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1/14/2025 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 12 Free PDF
Chapter Notes: Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Introduction
Magnet
A magnet is a material that generates a magnetic eld, enabling it to attract or repel other
materials with magnetic properties. For example, lodestone, a natural magnet, can attract
materials such as iron, nickel, and cobalt.
Every magnet possesses two poles—north and south—which are inseparable. When
suspended freely, the north pole of a magnet aligns itself with the Earth's geographic north.
Similar to electric charges, magnetic poles exhibit the properties of attraction and repulsion:
like poles repel each other, while opposite poles attract.
An electric current-carrying wire behaves like a magnet. Electromagnets and electric motors
involve the magnetic effect of electric current, and electric generators involve the electric
effect of moving magnets.
Compass needle get de ected on passing an electric current through a metallic conductor.
Bar Magnet
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A bar magnet is a solid, typically rectangular object made of materials like iron, steel, or
other ferromagnetic substances, with natural magnetic properties.
It has two distinct poles: a north pole and a south pole.
When freely suspended, the north pole aligns with the Earth’s geographic north.
Picture a rectangular iron bar magnet with two ends: one being the north pole and the other
the south pole.
When suspended, its north pole always points toward the Earth’s north pole.
This characteristic makes it crucial for navigation, as demonstrated by its use in magnetic
compasses.
The bar magnet’s behaviour highlights its inherent magnetic properties and clearly de ned
poles.
Properties of Magnet
(i) Every magnet has two poles i.e. North and South.
(ii) Like poles repel each other.
(iii) Unlike poles attract each other.
(iv) A freely suspended bar magnet aligns itself in nearly north-south direction, with its north
pole towards north direction.
Magnetic Field and Field Lines

Magnetic eld is a quantity that possesses both size and direction.
The orientation of the magnetic eld is determined by the movement of a north pole of a
compass needle within it.
As a convention, it is assumed that the eld lines emerge from the north pole and converge
at the south pole.
Within the magnet, the eld lines ow from the south pole to the north pole, forming closed
loops.
The intensity of the magnetic eld is depicted by the proximity of the eld lines. A denser
concentration of lines indicates a stronger eld, resulting in greater force on the pole of
another magnet placed in that area.
It is observed that eld lines do not intersect. If they did, it would suggest that at the point
of intersection, the compass needle would indicate two directions, which is impossible.
Try yourself: Which of the following is a property of magnets?
a. Magnets have only one pole.
b. like poles repel each other.
c. A freely suspended bar magnet aligns itself in an east-west direction.
d. Compass needle gets de ected on passing an electric current through a plastic conductor.
View Solution
Magnetic Field of a Bar Magnet

H. C. Oersted was the rst person to state that electric current has magnetic eld.
Think of a magnetic eld as an invisible force that surrounds a magnet.
This eld is what causes magnets to attract or repel other objects.
Imagine the force you feel when you bring two magnets close to each other.
This force spreads out around the magnet and in uences nearby objects.
When we mention a magnetic eld, we are referring to this invisible area around a magnet
where its power can be sensed.
Try yourself: What is the direction of the magnetic eld inside a magnet?
a. From North to South
b. From South to North
c. From East to West
d. From West to East
View Solution
Magnetic Field Due to a Current-Carrying Conductor

Magnetic Field due to Current through a Straight Conductor
Concentric circles can represent it at every point on conductor.
Direction can be given by right-hand thumb rule or compass.
Circles are closer to the conductor.
When you change the current in a copper wire, the compass needle placed nearby also
changes its direction.
If you increase the current, the needle's de ection increases as well, showing that the
magnetic eld's strength at that point rises with the current.
If you move the compass away from the wire while keeping the current constant, the needle's
de ection decreases.
Magnetic eld ∝ Strength of current.
This change happens because the magnetic eld weakens as you move farther from the
wire.
Magnetic eld ∝ 1/Distance from conductor
Right-Hand Thumb Rule
Imagine you are holding a current carrying straight conductor in your right hand such that
the thumb is pointing towards the direction of current.
Then the ngers wrapped around the conductor give the direction of magnetic eld.
Magnetic Field due to Current through a Circular Loop
Just like how the magnetic eld around a straight wire varies with distance, the eld around
a circular loop forms concentric circles that expand as you move away.
As you approach the centre of the loop, these circles appear as straight lines.
Each point on the wire contributes to straight magnetic eld lines at the loop's centre, all in
the same direction.
Using the right-hand rule, we can con rm that each wire segment adds to the magnetic eld
within the loop.
The strength of the magnetic eld at a point due to a current-carrying wire is directly
proportional to the current owing through it.
If a coil has multiple turns, the resulting eld is stronger, as each turn's eld adds up due to
the consistent current direction.
Factors affecting magnetic eld of a circular current carrying conductor

Magnetic eld ∝ Current passing through the conductor
Magnetic ∝ 1/Distance from conductor
Magnetic eld ∝ No. of turns in the coil
Magnetic eld is additive in nature i.e., magnetic eld of one loop adds up to magnetic eld of
another loop. This is because the current in each circular turn has some direction.
Magnetic Field due to a Current in a Solenoid

A solenoid is a coil made of many circular loops of insulated copper wire wrapped tightly in a
cylinder shape.
One end of the solenoid acts like a magnetic north pole, while the other end acts like a south
pole.
Within the solenoid, the magnetic eld lines are straight and parallel, showing uniformity
throughout.
Due to this uniformity, a strong magnetic eld is created inside the solenoid, capable of
magnetizing materials like soft iron when placed within the coil
The resultant magnet is termed an electromagnet.
Direction of magnetic eld
(i) Outside the solenoid: North to South

(ii) Inside the solenoid: South to North
Solenoids can be used to magnetise a magnetic material like soft iron.
Force on a Current carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

French scientist Andre Marie Ampere (1775–1836) proposed that a magnet also exerts a
matching force on a current-carrying conductor.
When an aluminium rod carrying current is placed in a magnetic eld, it experiences a force,
as indicated by the rod's movement.
The force's direction changes when the current's direction in the conductor is reversed.
Upon ipping the magnet's poles to make the eld point downward, the force direction on
the rod reverses once more.
This demonstrates that the force's orientation on the conductor relies on both the current's
direction and the magnetic eld's direction.
Experiments reveal that the greatest rod displacement (or force magnitude) occurs when the
current is perpendicular to the magnetic eld.
In such a scenario, a simple rule can be applied to determine the force's direction on the
conductor.
Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule

Stretch the thumb, fore nger and middle nger of your left hand such that they are mutually
perpendicular.
If the nger points in the direction of the magnetic eld and the middle nger in the direction
of the current, then the thumb will point in the direction of motion or force.
The heart and brain in the human body have signi cant magnetic elds.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): An image of internal organs of the body can be
obtained using the magnetic eld of the organ.
Galvanometer: Instrument that can detect the presence of current in a circuit. It also
detects the direction of the current.
Try yourself: Which of the following factors affect the magnetic eld of a circular current
carrying conductor?
a. Strength of current passing through the conductor
b. Distance from the conductor
c. Number of turns in the coil
d. All of the above
View Solution
Domestic Electric Circuits

There are three kinds of wires used:
1. Live wire (positive) with red insulation cover.
2. Neutral wire (negative) with black insulation cover.
3. Earth wire with green insulation cover.
The potential difference between live and neutral wire in India is 220 V.
Pole ⇒ Main supply ⇒ Fuse ⇒ Electricity meter ⇒ Distribution box ⇒ To separate circuits
Earth Wire: Protects us from electric shock in case of current leakage, especially in metallic
body appliances. It provides a low resistance path for current in case of leakage of current.
Short Circuit: When live wire comes in direct contact with neutral wire accidentally. The
resistance of the circuit becomes low, which can result in overloading.
Overloading: When the current drawn is more than the current carrying capacity of a
conductor, it results in overloading.
Causes of overloading
Accidental hike in voltage supply.
Use of more than one appliance in a single socket.
Safety devices
Electric fuse
Earth wire
MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)

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1/14/2025 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 12 Free PDF

Chapter Notes: Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Magnetic Field and Field Lines

Try yourself: Which of the following is a property of magnets?

a. Magnets have only one pole.

b. like poles repel each other.

c. A freely suspended bar magnet aligns itself in an east-west direction.

Magnetic Field of a Bar Magnet

a. From North to South

b. From South to North

c. From East to West

d. From West to East

Magnetic Field Due to a Current-Carrying Conductor

Right-Hand Thumb Rule

Magnetic Field due to Current through a Circular Loop

Factors affecting magnetic eld of a circular current carrying conductor

Magnetic Field due to a Current in a Solenoid

Direction of magnetic eld

(i) Outside the solenoid: North to South

Force on a Current carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule

a. Strength of current passing through the conductor

b. Distance from the conductor

c. Number of turns in the coil

d. All of the above

Domestic Electric Circuits

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