Local Buckling in Bending

Read before the lecture

Sections 2.5 & additional material included in this lecture
After this lecture you should
Be able to compute flexural stresses and plastic moment for any arbitrary section.
Understand local buckling in members subjected to bending
Be able to compute flexural strength of various sections based on the flange and web local buckling.
Review Activity
An I-beam is made by welding three plates as shown in the figure. Determine elastic and plastic section moduli with
respect to horizontal axis of the cross-section. Also compute the yield moment and the plastic moment if F
y
= 50 ksi.
PL 20""
PL 12"2"
PL 9"2"
Compression
Tension
Tension flange, compression flange, and web plate dimensions
bft 9; tft 2;
bfc 12; tfc 2;
hw 20; tw 1 2;
h tft hw tfc
24
Area of cross section, in
2
A bft tft bfc tfc hw tw N
52.
(a) Computation of elastic section moduli with respect to x-axis
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
PL 20""
PL 12"2"
PL 9"2"
y
t
y
c
Centroidal axis
Centroid location from the tension flange, in
yt bfc tfc tft hw .5 tfc bft tft .5 tft hw tw tft 0.5 hw A
13.2692
Centroid location from the compression flange, in
yc bfc tfc .5 tfc bft tft tft hw .5 tft hw tw tfc 0.5 hw A
10.7308
Moment of inertia about x-axis, in
4
Ix 1 12 bfc tfc^3 bfc tfc yc .5 tfc^2
1 12 bft tft^3 bft tft yt .5 tft^2
1 12 tw hw^3 hw tw yt .5 hw tft^2
5345.56
Elastic section modulus with respect to tension and compression faces, in
3
Sxc, Sxt Ix yc, Ix yt
498.153, 402.854
(b) Computation of plastic section modulus with respect to x-axis
PL 20""
PL 12"2"
PL 9"2"
y
p
t
y
p
c
Plastic neutral axis
Area under compression must be equal to the area under tension
Clearypc
ypt d ypc
24 - ypc
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 2
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
Area under compression
Ac bfc tfc tw ypc tfc
ypc - 2
2
+ 24
Area under tension
At bft tft tw ypt tft
22 - ypc
2
+ 18
SolveAc At, ypc
ypc 6
ypc 6;
ypt
18
Plastic section modulus, in
3
Zx bfc tfc ypc 0.5 tfc tw ypc tfc ypc tfc 2
bft tft ypt 0.5 tft tw ypt tft ypt tft 2
494.
Yield moment M
Y
and plastic moment M
p
(kip-ft)
Fy 50;
Sxt, Zx
402.854, 494.
Myx, Mpx Sxt, Zx Fy 12
1678.56, 2058.33
Additional Material that is part of Section 2.4
Web Local Buckling (WLB)
M
M
A
A
Web slenderness parameter
l
w
= hf t
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 3
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
the width/thickness ratio of stiffened elements acting as webs of beams. As shown in the following figure for W and C
shapes h is the clear depth of the web and t its thickness. For rectangular HSS shapes h = H - 3 t where H is the
dimension of the section acting as web (typically the longer dimension) and t its thickness. For round shapes h = D the
outside diameter and t is the wall thickness. For standard sections hf t values are given in the AISC tables. They are
more accurate and should be used when available.
AISC specifications do not give explicit WLB criteria for unstiffened web elements such as the stems of Tee shapes
acting as webs in flexure. Also the web local buckling does not apply to I and C shapes bent about their minor axis.
Limiting values l
pw
and l
rw
. AISC Table B4.1b p. 16.1-17.
Limiting values of l
w
:
For W and C shapes: l
pw
= 3.76
E
F
y
; l
rw
= 5.70
E
F
y
For an unsymmetric I shape:
l
pw
=
hc
hp
E
Fy
_0.54
Mp
My
-0.09
2
; l
rw
= 5.70
E
F
y
where M
y
is the yield moment and h
c
and h
p
are twice the dimensions shown in the following figure.
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 4
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
h
h
c
f
2
h
p
f
2
Plastic NA
Centroid
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
T
e
n
s
i
o
n
x
For rectangular HSS shapes: l
pw
= 2.42
E
F
y
; l
rw
= 5.70
E
F
y
For round HSS shapes or pipes:
l
pw
= 0.07
E
F
y
; l
rw
= 0.31
E
F
y
Web is
compact if l
w
l
pw
: No WLB
non - compact if l
pw
l
w
l
rw
: Inelastic WLB
slender if l
w
> l
rw
: Elastic WLB
l
pw
l
rw
l
w
M
p
M
n
WLB Flexural Strength
Compact Non-compact Slender
For sections with compact webs: fM
n
= 0.9 M
p
.
All standard W and C shapes for F
y
50 ksi have compact webs.
For I shapes with non-compact or slender webs the web local buckling strength (WLB) in not explicitly computed.
Instead web plastification factors R
pc
and R
pt
in compression and tension respectively are introduced in calculations for
compression flange local buckling and tension flange yielding.
For rectangular HSS and built-up box-shape members with non-compact or slender webs (l
w
l
rw
)
fM
n
= 0.9 M
p
- |M
p
- F
y
S
x
] -0.738 + 0.305
h
t
F
y
E
M
p
= Plastic moment.
S
x
= elastic section modulus about x-axis.
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 5
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
For round HSS and pipe shapes
For non-compact sections (l
pw
l
w
l
rw
)
fM
n
= 0.9
0.021 E
Dft
+ F
y
S
For slender sections (l
w
> l
rw
)
fM
n
= 0.9
0.33 E
Dft
S
S = elastic section modulus
Class Activity
Determine flexural strength about x-axis based on WLB for a rectangular HSS18x6x1/4 section made of A500 Gr. B
steel.
6"
1
8
"
x
y
t, w, Zx, Sx AISCshapeProps"HSS18x6x14", "tdes", "Htt", "Zx", "Sx"
0.233, 74.3, 59.4, 46.5
Fy 46; Es 29000;
Mp Zx Fy
2732.4
For rectangular HSS shapes: l
pw
= 2.42
E
F
y
; l
rw
= 5.72
E
F
y
pw, rw 2.42, 5.72 SqrtEs Fy
60.7625, 143.62
Since l
w
> l
pw
the web is non-compact
fM
n
= 0.9 M
p
- |M
p
- F
y
S
x
] -0.738 + 0.305
h
t
F
y
E
Mn Mp Mp Fy Sx 0.738 0.305 w SqrtFy Es
2634.76
Beam strength (kip - ft)
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 6
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
MnWLB 0.9 Mn 12
197.607
AISC Table 3-12 p. 3-140 lists the flexural strength for this section = 198 kip-ft.
Compression Flange Local Buckling (FLB)
M
M
A
A
Flange slenderness parameter
l
f
= bf t
the width/thickness ratio of unstiffened elements acting as flanges of beams. For W and T shapes b is half the width of
the flange and t its thickness. For C shapes b is the full width of the flange and t its thickness. For angles b is the width
of the leg that is acting as flange and t its thickness.
The only section with stiffened elements explicitly covered in the specifications for FLB is rectangular HSS section.
Here b is based on the dimensions that is acting as the flange (typically the shorter dimension).
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 7
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
Limiting values l
pf
and l
rf
. AISC Table B4.1 p. 16.1-16 values for unstiffened elements.
Limiting values of l
f
:
For W, C, and T shapes l
pf
= 0.38
E
F
y
; l
rf
= 1.0
E
F
y
For angles l
pf
= 0.54
E
F
y
; l
rf
= 0.91
E
F
y
For rectangular HSS shapes: l
pf
= 1.12
E
F
y
; l
rf
= 1.4
E
F
y
Flange is
compact if l
f
l
pf
: No FLB
non - compact if l
pf
l
f
l
rf
: Inelastic FLB
slender if l
f
> l
rf
: Elastic FLB
l
pf
l
rf
l
f
M
p
M
n
Flexural strength based on FLB
Compact Non-compact Slender
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 8
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
FLB Flexural strength for symmetric I shapes bent about major axis
b
f
t
f
d
f
2
h
t
w
Centroid
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
T
e
n
s
i
o
n
x
l
f
= 0.5 b
f
t
f
Flange slenderness parameters: l
pf
= 0.38
E
F
y
; l
rf
= 1.0
E
F
y
Web slenderness parameters: l
w
=
h
t
w
; l
pw
= 3.76
E
F
y
; l
rw
= 5.70
E
F
y
For symmetric I shapes with compact webs and non-compact flanges (l
w
l
pw
and l
pf
l
f
l
rf
)
fM
n
= 0.9M
p
- |M
p
- 0.7 F
y
S
x
]
l
f
-l
pf
l
rf
-l
pf

M
p
= Plastic moment.
S
x
= I
x
f (0.5 d) elastic section modulus
For symmetric I shapes with non-compact webs and non-compact flanges (l
w
> l
pw
and l
pf
l
f
l
rf
)
fM
n
= 0.9R
p
M
y
- |R
p
M
y
- 0.7 F
y
S
x
]
l
f
-l
pf
l
rf
-l
pf

R
p
=
M
p
M
y
-
M
p
M
y
- 1
l
w
-l
pw
l
rw
-l
pw
web plastification factor
M
y
= F
y
S
x
yield moment for compression flange.
For all symmetric I shapes with slender flanges (l
f
> l
rf
)
fM
n
= 0.9
0.9 E k
c
S
x
l
f
2
k
c
= Min_0.76, Max {0.35,
4
hft
w

Class Activity
Determine flexural strength based on FLB for a W21x48 A992 beam.
Fy 50; Es 29000;
Limiting values of local buckling parameters
w, f, Zx, Sx AISCshapeProps"W21x48", "htw", "bf2tf", "Zx", "Sx"
53.6, 9.47, 107., 93.
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 9
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
pf, rf, pw, rw 0.38, 1.0, 3.76, 5.70 SqrtEs Fy
9.15161, 24.0832, 90.5528, 137.274
Since l
pf
l
f
l
rf
the flange is non-compact. Since l
w
l
pw
the web is compact.
FLB flexural strength: fM
n
= 0.9M
p
- |M
p
- 0.7 F
y
S
x
]
l
f
-l
pf
l
rf
-l
pf

Plastic moment
Mp Zx Fy
5350.
Mn Mp Mp 0.7 Fy Sx f pf rf pf
5305.33
Beam strength (kip - ft)
MnFLB 0.9 Mn 12
397.9
FLB Flexural strength for I or C shapes bent about minor axis (y-axis)
l
f
= 0.5 bf t
l
pf
= 0.38
E
F
y
; l
rf
= 1.0
E
F
y
S
y
= I
y
|0.5 b
f
] elastic section modulus for I shape about y-axis.
S
y
= I
y
|b
f
- x] elastic section modulus for C shape about y-axis.
M
p
= F
y
Z
y
Plastic moment about y axis.
For compact flanges: fM
n
= 0.9M
p
For non-compact flanges
fM
n
= 0.9M
p
- |M
p
- 0.7 F
y
S
y
]
l
f
-l
pf
l
rf
-l
pf

For slender flanges

53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 10
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
fM
n
= 0.9|F
cr
S
y
]
F
cr
=
0.69 E
l
f
2
Class Activity
Determine minor axis flexural strength based on FLB for a W21x48 A992 beam.
Fy 50; Es 29000;
w, f, Zy, Sy AISCshapeProps"W21x48", "htw", "bf2tf", "Zy", "Sy"
53.6, 9.47, 14.9, 9.52
Limiting values of local buckling parameters
pf, rf 0.38, 1.0 SqrtEs Fy
9.15161, 24.0832
Since l
pf
l
f
l
rf
the flange is non-compact.
FLB flexural strength: fM
n
= 0.9M
p
- |M
p
- 0.7 F
y
S
x
]
l
f
-l
pf
l
rf
-l
pf

Plastic moment
Mp Zy Fy
745.
Mn Mp Mp 0.7 Fy Sy f pf rf pf
736.219
Beam strength (kip - ft)
MnFLB 0.9 Mn 12
55.2164
FLB Flexural strength for rectangular HSS and built-up box-shape members
For rectangular HSS shapes: l
pf
= 1.12
E
F
y
; l
rf
= 1.4
E
F
y
For members with non-compact flanges (l
pf
l
f
l
rf
)
fM
n
= 0.9 M
p
- |M
p
- F
y
S] -4 + 3.57
b
t
F
y
E
M
p
= Plastic moment.
S = elastic section modulus.
For members with slender flanges (l
f
> l
rf
)
fM
n
= 0.9|F
y
S
eff
]
S
eff
= elastic section modulus based on the effective width b
e
of the compression flange defined as follows.
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 11
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
b
e
= 1.92 t
E
F
y
_1 -
0.38
bft
E
F
y

B
H
b
e
x
Class Activity
Determine flexural strength about x-axis based on FLB for a rectangular HSS10x6x3/16 section made of A500 Gr. B
steel.
6"
1
0
"
x
y
Fy 46; Es 29000;
t, f, Zx, Sx AISCshapeProps"HSS10x6x316", "tdes", "bt", "Zx", "Sx"
0.174, 31.5, 18., 14.9
Mp Zx Fy
828.
For rectangular HSS shapes: l
pf
= 1.12
E
F
y
; l
rf
= 1.4
E
F
y
pf, rf 1.12, 1.4 SqrtEs Fy
28.1215, 35.1518
Since l
f
> l
pf
but less than l
rf
the flange is non-compact
fM
n
= 0.9 M
p
- |M
p
- F
y
S] -4 + 3.57
b
t
F
y
E
Mn Mp Mp Fy Sx 4 3.57 f SqrtFy Es
759.728
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 12
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
Beam strength (kip - ft)
MnFLB 0.9 Mn 12
56.9796
FLB Flexural strength for Tees and Double angles loaded in the plane of symmetry
b
x
b
t
x
l
f
= bf t
l
pf
= 0.38
E
F
y
; l
rf
= 1.0
E
F
y
Plastic and yield moments: M
p
= F
y
Z
x
M
y
= F
y
S
x
If stem is in tension: fM
n
= 0.9Min|M
p
, 1.6 M
y
, F
cr
S
xc
j
If tip of the stem is in compression: fM
n
= 0.9Min|M
p
, M
y
, F
cr
S
xc
j
S
xc
= elastic section modulus with respect to compression flange. Note S
x
given in the AISC manual is based on the
maximum distance to an extreme fiber. Thus in case of a Tee section it is with respect to tip of the stem and is not the
value needed in this calculation.
For members with non-compact flanges (l
pf
l
f
l
rf
)
F
cr
= F
y
1.19 - 0.50 l
f
F
y
E
For members with slender flanges (l
f
> l
rf
)
F
cr
=
0.69 E
l
f
2
Example
Determine flexural strength based on flange local buckling of a WT5x6 bent about its x -axis as shown in the figure.
A992 Gr 50 steel.
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 13
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
Tension
Compression
x
y
Note as loaded the flange of the Tee is in compression. Thus we need to check FLB.
Fy 50; Es 29000;
d, f, Zx, Sx, Ix, yb AISCshapeProps"WT5x6", "d", "bf2tf", "Zx", "Sx", "Ix", "y"
4.94, 9.43, 2.2, 1.22, 4.35, 1.36
Mp Fy Zx
110.
My Fy Sx
61.
pf, rf 0.38, 1.0 SqrtEs Fy
9.15161, 24.0832
Sxc Ix yb
3.19853
The flange is non-compact
fM
n
= 0.9Min|M
p
, 1.6 My, F
cr
S
xc
j
F
cr
= F
y
1.19 - 0.50 l
f
F
y
E
FLB strength (kip-ft)
MnFLB 0.9 MinMp, 1.6 My, Fy Sxc 1.19 0.50 f SqrtFy Es 12
7.32
Leg local buckling (LLB) Flexural strength for single angles
The local leg buckling applies when the toe of the angle is in compression.
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 14
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
b
t
Tension
Compression
x
Leg local buckling
b
t
Tension
Compression
x
No leg local buckling
Compression
Tension
x
l
f
= bf t
l
pf
= 0.54
E
F
y
; l
rf
= 0.91
E
F
y
For members with non-compact legs (l
pf
l
f
l
rf
)
fM
n
= 0.9|F
y
S
c
] 2.43 - 1.72 l
f
F
y
E
For members with slender legs (l
f
> l
rf
)
fM
n
= 0.9(F
cr
S
c
)
F
cr
=
0.71 E
l
f
2
S
c
= elastic section modulus to the toe in compression relative to the axis of bending. For bending about one of
the geometric axes of an equal-leg angle with no lateral torsional restraint S
c
is equal to 0.80 of the geometric
axis section modulus.
Example
Determine flexural strength based on leg local buckling of an L4x4x1/4 bent about its geometric x -axis as shown in
the figure. A36 steel.
4"
1
f
4
"
Tension
Compression
x
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 15
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
Note as loaded the toe of the angle is in compression.
Fy 36; Es 29000;
b 4; t 1 4;
Sx, Ag AISCshapeProps"L4x4x14", "Sx", "Ag"
1.03, 1.94
Leg local buckling (LLB) Flexural strength for single angles
f b t
16
pf, rf 0.54, 0.91 SqrtEs Fy
15.3264, 25.8279
The angle leg is non-compact
Sc 0.8 Sx;
MnLLB 0.9 Fy Sc 2.43 1.72 f SqrtFy Es 12
3.24906
FLB Flexural strength for unsymmetric I shapes bent about major axis
b
fc
b
ft
t
f
c
t
f
t
y
c
y
t
t
w
h
h
c
f
2
h
p
f
2
Plastic NA
Centroid
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
T
e
n
s
i
o
n
x
l
f
= 0.5 b
fc
f t
fc
l
pw
= Min_l
rw
,
hc
hp
E
Fy
_0.54
Mp
My
-0.09
2
; l
rw
= 5.70
E
F
y
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 16
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
l
pf
= 0.38
E
F
y
; l
rf
= 1.0
E
F
y
S
xc
= I
x
f y
c
elastic section modulus with respect to compression flange.
S
xt
= I
x
f y
t
elastic section modulus with respect to tension flange.
l
wc
=
h
c
t
w
web slenderness with respect to compression flange
h
c
= 2 distance from the centroid to the inside face of the compression flange.
h
p
= 2 distance from the plastic neutral axis to the inside face of the compression flange.
M
yc
= F
y
S
xc
yield moment for compression flange.
M
yt
= F
y
S
xt
yield moment for tension flange.
Web plastification factor with respect to compression flange
R
pc

For l
wc
l
pw
(compact web) R
pc
=
M
p
M
yc
For l
wc
> l
pw
(noncompact web) R
pc
=
M
p
M
yc
-
M
p
M
yc
- 1
l
wc
-l
pw
l
rw
-l
pw

Web plastification factor with respect to tension flange

R
pt

For l
wc
l
pw
(compact web) R
pt
=
M
p
M
yt
For l
wc
> l
pw
(noncompact web) R
pt
=
M
p
M
yt
-
M
p
M
yt
- 1
l
wc
-l
pw
l
rw
-l
pw

For unsymmetric I shapes with compact flanges and compact or non-compact webs
fM
n

For S
xt
S
xc
fM
n
= 0.9|R
pc
M
yc
]
For S
xt
< S
xc
fM
n
= 0.9Min|R
pc
M
yc
, R
pt
M
yt
j
For unsymmetric I shapes with non-compact flanges and compact or non-compact webs
fM
n
= 0.9R
pc
M
yc
- |R
pc
M
yc
- F
L
S
xc
]
l
f
-l
pf
l
rf
-l
pf

F
L

For S
xt
0.7 S
xc
F
L
= 0.7 F
y
For S
xt
< 0.7 S
xc
F
L
= Max_0.5 F
y
,
S
xt
S
xc
F
y

For unsymmetric I shapes with non-compact flanges and slender webs

fM
n
= 0.9|R
pg
F
cr
S
xc
]
F
cr
= F
y
- |0.3 F
y
]
l
f
-l
pf
l
rf
-l
pf

Bending strength reduction factor: R

pg
= 1 -
a
w
1200+300 a
w
h
c
t
w
- 5.7
E
F
y

a
w
= Min_10,
h
c
t
w
b
fc
t
fc

For sections with slender flanges

fM
n
= 0.9|R
pg
F
cr
S
xc
]
F
cr
=
0.9 E k
c
l
f
2
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 17
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
k
c
= Min_0.76, Max {0.35,
4
hft
w

Class Activity
Determine flexural strength based on FLB for the built-up I beam shown in the figure.
20.5"
12"
7
f
1
6
"
3
f
4
"
y
c
y
t
1f4"
5
0
"
h
c
f
2
Centroid
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
T
e
n
s
i
o
n
x
Fy 50; Es 29000;
Compression flange, tension flange, and web dimensions
bfc 20.5; tfc 7 16.;
bft 12; tft 3 4.;
h 50; tw 1 4.;
Overall section depth
d h tft tfc
51.1875
Area of cross section |in
2
]
A bfc tfc bft tft h tw
30.4688
Centroid location
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 18
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
yc bft tft d .5 tft bfc tfc .5 tfc h tw .5 h tfc A
25.5095
hc 2 yc tfc
50.144
yt d yc
25.678
Ix 1 12 bft tft^3 bft tft yt 0.5 tft^2
1 12 bfc tfc^3 bfc tfc yc 0.5 tfc^2
1 12 tw h^3 h tw yt 0.5 h tft^2
14103.6
Sxc Ix yc
552.875
Sxt Ix yt
549.248
Limiting values of local buckling parameters
pf, rf, rw 0.38, 1.0, 5.70 SqrtEs Fy
9.54121, 25.1085, 143.118
Web and flange slenderness parameters
f, w 0.5 bfc tfc, h tw
23.4286, 200.
Since l
pf
l
f
l
rf
the flange is non-compact. Since l
w
> l
rw
the web is slender.
fM
n
= 0.9|R
pg
F
cr
S
xc
]
F
cr
= F
y
- |0.3 F
y
]
l
f
-l
pf
l
rf
-l
pf

Bending strength reduction factor: R

pg
= 1 -
a
w
1200+300 a
w
h
c
t
w
- 5.7
E
F
y

a
w
= Min_10,
h
c
t
w
b
fc
t
fc

aw Min10, hc tw bfc tfc

1.39774
Rpg 1 aw 1200 300 aw hc tw 5.7 SqrtEs Fy
0.94536
Fcr Fy 0.3 Fy f pf rf pf
35.6576
Beam strength (kip - ft)
fM
n
= 0.9|R
pg
F
cr
S
xc
]
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 19
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i
MnFLB 0.9 Rpg Fcr Sxc 12
1397.78
Extra
53: 134 Desi gn of St eel St r uct ur es 20
Uni v er si t y of I ow a I nst r uct or : M. Asghar Bhat t i