----------------24
240 and over ---------------- 30

All approved LIFEBUOYS are colored white, red or orange.

22
Life jacket
- a sleeveless buoyant or
inflatable jacket for keeping a
person afloat in water.

- A lifejacket is designed to
turn an unconscious person
from face down to face up in
the water, allowing them to
breathe.

23
Immersion suit, or survival suit
-is a special type of waterproof
dry suit that protects the
wearer from hypothermia from
immersion in cold water, after
abandoning a sinking or
capsized vessel, especially in
the open ocean.

24
• For use during ship abandonment or rescue in cold
climates
• Cover the entire body except the face • Are insulated to
prevent core body temperature loss to within 2 degrees
Celsius over 6 hours
• Are corrosion resistant to seawater and oil
• Leg straps can be adjusted to stop air being trapped in
the legs
• Fitted with retro-reflective patches, a self igniting light
and a whistle
• Might be equipped with buoyancy equivalent to a
lifejacket
• Some types are inflatable and/or require a lifejacket to
be worn over them 25
• An adult survival suit is often a large bulky one-
size-fits-all design meant to fit a wide range of
sizes.
• It typically has large oversize booties and gloves
built into the suit, which let the user quickly don
it on while fully clothed, and without having to
remove shoes.
• It typically has a waterproof zipper up the front,
and a face flap to seal water out around the neck
and protect the wearer from ocean spray.

26
27
Thermal Protective Aid (TPA)
– It is a survival bag or suit made of
water proof material with low thermal
conductivity being used in sea survival.

• Must be provided for persons not

provided with an immersion suit.
• Prolonged exposure in life rafts and
rescue boats
• Keeps suvivors warm, dry and
protected against rain, wind and
cold.

28
Rescue Boat

29
Rescue boat
A davit-launched, motor-
propelled light boat provided to
perform man-overboard
retrieval and raft marshaling
duties. The boat may be of
either rigid or inflated
construction or a combination
of both. Usually, it is a semi-
rigid structure with the inflated
chambers of an upper sponson
and an outboard engine.
30
• Used to retrieve a person who has fallen
overboard (MOB)
• A lifeboat can be used as a rescue boat if it meets
SOLAS specifications as a rescue boat including a
large opening and interior space for a stretcher
and a motor that propels the craft at 6 knots
• Many large vessels have one or more Fast Rescue
Boats which have positive buoyancy (they cannot
sink) and are capable of 20 knots boat speed
• Capable of being launched quickly in adverse
conditions

31
A lifeboat maybe accepted as a rescue boat
provided that it and its launching and
recovery arrangements also comply with the
requirements for a rescue boat.

32
Survival
Crafts
33
Survival Crafts– It is a floating craft capable of
carrying and sustaining the lives of passengers
or crew in distress from time of abandoning
ship up to time of rescue.

A.Lifeboat
B.Life raft

34
A. Life boat
A motor-propelled survival craft carried by a
ship for use in emergency. A ship should be its
own best lifeboat but there are sometimes
situations where abandonment of the ship is
unavoidable.

Types of lifeboat
1. Open lifeboat
2. Closed life boat
3. Free fall lifeboat
35
 1. Open life boat
As the name would suggest, these boats are open with
no roof and normally require manual power using hand
propelled ores in order for it to move. Some of these
boats may also come with ignition engine as a
replacement for the hand propelled ores to allow the
lifeboat to gain movement. These lifeboats usually have
the tendency to collect water during rainy seasons. Also
due to the fact that they do not have a roof, they cannot
guarantee 100% safety for their passengers. Due to their
older designs, very little safety features and stringent
safety norms, these lifeboats are becoming obsolete. 36
37
2. Closed lifeboat
Closed lifeboats are the most popular
lifeboats that are used on ships, for they are
enclosed which saves the crew from sea water,
strong wind and rough weather. Moreover,
the water tight integrity is higher in this type
of lifeboat and it can also get upright on its
own if toppled over by waves. Closed lifeboats
are further classified as – Partially enclosed
and fully enclosed lifeboats.
38
39
3. FreeFall lifeboat
Free fall lifeboat is similar to an enclosed lifeboat but
the process of launching is entirely different. They
are aerodynamic in nature and thus the boat can
penetrate the water without damaging the body
when launched from the ship. The free fall life boat
is located at the aft of the ship, which provides a
maximum clear area for free fall.

40
• Installed on vessels
with high fire or
explosive risks due to
the cargo carried
• Fire protected after
launching
• They can be
launched quickly
under the force of
gravity

41
B. Life raft
A rigid or inflatable raft designed to hold
people abandoning ship. Liferafts are
required as a back-up to lifeboats and in
some small ships are allowed in lieu of
lifeboats.

42
B. Life raft
➢Shall be built to resist 30 days afloat in any sea
state
➢When launched from a height of 18 m, the life
raft and its equipment shall remain in operating
conditions
➢Shall resist to repeated jumps from a height of at
least 4.5 m above the bottom, with or without
the cover up.

43
Types of Liferafts

a. Rigid

These kinds of life-raft

are constructed/made of
hard materials that float
on the water when
thrown overboard.

44
Types of Liferafts
b. Inflatable life-rafts

- are constructed/made of
high class rubber and can be
inflated by air pumping.
Some of these inflatable life-
rafts are automatically
inflated by the time it
reaches on the water thrown
overboard from the vessel.

45
Muster list and
emergency
signals
46
• Muster list must be provided onboard all ships.

• The muster list is the first to be familiarized by all

crew upon boarding a vessel.

• It is where the duties and responsibilities are

written, the actions that each crew must do during
emergencies, the signal in any kind of emergency,
where to go or muster in emergency including the
survival craft to board in case of abandonment of
the ship.
• Muster list is very important to all persons
onboard a vessel. It provides clear instructions to
follow, things to bring or carry, where to go in any
kind of emergency.

• Muster list must be written in a language

understood by all persons onboard and must be
posted on the bridge, engine room, mess and
recreation rooms and accommodation alleys.
# Crew Fire Control Abandon ship Oil Spill
1 Master Over all Command Over all Command Over all Command

Ensure Safe Evacuation

2 Chief Officer OIC Fire team OIC- On scene
of Passengers
Nozzle Man/ Prepare Oil Spill
3 Bosun Search Party
Investigator Equipment
In- charge of
4 AB 1 Helmsman At the bridge, standby
Pyrotechnics
In charge of Int./Ext In charge of Radio
5 AB 2 Oil spill Cleaning
Communication Communication

6 OS 1 Asst. Nozzle Man Life raft Launch Oil Spill Cleaning

7 OS 2 Hose Tender Life raft Launch Oil Spill Cleaning

Apprentice Raise Flag, Record of Bring Charts, Log

8 Record of Events
mate Events books and Documents
Chief
9 Medical Team Leaser Bring Medical Kits Medical Team Leader
Steward
Bring Necessary
10 Chief Cook Asst. Medical Team Asst. Medical Team
Documents , Manifest`

12 A. Steward 1 Valve Man Life raft Launch Bring Saw Dust

# Crew Fire Control Abandon ship Oil Spill
Assist Fire Team Search Party Bring Waste Rug
13 A. Steward 2
Medical Team Member Life raft Launch Asst. Medical Team
14 A. Steward 3
A. Steward 4 CCM at Tourist Class Assist. Evacuation of CCM at Tourist Class
15
Passengers
A. Steward 5 CCM at Business Class Assist. Evacuation of CCM at Business Class
16
Passengers
A. Steward 6 CCM at Economy Class Assist. Evacuation of CCM at Economy Class
17
Passengers
In charge of Throttle Life raft Launch In charge of Throttle
18 Chief Engineer
nd In charge of Engine room Life raft Launch In charge of Engine room
19 2 Engineer
Electrician In charge of Electric Asst. 2/e Engr. Before Asst. 2/e Engr.
20
Circuits evacuation
Oiler 1 Backup Party Secure Machineries Check Hydraulic and
21
Piping for Leakage
Asst. 2nd Engineer Secure Machineries Engine Room Monitoring
22 Oiler 1
Nozzle Man Bring Logbook and Docs. Oil Spill Cleaning
23 A. Engineer 1
Asst. Nozzle Man Life raft Launch Oil Spill Cleaning
24 A. Engineer 2
Emergency signals
• Emergency signals are very important as written
in the muster list.
• These signals are the information to be given to
the crew and other persons onboard in order for
these persons to do their respective safety actions
assigned to them.
• Having these emergency signals will also enable
everybody of what to wear carry or bring with
them and where to go or report.

51
52
53
54
Emergency drills
• Emergency drills shall be conducted as if there
were actual emergencies. Every crew shall
participate in at least one abandon ship and one
fire drill every month.
• Each drill shall include:
1. reporting to stations and preparing of duties as
per muster list
2. starting a fire pump
3. checking fireman‘s outfit

55
Emergency drills
4. checking of relevant communication
equipment
5. Operation of water tight doors, fire doors,
dampers etc.
6. necessary arrangement s for subsequent
abandoning of ship.
• These emergency drills shall be conducted as
often as possible to perfect the assigned duties or
actions of each crew to his/her assigned duties
and responsibilities
56
Ability to Assist
Passengers
Duties of the crew in relations to passengers in
case of emergency
Ideal Passenger ship’s compliment who provide direct services to
passengers in passenger spaces are divided into teams:
➢ Embarkation team responsible in ensuring that all
passengers/personnel in embarkation stations are
complete.
➢ Search team conducts a through search of accommodation
spaces.
➢ Posting team responsible for guiding passengers and
personnel as well en-route to embarkation state
➢ Medical team provides medical assistance
 Stairways and corridors are intended to
provide a safe and adequate means by
which large numbers of occupants may
relocate, or quickly exit the building
during an emergency. Corridors and other
means of egress must be free of all
obstructions or other hazards.
 Installing “Exit” signs
above all doors that provide
direct access to the outdoors. In
addition, a comprehensive
employee training program can
include educational information
on how to safely exit the building
in the event of an emergency.
Employers may also educate
workers about all the potential
risks that could require sudden
evacuations.
61
62
63
How to take control of passengers in
corridors, staircases and passageways:
• Give clear and calm directions on the route to take

• Keep the flow of passengers moving

• If asked Questions reply if the answer is simple,

however say that information will be given at the
assembly stations. This should ensure that there
are no delays
How to take control of passengers in
corridors, staircases and passageways:
• Close any doors that may allow passengers to
deviate from the prescribed route

• Be aware of the Emergency Lighting that is

installed
• If family groups become separated, keep them
calm and get information on the location of the
other members. Reassure them that every effort is
being made to reunite the group
This blocked exit creates a life
safety hazard. Imagine how
many people could get out
quickly compared to a
corridor four times as wide.
Would a firefighter be able to
roll a gurney through here?
This blocked exit
and storage create a
life safety hazard.
Over half the space
is blocked.

67
In general, the following restrictions apply to all
corridors and stair enclosures:

• NO storage is allowed within a stairway or stair

enclosure.
• Nothing may obstruct the corridor. That would
include items that could be easily moved or tipped
over.
Important safety devices are often
mounted on walls, such as:
• fire extinguishers,
• automated external defibrillator (AED) wall
mounted units,
• some escape masks, and
• fire alarm pull stations,.
❖These items must be located along one side of the
corridor and located so that it does not block
access to electrical panels, emergency equipment
or obstruct signage.

❖Blocking signage may prevent individuals with

disabilities from safely evacuating the building.
Similarly, persons who use a wheelchair may be
hindered by storage in the halls.
➢ Where necessary in order to safeguard the safety of
relevant persons, the responsible person must ensure that
routes to emergency exits from premises and the exits
themselves are kept clear at all times.

The following requirements must be complied

with in respect of premises where necessary in
order to safeguard the safety of relevant
persons:

(a) emergency routes and exits must lead as directly as

possible to a place of safety;
(b) in the event of danger, it must be possible for persons to
evacuate the premises as quickly and as safely as possible;

(c) the number, distribution and dimensions of emergency

routes and exits must be adequate having regard to the use,
equipment and dimensions of the premises and the
maximum number of persons who may be present there at
any one time;

(d) emergency doors must open in the direction of escape;

(e) sliding or revolving doors must not be used for exits
specifically intended as emergency exits;

(f) emergency doors must not be so locked or fastened that

they cannot be easily and immediately opened by any person
who may require to use them in an emergency;

(g) emergency routes and exits must be indicated by signs;

and

(h) emergency routes and exits requiring illumination must

be provided with emergency lighting of adequate intensity in
the case of failure of their normal lighting.
Restrictions on the Use of
Elevators
Execute posting of stewards
to direct passengers to use
stairs not elevators in an
emergency
 Posting to restrict
passengers
 Equipment failure
 Safety devices failure
 No appropriate signage
 Important in
communication
“The Passenger feels secured if
somebody attends to them.”
➢ During an emergency, the ability to impart
information to passengers and other crew
members is required.

➢ When verbal communication is not possible, it

may be necessary to communicate for the period
of the emergency using various other means,
including demonstrations, hand signals, and
directions to places were written instructions are
kept, gathering locations, lifesaving methods and
evacuation routes.
➢ Gather as many of the crew as possible, and use
loudspeakers, etc. to repeatedly provide slow,
clear instructions, etc.
(Caution: Using threats, intimidation, or heavy-handed
instructions will increase the stress among the crew, and only
worsen the state of panic felt by the passengers)

➢ Depending on circumstances, it may be necessary

to make a loud noise in order to catch the
attention of the crowd and then use that
opportunity to quell the panic.
➢ USE A STAGE OR A high platform or table for
you to be immediately seen by PASSENGERS
❑ Identify other passengers who can translate and
pass on information.
❑ Training booklets and emergency information to
passengers must be in the appropriate language.
❑ Emphasize the use of international symbols on
board your vessel
❑ Multi lingual announcement are essential for the
passengers to understand emergency information
❑ Stress will be reduced if passenger or have their
queries understood and reassuring answered.
Allocating / directing to assembly stations,
describing how to escape:
1. When the general emergency alarm is sounded which consists
of seven short blasts and one prolonged blast, all passengers
have to go to their assembly station. Take your lifejackets and
blankets with you. Lifejackets are stored in your cabins under
your beds and at your assembly stations. You are encouraged
to try on your lifejacket.
2. All passengers must put on
- warm clothing
- long trousers, long-sleeved shirts / jackets
- strong shoes and head covering.
Allocating / directing to assembly stations,
describing how to escape:
3. All passengers with their lifejackets and blankets are
requested to go to their assembly immediately.
4. From your assembly stations you will be escorted to your
lifeboats / liferafts.
5. All passengers are requested to carefully study the safety
instructions behind their cabin doors.
6. All passengers are requested to follow the escape routes
shown.
7. Do not use lifts / elevators.
8. All passengers are requested to strictly obey the instructions
given by the officers or crew.
Allocating / directing to assembly stations,
describing how to escape:
9. When you hear the abandon ship alarm which consists of one
prolonged and one short blast repeated continuously, please
act in the same manner as under the general emergency
alarm.
10. During the voyage you may hear some other sound signals.
These are exclusively for the information of the crew.
11. Please, act only if you hear the general emergency alarm or the
abandon ship alarm.
12.If you have any questions regarding safety, do not hesitate to
ask any of the officers or crew
Briefing on how to dress and what to take
to assembly stations
1. Take your lifejacket and a blanket.
2. You will find your lifejacket under your bed.
3. Put on warm clothing, long-sleeved shirts, strong shoes
and head covering whatever the weather. No high-heeled
shoes.
4. Do not forget personal documents, your spectacles and
medicine if necessary.
5. Do not return to your cabin to collect your property.
 Ship terms and definitions:
▪ PORT- The “left hand side” of the ship as you face the
bow. Cabins and equipment on the side will have even
numbers (numbers that can be divided by 2).
▪ STARBOARD- The “right hand side” of the ship as you
face the bow. Cabins and equipment on the starboard
side will have odd numbers (1,3,5,7,9,etc).
▪ FORWARD- Going towards the bow (front) of the
ship. Numbers on cabins and equipment will get
smaller as you go forward.
▪ AFT- Going towards the stern (back end) of the
ship. Numbers on cabins and equipment will get
larger as you go aft.

▪ DECK- Similar to a “floor” in a building on shore.

Decks are numbers from 0 (zero) and increasing to
usually a number less that 20 (twenty). Decks can
also have names and are often color coded.
 Mustering
Procedures
Mustering
➢ is considered as the final stage of the evacuation where the
passengers are gathered in the muster station waiting for
the Master to order abandon ship or might as well stay on
board.
❖ This stage is characterized by the static behavior of
people who will start to loose patience unless dealt
with by the muster control party to ease out the
building tension.

▪ Master- is the leader or in-charge for the entire emergency

operations.
▪ Hotel manager- is the leader or in-charge for the entire
evacuation of the ship
Muster Station Personnel Tasks

1. Maintain calm. Seat all passengers if possible

2. Explain lifejacket issue is precautionary only
3. Issue lifejacket
4. Silence- Stand where you can be seen-
Demonstrate wearing of lifejacket
5. Instruct Passengers to Don Lifejackets
6. Instruct Passenger to Don Lifejacket
7. Assist where necessary. Ensure all are worn
correctly
8. Maintain calm- Reseat Passengers-Ask for
silence
9. Commerce crew count
10. Detail crew members to assist old and
disabled passengers
11. Explain what is happening be factual need
to know basis only
12. Control parties are dealing with the incident
13. Captain in full control of the situation
14. Boat preparation team in action for
precautionary measures only
15. Update information as required
16. Explain evacuation procedures and indicate
exist
17. Assure passengers that the ship is the best
lifeboat
18. Explain the abandon ship procedures

19. Communicate passenger and crew headcount to

central command

20. Continue to maintain calm and re-assure

passengers
Informing Passengers in Case of
Emergency
1. Tell what has happened
2. Give your appraisal of the situation
3. Give details about what measures have been taken
4. State the expected outcome
5. State whether the situation has been reported ashore
6. Point out that the crew is trained for the task and
that the passengers must follow their instructions
7. State the point in time for the next announcement
Informing Passengers in Case of
Emergency
• Give information frequently
− Every 10 to 15 minutes during an active phase.
Every half hour or hour during a more stable phase.
Restrict yourself to instructions and information
only.
− Specify the precise time for the next announcement
and keep the time punctually.
− Repeating previous information is also informative.
− Uncertainty is the worst state.
Performing roll call
1. At your assembly station one of the officers / crew will
perform a roll call.
2. The officer / crew will say "This is a roll call", and s/he will
call out the passengers individually by their names.
3. When your name is called out, please answer loudly
"Here".
4. If one of your cabin mates is not able to attend the roll
call, please inform the officer/crew immediately.
Escorting helpless passengers
.1 If persons are missing.

.2 Search all cabins / WC /s howers for missing persons.

.3 Assist those who need help.

.4 Help children, elderly, disabled, injured or sick persons

with lifejackets.

.5 Give assistance when entering lifeboats / liferafts.

.6 It is required to have warm clothing and blankets

for the children / elderly / disabled / injured / sick.
Escorting helpless passengers
.7 It is required to have a stretcher for the disabled / injured /
sick.
.8 The elderly / disabled / injured / sick need room to lie
down.

.9 Everyone, please, be quiet. The children / the sick need

rest.
How Passengers are Evacuated to
Lifeboats:
.1 Door Checkers assigned to exit doors

.2 A Stairway Guide would lead out passengers to the lifeboat

they are told by the Door Checker

.3 Door Checker counts out designated number of passengers

behind Stairway Guide.
Optimization of
Resources
Lifejackets
a. Correctly don within 1 minute
b. Jump from a 3 metre height into the pool
c. Swim a short distance
d. Adopt HELP posture
e. Form a Group Huddle
f. Be assisted in boarding a liferaft
g. Assist others in boarding a liferaft

101
102
Immersion suit
a. Correctly don within 2 minutes
b. Jump from a 3 metre height into the water
c. Swim a short distance
d. Board a liferaft unaided
e. Disembark the liferaft unaided
f. Adopt the HELP position
g. Form a Group Huddle with other survivors
h. Climb a ladder to safety

103
STEP 1. Roll suit out on deck and sit on it. Insert
your legs into suit using plastic bags to make it
easier. Leave on boots and other clothing for
insulation and protection in the water.
STEP 2. Place non-dominant arm into suit first
(lefties-right and righties-left). Pull hood over head
with free hand.
STEP 3. Place dominant arm in last. Pull the zipper
up with care and secure flap over your face.
STEP 4. Make sure that all straps and hoses are
secure to avoid being snagged or injured. Do not
inflate air bladder until you are in the water.
104
➢ Boarding a life raft:
1. Survivors spread out around the outside of the life raft
holding the externally becketed lifeline to stabilize
the life raft in rough conditions
2. Board one at a time
3. First two to board assist others
4. When assisting, avoid holding people by the forearms
or hands – grab lifejacket instead
5. Spread out around the inside of the life raft holding
onto the internally becketed lifeline to improve
stability in rough conditions
6. If being assisted backwards into life raft due to chest
injury, bring knees towards chest to avoid back injury
105
Instructions on how to embark and behave in
lifeboats / liferafts
.1 Enter the lifeboat / liferaft only when ordered by an officer /
lifeboatman.
.2 Clear the entrance of the lifeboat / liferaft immediately after
entering.
.3 Do not push each other when entering the lifeboat / liferaft.
.4 Hold on to ropes or to your seat when lowering / hoisting.
.5 Sit down in the lifeboat / liferaft immediately.
.6 Keep your lifejackets on.
.7 Provisions and drinking water will be distributed by an officer /
lifeboatman only.
.8 Strictly obey all instructions given by the officer / lifeboatman.
.9 Discipline in the lifeboat / liferaft is of vital importance. 106
 Control
Response to
Emergencies
 Developing your crowd safety
management plan
An important responsibility of an event safety
management team is to gather core data to inform a crowd safety
management plan.
The team must:
1. research the types of visitor that are expected and anticipate
likely crowd behaviour
2. collate and assess information (if available) about the health
and safety records of previous events at the same venue
3. liaise with outside organisations with extensive knowledge and
experience, such as the police and emergency services
 Developing your crowd safety
management plan
An important responsibility of an event safety
management team is to gather core data to inform a crowd safety
management plan.
The team must:
4. conduct a risk assessment to work out if current crowd control
arrangements are sufficient, and change them if necessary
5. inspect the venue and review crowd safety arrangements at
regular intervals
6. set targets for crowd management, eg if queues extend past a
particular point, specify that another service point should be
opened.
Types of visitor
The nature of the visiting
crowd will influence your
planning and choice of
venue.
➢ Children,
➢ People with special
needs
➢ Elderly need special
consideration.
 Types of visitor
The nature of the visiting
crowd will influence your
planning and choice of
venue.
➢ People frequently attend
events as a family or small
group and will not want to get separated or leave
each other, particularly in emergency situations.
Venue suitability
Ensure that the maximum
capacity of the venue is
established.
This is to allow:
➢ Management of the
crowd and help in
eliminating
overcrowding in terms
of overall number of
people in the venue;
Venue suitability
Ensure that the maximum
capacity of the venue is
established.
This is to allow:

➢ Safe entrance and exit

➢ Safe exit of people in an

emergency.
Venue suitability
The maximum capacity
should be calculated with
reference to four factors:
1. the time it takes to get
into the venue
2. the time it takes to get
out of the venue;
3. emergency evacuation
time;
4. accommodation
capacity.
The Crowd's Goals and Objectives
This is very often one of
the most important
factors affecting how
people behave. It may
affect, for example, when
people choose to arrive
and leave, which routes
they choose to take, where
people want to gather etc.
The Crowd's Goals and Objectives
For example, people may:
1. arrive early to gain vantage
points from where to
watch the event. Once
there, they may be
reluctant to move away,
even if asked to do so;
2. park illegally, obstructing
access for emergency
vehicles, so that they can
make a quick getaway;
The Crowd's Goals and Objectives
For example, people may:
3. wait for friends/family at or
near exits and obstruct the
flow of people;
4. choose to use the most
direct or quickest route
rather than follow a
designated one;
5. quickly change direction, eg
fans leaving a music concert
early may rush back if they
hear a favorite song during
the encore.
Look for the hazards
Consider all aspects of the
proposed activity and look
at what could reasonably be
expected to cause harm.
Ignore the trivial and
concentrate on significant
hazards which could result
in serious harm or affect
several people
 Look for the hazards
2 Important Hazards:

1. Hazards presented by
a crowd
2. Hazards presented by
a venue:
 Look for the hazards
1. Hazards presented by a
crowd:
➢ Crushing between people
➢ Crushing against fixed
structures, such as barriers
➢ Trampling underfoot
➢ Surging, swaying or rushing
➢ Aggressive behavior,
particularly between groups
of rival supporters
➢ Dangerous behavior, such as climbing on equipment,
running down steep slopes or throwing objects
 Look for the hazards
2. Hazards presented by a
venue:
➢ Slipping or tripping due to
inadequately lit areas or poorly
maintained floors
➢ Moving vehicles sharing the
same route as pedestrians
➢ People getting trapped, eg
wheelchair users in a crowd
➢ Collapse of a structure, such as
a fence or barrier, which falls
onto the crowd
 Look for the hazards
2. Hazards presented by a
venue:
➢ People being pushed against
objects, such as unguarded,
hot cooking equipment on a
food stall
➢ Objects, such as stalls, that
obstruct movement and cause
congestion during busy
periods
➢ Crowd movements obstructed by people queuing
➢ Failure of equipment, such as turnstiles
➢ Sources of fire, such as cooking equipment
 Established and
Maintain Effective
Communication
Pyrotechnics
these are provided
onboard ships to grab
the attention/inform
ships within range so
as to seek help and
assistance of the vessels for
rescue. Basically, it is a
visual method of sending
SOS signals
125
TYPES OF PYROTECHNICS
Hand flare
A hand flare is a small
cylindrical stick which
when activated, produces
an intense red smoke or
light without an explosion.
Should be held out
leeward when activated.
Can be used by the day as
well as night.
126
 TYPES OF PYROTECHNICS
Rocket parachute flare
As the name suggests, the
equipment is designed to fire a
single red star to a height of
approximately 300m; this flare,
launched at the minimum height of
300m in the air, self-activates to
produce intense red smoke. A
parachute opens up and reduces the
rate of descent which gives more
time to the flare to remain at a
height and to provide a clear view to
nearby ships or help. 127
 TYPES OF PYROTECHNICS
Buoyant smoke signals
This pyro tech equipment
is held in a compact container
with a buoyant nature so that it
can float on the water surface to
signal distress situation. Mostly
for use by the day, this can
indicate the position of distress
with the bright orange smoke
as well as for determining the
wind direction for rescue
128
Survival Craft Radio Equipment
Portable VHF transceivers
-These units are designed to
allow communications
between searching vessels and
survivors in liferafts. They
operate on the VHF marine
band in voice mode. DSC
capability is not fitted.
Performance standards
129
Survival Craft Radio Equipment
Search And Rescue (Radar)
Transponders (SARTs)
SART is a self contained, portable
and buoyant Radar Transponder
(receiver and transmitter).
SARTs operate in the 9 GHz marine
radar band, and when interrogated
by a searching ship's radar, respond
with a signal which is displayed as a
series of dots on a radar screen.

130
131
 Survival Craft Radio Equipment
Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon
is a distress radio beacon, a tracking
transmitter that is triggered during an
accident. These are detected by satellites.
The system is monitored by an
international consortium of rescue
services, COSPAS-SARSAT. The basic
purpose of this system is to help rescuers
find survivors within the so-called "golden
day"(the first 24 hours following a
traumatic event) during which the majority
of survivors can usually be saved.
132
133
Practicum
on Board
Training
 The Four Elements of Evacuation
Information That People Need
➢ Notification (What is the emergency?)
➢ Way finding (Where is the way out?)
➢ Use of the way (Can I get out by myself, or do I need help?)
❖ Self
❖ Self with device
❖ Self with assistance
➢ Assistance (What kind of assistance might I need?)
❖ Who
❖ What
❖ Where
❖ When
❖ How
Informing Passengers in Case of Emergency
• Information to passengers must be given high priority
• Be prepared for stress reactions from passengers and crew
members
• Control the information
− The crew must be more well informed than the
passengers.
• Never lose your credibility
− Introduce yourself (title and name) and keep your
voice under control.
− Talk slowly and clearly. Inform without being
talkative. Avoid technical language.
Informing Passengers in Case of Emergency
• The messages must agree with what the passengers themselves
are experiencing
− Report everything that the passengers can perceive
or understand themselves.
• Do not make light of real risks
− Passengers may expect that the truth is being kept
from them.
Do the following when assisting an individual
using crutches, cranes or walkers:

1. Ask the person how you can best assist them in

evacuating the area.
2. Consider the evacuation options and the suitability of
carrying the person. Carrying options include:
❑ Using a 2-person, lock-arm position
❑ Having the individual sit on a sturdy chair (preferably
with arms) that is then lifted and carried
3. Assist mobility-restricted people to an area of refuge or
out of the building.
Follow these recommendations when planning for
and assisting people who use wheelchairs:

1. Do not lift an individual in a wheelchair. There is too much

risk involved for both the lay rescuer and the non-ambulatory
person (back injury, loss of control of the wheelchair and
person in it, tripping, falling).

❖ Note: Wheelchairs have many movable or weak parts that

are not constructed to withstand the stress of lifting (e.g.,
the seat bar, foot plates, wheels, movable arm rests, etc.).
Follow these recommendations when planning for
and assisting people who use wheelchairs:

2. Be aware that some individuals in wheelchairs may have:

o Minimal ability to move, and lifting them may be
dangerous to their well-being
o Very little upper trunk and neck strength
o Respiratory conditions and/ or equipment that
increase their vulnerability to smoke, vapors, or other
airborne toxicants.
Follow these recommendations when planning for
and assisting people who use wheelchairs:

3. Always ask the person having a disability what their needs

and preferences are regarding:
❑ Ways of being moved
❑ Whether to extend or move extremities when lifting
because of pain, braces, etc.
❑ Whether a seat cushion or pad should be brought
along
❑ Aftercare, if the individual will be removed from the
wheelchair
Follow these recommendations when planning for
and assisting people who use wheelchairs:

4. If an individual is lifted from a wheelchair during evacuation:

❑ Ask others to bring the wheelchair.
❑ When the wheelchair is left behind, remove it from
the stairwell and ensure it does not obstruct exit
routes.
❑ Ensure that a service animal is not separated from its
master, if possible.
❑ Reunite the person with the wheelchair as soon as
possible.
Transporting a Casualty
Transport by Neil Robertson Stretcher

The Neil Robertson

stretcher is designed for
removing an injured
person from spaces
wherein access, doors, or
hatches are too small to
permit the use of regular
stretchers
Transport by Neil Robertson Stretcher
Marine Evacuation System
A marine evacuation system (MES) is a
lifesaving device found on many modern passenger
ships consisting of an inflatable slide or escape chute
where a passenger can evacuate straight into waiting
life rafts.

151
Marine Evacuation System

152
Instructions on how behave in lifeboats /
liferafts:

.1 Enter the lifeboat / liferaft only when ordered by an officer

/ lifeboatman.

.2 Clear the entrance of the lifeboat / liferaft immediately

after entering.

.3 Do not push each other when entering the lifeboat /

liferaft.

.4 Hold on to ropes or to your seat when lowering / hoisting.

Instructions on how to embark and
behave in lifeboats / liferafts
.5 Sit down in the lifeboat / liferaft immediately.

.6 Keep your lifejackets on.

.7 Provisions and drinking water will be distributed by an

officer / lifeboatman only.

.8 Strictly obey all instructions given by the officer /

lifeboatman.

.9 Discipline in the lifeboat / liferaft is of vital importance.

On-scene measures and actions in lifeboats /
liferafts
.1 Keep a sharp lookout for persons in the water.
.2 Have a line / hook / knife / lifebuoy ready.
.3 Do not take off your shirts / long trousers / head covering
whatever the weather.
.4 Pump out the water / free the lifeboat / liferaft from water.
.5 Ask: Who needs medical first aid?
.6 Everybody will get the same ration of provisions and water.
.7 Warning! Do not drink sea water whatever the situation.
.8 Inform Everyone if:
• We will send a MAYDAY.
• We will fire rockets / use smoke buoys / ..... to attract attention.
• We will join the other lifeboats / liferafts.