Tutorial 1 Solution

Fourier Series

Question 1

f(t)
1V

t (s)
-1 V
-T/2 0 T/2 T

The figure above shows a periodical waveform that can be expressed in the form of
trigonometric Fourier series as follows:

 2 nt    2 nt 
f (t )  A0   An cos     Bn sin  
n 1  T  n1  T 
where
1 T2
A0   T f (t ) dt
T 2
2 2 T
 2 nt 
An   T f (t ) cos   dt
T 2  T 
2 T2  2 nt 
B n   T f (t ) sin   dt

T 2  T 
T is the period of the waveform.

(i) Suppose T = 2 s. Find A0, An, and Bn. Give their values for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

(ii) Express f(t) by expanding the summation series.

(iii) Sketch the amplitude spectrum of f(t).

Solution to Question 1
(i) 
 2 nt    2 nt 
f (t )  A0   An cos     Bn sin   --- (1)
n 1  T  n1  T 
1 T2
A0   T f (t ) dt --- (2)
T 2
2 T2  2 nt 
An   T f (t ) cos   dt --- (3)

T 2  T 
2 T2  2 nt 
B n   T f (t ) sin   dt --- (4)
T 2  T 
A0 = 0 V
T=2s

Page 1
 An = 0 because the waveform is an odd function.

2 T
 2 nt 
Bn  
2
f (t ) sin   dt
 T 
T
T 2

 f (t ) sin  nt  dt
1

1

  sin  nt  dt   sin  nt  dt
0 1

1 0

1 1
cos  nt   1  cos  nt  0
0 1

n n
1 1
 cos  0   cos  n    cos  n   cos  0  
n n 
1
  2  cos  n   cos  n  
n 
1 2
  2  2 cos  n    1  cos  n 
n n 

2 4 1
B1  1  cos     , B 2  1  cos  2    0
  
2 4 1
B3  1  cos  3    , B4  1  cos  4   0
3 3 2 
2 4 1
B5  1  cos  5    , B6  1  cos  6    0
5 5 3 

(ii) f(t) can be expressed as follows


 2 nt    2 nt 
f (t )  A0   An cos     Bn sin  
n 1  T  n 1  T 

 2 nt  
  Bn sin     Bn sin  nt 
n 1  T  n 1
 B1 sin  t   B3 sin  3 t   B5 sin  5 t   ...
4 4 4
 sin  t  
sin  3 t   sin  5 t   ...
 3 5
4 1 1 
 sin  t   sin  3 t   sin  5 t   ...  volts
 3 5 

(iii) Single-sided amplitude spectrum

|Cn| (V)
4/π

4/(3π)
4/(5π)
n
0 1 2 3 4 5

Page 2
Question 2
(a) Repeat the tasks above on the following waveform. Assume T = 2 s.

f(t)
1V

t (s)
-1 V
-3T/4 -T/4 0 T/4 3T/4

Solution to Question 2
(i) 
 2 nt    2 nt 
f (t )  A0   An cos     Bn sin   --- (1)
n 1  T  n1  T 
1 T2
A0   T f (t ) dt --- (2)
T 2
2 T2  2 nt 
An   T f (t ) cos   dt --- (3)
T 2  T 
2 T2  2 nt 
B n   T f (t ) sin   dt --- (4)

T 2  T 

A0 = 0 V
T=2s

2 T
 2 nt 
An  
2
f (t ) cos   dt
 T 
T
T 2

f (t ) cos  nt  dt
3T


4

 T4

cos  nt  dt   1  cos  nt  dt
1 3


2 2

 12 2

1 1
sin  nt   2 1  sin  nt   12
1 3


n 2 n 2

1  n    n   1   3 n    n 
  sin    sin     sin    sin  
n   2   2   n   2   2 
1  n   3 n  
  2sin    2sin  
n   2   2 
2  n   3 n  
  sin    sin  
n   2   2 

Page 3
 2     3   4 1
A1  sin    sin     , A2  sin    sin  3    0
  2  2   
2   3   9   2   3      4
A3   sin    sin     sin    sin    
3   2   2   3   2   2   3
1
A4  sin  2   sin  6    0
2 
2   5   15   2         4
A5   sin    sin     sin    sin   
5   2   2   5   2   2   5
1 1
A6  sin  3   sin  9    sin    sin    0
3 3 

Bn = 0 because the waveform is an even function.

(ii) f(t) can be expressed as follows


 2 nt    2 nt 
f (t )  A0   An cos     Bn sin  
n 1  T  n 1  T 

  An cos  nt 
n 1

 A1 cos  t   A3 cos  3 t   A5 cos  5 t   ...

4 4 4
 cos  t  
cos  3 t   cos  5 t   ...
 3 5
4 1 1 
 cos  t   cos  3 t   cos  5 t   ...  volts
 3 5 

(iii) Single-sided amplitude spectrum

|Cn| (V)
4/π

4/(3π)
4/(5π)
n
0 1 2 3 4 5

Page 4
Question 3
Repeat the tasks above on the following waveform. Assume T = 2 s.

f(t)

1 volt

t (s)
-3T/2 -T/2 0 T/2 3T/2

Solution to Question 3
(i) 
 2 nt    2 nt 
f (t )  A0   An cos     Bn sin   --- (1)
n 1  T  n1  T 
1 T2
A0   T f (t ) dt --- (2)
T 2
2 T2  2 nt 
An   T f (t ) cos   dt --- (3)

T 2  T 
2 T2  2 nt 
B n   T f (t ) sin   dt --- (4)
T 2  T 

T=2s
1 T2
A0   T f (t ) dt
T 2
1 1  T  T 
      
T 2  2  2 
1

2

2 T
 2 nt 
An  
2
f (t ) cos   dt
 T 
T
T 2

 f (t ) cos  nt  dt
1

1

  t  1 cos  nt  dt  0  t  1 cos  nt  dt
0 1

1

 cos  nt  dt   t cos  nt  dt   t cos  nt  dt

1 0 1

1 1 0

1
 cos  nt  dt  sin  nt   1
1 1

1 n
1
 sin  n   sin  n    0
n 

Page 5
  sin(n t ) 
 t cos  nt  dt  
0 0
t d 
1 1
 n 
 sin(n t )  0 sin( n t )
0

n  1  1
 t   dt
 n
0
sin(n )  cos(n t ) 
  2 
n  (n )  1
1  cos(n ) 
 0 
 (n )
2

1
 1  cos(n )
(n ) 2

 sin(n t ) 
 t cos  nt  dt   t d 
1 1

0 0
 n 
 sin(n t )  1 sin( n t )
1

 t    dt
 n  0 0 n
1
sin(n )  cos(n t ) 
  2 
n  (n )  0
 cos(n )  1 
 0 
 (n )
2

1
 cos(n )  1
(n ) 2

An   cos  nt  dt   t cos  nt  dt   t cos  nt  dt

1 0 1

1 1 0

1 1
 0 1  cos(n )  cos(n )  1
(n ) 2
(n )2
1
  2  cos(n )  cos(n )
(n )2
2
 1  cos(n )
(n )2

2 4
A1  1  cos( )  , A2 
2
1  cos(2 )  0
 2
 2
(2 )2
2 4 2
A3  1  cos(3 )  1  cos(4 )  0
, A4 
(3 ) 2
9 (4 )2 2

2 4 2
2 
A5  1  cos(5 )  , A6  1  cos(6 )  0
(5 ) 25 2
(6 )2

Bn = 0 because the waveform is an even function.

Page 6
(ii) f(t) can be expressed as follows

 2 nt    2 nt 
f (t )  A0   An cos     Bn sin  
n 1  T  n 1  T 
1 
   An cos  nt 
2 n 1
1
  A1 cos  t   A3 cos  3 t   A5 cos  5 t   ...
2
1 4 4 4
  2 cos  t   2 cos  3 t   cos  5 t   ...
2  9 25 2
1 4  1 1 
  2 cos  t   cos  3 t   cos  5 t   ...  volts
2   9 25 

(iii) Single-sided amplitude spectrum

|Cn| (V)

1/2 4/π2
4/(9π2)
4/(25π2)
n
0 1 2 3 4 5

Fourier Transform

Question 4
j 2f
The Fourier transform of x(t) is given by X ( f )  . Find Y(f), the Fourier
1  j 2f
transform of y(t) for the following:
(i) y (t )  x(2t )
(ii) y(t )  x' (t )
(iii) y(t )  e jt x(t )

Solution to Question 4
(i) y (t )  x(2t )
From the Scaling Property,
1 f
x(at )  X 
|a|  a
jf
Y ( f ) 
21  jf 

(ii) y(t )  x' (t )

From the Differentiation Property,
x' (t )  j 2fX ( f )

Page 7
  j 2f 
 Y ( f )  j 2f  
 1  j 2f 

(iii) y(t )  e jt x(t )

From the Frequency Shifting Property,
e j 2 f0t x(t )  X ( f  f0 )
1
In this case, 2 f 0  1, f 0   .
2
Therefore
1
Y( f )  X ( f  )
2
j 2 f
Given that X ( f )  ,
1  j 2 f
1
Y( f )  X ( f  )
2
 1 
j 2  f  
 2 

 1 
1  j 2  f  
 2 
j  2 f  1

1  j  2 f  1

Question 5

The following investigate the modulation property applied in communication systems.

Determine the Fourier transforms of the following:
(i) y(t )  A cos(2 f0t )
(ii) y(t )  x(t )cos(2 f0t ) , where the Fourier transform of x(t) is expressed as X(f).

Solution to Question 5

e j 2 fot  e j 2 fot
(i) cos(2 fot ) 
2
And we know that F e j 2 fot    ( f  f o )
A  j 2 fot  j 2 ft A 
Y ( f )  F [ y (t )]  
2 
(e )e dt   (e  j 2 fot )e  j 2 ft dt
2 
A A
  ( f  f o )   ( f  f o )
2 2

Page 8
(ii)
Y ( f )  F [ y (t )]  F [ x(t ) cos(2 f ot )]
e j 2 f o t  e  j 2 f o t
 F [ x(t ) ]
2
1  1 
 
j 2 f o t  j 2 ft
 x (t ) e e dt  x(t )e  j 2 fot e  j 2 ft dt
2  2 

1  1 
  x(t )e j 2 ( f  fo )t dt   x(t )e  j 2 ( f  fo ) t dt
2  2 
1 1
 X ( f  fo )  X ( f  fo )
2 2

Page 9
 APPENDIX

Fourier Transform Pairs

x (t ) X(f )
 (t ) 1
 (t  to ) e  j 2 fto

1 (f )
e j 2 f o t  ( f  fo )
1 1
u(t) ( f )
2 j 2f
1
eat u(t ) , for a >0
a  j 2 f
1
eat u(t ) , for a >0
a  j 2 f
2a
e  a|t| , for a >0
a  (2 f )2
2

t
rect   Tsinc( fT )
T 
1  f 
sinc(2Wt ) rect  
2W  2W 
t T  fT 
  sinc2  
T  2  2 
 f 
Wsinc2 Wt   
 2W 

e t e  f
2 2

1 1
cos(2 fot )  ( f  fo )   ( f  fo )
2 2
1
sin(2 fot )  ( f  fo )   ( f  fo )
2j
1 t 0 1
sgn(t )  
1 t  0 j f
1
 j sgn( f )
t

Page 10
 Fourier Transform Properties

Let x(t )  X ( f ) , x1 (t )  X1 ( f ) and x2 (t )  X 2 ( f ) ; and

a , b , to and f o scalar quantities.

Linearity ax1 (t )  bx2 (t )  aX1 ( f )  bX 2 ( f )

Duality X (t )  x( f )

1 f 
Scaling ( a  0 ) x(at )  X 
|a|  a 

Time Shifting x(t  to )  X ( f )e j 2 fto

Frequency Shifting x(t )e j 2 fot  X ( f  fo )

1 1
Modulation x(t ) cos(2 f 0t )  X ( f  f0 )  X ( f  f0 )
2 2
Time Convolution x1 (t )  x2 (t )  X1 ( f ) X 2 ( f )

Frequency Convolution x1 (t ) x2 (t )  X1 ( f )  X 2 ( f )

dn
Time Differentiation n
x(t )  ( j 2 f )n X ( f )
dt
dn
Frequency Differentiation ( jt )n x(t )  X(f )
df n
X( f ) 1

t
Time Integration x(t )dt   X (0) ( f )
 j 2 f 2

x(t )u(t )   X ( f )df

f
Frequency Integration


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