Mechanical Engg.

MACHINE DESIGN
TODAY'S TOPICS
• SLIDING CONTACT BEARING (L1)

Gaurang sir
 BEARINGS

• INTRODUCTION
• CLASSIFICATION OF BEARINGS
• TYPES OF SLIDING CONTACT BEARINGS
• TERMS USED IN HYDRODYNAMIC JOURNAL BEARING
• BEARING CHARACTERISTIC NUMBER AND BEARING MODULUS FOR JOURNAL BEARINGS
BEARINGS
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF BEARING
1) Depending upon the Direction of force that acts on bearings
i) Radial Bearing
ii) Thrust Bearing
 2) Depending upon the type of Friction

a) Sliding Contact Bearing

• Also called Plain bearing or Journal bearing or sleeve bearing

b) Rolling Contact Bearing

• Also called Antifriction Bearing.

SLIDING CONTACT BEARING

In this bearing, Surface of the shaft slides over the surface of the bush resulting in friction and
wear. To reduce friction , two surfaces are separated by a film of lubricating oil.

Applications :
ROLLING CONTACT BEARING
In this bearing, Rolling elements such as balls or rollers are introduced between the surfaces
that are relative in motion.

Applications :
 SLIDING CONTACT BEARINGS

• Types of Sliding Contact Bearings

1) The sliding contact bearings in which the sliding action is along the circumference of a
circle or an arc of a circle and carrying radial loads are known as journal or sleeve bearings
• When the angle of contact of the bearing with the journal is 360° then the bearing is called a
full journal bearing. This type of bearing is commonly used in industrial machinery to
accommodate bearing loads in any radial direction.

• When the angle of contact of the bearing with the journal is 120°, then the bearing is said to be
partial journal bearing. This type of bearing has less friction than full journal bearing, but it
can be used only where the load is always in one direction.

• When a partial journal bearing has no clearance i.e. the diameters of the journal and bearing are
equal, then the bearing is called a fitted bearing
2) The sliding contact bearings, according to the thickness of layer of the lubricant between the
bearing and the journal, may also be classified as follows :
 THICK FILM LUBRICATION :
• Hydrodynamic Lubrication
• Hydrostatic Lubrication
Hydrodynamic Lubrication
Hydrodynamic lubrication is defines as a system of lubrication in which the load supporting fluid film is created
by the shape and relative motion of the sliding surfaces. Since the pressure is created within the system due to
rotation of shaft, this type of bearing is known as self-acting bearing.
• Hydrostatic Lubrication
Hydrodynamic lubrication is defines as a system of lubrication in which the load supporting fluid
film, separating the two surfaces is created by an external source, like a pump, supplying
sufficient fluid under pressure.
TERMS USED IN HYDRODYNAMIC JOURNAL BEARING
A hydrodynamic journal bearing is shown in figure:
O is the center of the journal
O’ is the center of the bearing.
Let D = Diameter of the bearing
d = Diameter of the journal
l = Length of the bearing.
The following terms used in hydrodynamic journal
bearing are important from the subject point of view :
Short and long bearing
If the ratio of the length to the diameter of the journal (i.e. l / d) is less than 1, then the bearing is
said to be short bearing.
On the other hand, if l / d is greater than 1, then the bearing is known as long bearing.
 Bearing Characteristic Number and Bearing Modulus for Journal Bearings

The factor ZN / p is termed as bearing characteristic number and is a dimensionless number. The
variation of coefficient of friction with the operating values of bearing characteristic number (ZN / p)
as obtained by McKee brothers
• The part of the curve PQ represents the region of thick
film lubrication.
• Between Q and R, the viscosity (Z) or the speed (N) are
so low, or the pressure ( p) is so great that their
combination ZN / p will reduce the film thickness so that
partial metal to metal contact will result.
• The thin film or boundary lubrication or imperfect
lubrication exists between R and S on the curve. This is
the region where the viscosity of the lubricant ceases to
be a measure of friction characteristics but the oiliness of
the lubricant is effective in preventing complete metal to
metal contact and seizure of the parts.
• From Figure, we see that the minimum amount of friction occurs at A and at this point the
value of ZN / p is known as bearing modulus which is denoted by K.
• In order to prevent such conditions, the bearing should be designed for a value of ZN / p at
least three times the minimum value of bearing modulus (K).
• If the bearing is subjected to large fluctuations of load and heavy impacts, the value of ZN / p
= 15 K may be used
 Mechanical Engg.
MACHINE DESIGN
TODAY'S TOPICS
• SLIDING CONTACT BEARING (L2)

Gaurang sir
 BEARINGS

• ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY OF LUBRICANT OIL

• COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION FOR JOURNAL BEARINGS
• DESIGN OF JOURNAL BEARINGS
• NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY OF LUBRICANT OIL
VISCOSITY TEMPERATURE
RELATIONSHIP GRAPH
UNIT OF VISCOSITY
 UNIT BEARINGS PRESSURE

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION FOR JOURNAL BEARINGS

 Heat Generated in Journal Bearing

Heat Dissipated In Journal Bearing

Heat carried away by additional lubricating oil
DESIGN OF JOURNAL BEARINGS
Q.1 A full journal bearing of 50 mm diameter and 100 mm long has a bearing pressure of
1.4 N/mm2. The speed of the journal is 900 rpm and ratio of journal diameter to the
diametral clearance is 1000. The bearing is lubricated with oil whose absolute viscosity at
operating temperature of 750C may be taken as 0.011 kg/m-s . The room temperature is
350C. Find
i) The amount of artificial cooling required.
ii) The mass of lubricating oil required, if the difference between outlet and inlet
temperature of oil is 100C.
The specific heat of the oil as 1850 j/kg/0C
 Mechanical Engg.
MACHINE DESIGN
TODAY'S TOPICS
• SLIDING CONTACT BEARING (L3)

Gaurang sir
 today's Topics

• DESIGN OF JOURNAL BEARINGS

• NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
DESIGN OF JOURNAL BEARINGS
Q.2 Determine the amount of artificial cooling, if required for a centrifugal pump running at
1440 rpm, the diameter of the journal is 100 mm and the load on each bearing is 20 KN. The
Bearing characteristics number can be taken as 29.5. The bearing temperature is 750C , the
ambient temperature is 280C, the energy dissipation-efficient is 900 W/m2/0C
Q. The load on the journal bearing is 150 KN due to turbine shaft of 300 mm diameter running
at 1800 rpm. Determine the length of the bearing if allowable bearing pressure is 1.6 N/mm2
, the amount of heat removed by lubricant per minute. If the bearing temperature is 600C is
0.02 kg/m-sec and the bearing clearance is 0.25
Q. Design a bearing to support a load of 5.5 KN at 650 rpm using a hardened steel journal and
Babbit bearing. The bearing is lubricated by the oil rings. Take room temperature as 220C and
oil temperature as 850C.
Q. A journal bearing 60 mm in diameter and 90 mm long runs at 450 rpm. The oil used for
hydrodynamic lubrication has absolute viscosity of 0.06 kg/m.sec. If the diametric clearance is 0.1 , find
the safe load on bearing.
Q. A 80 mm long journal bearing supports a load of 2800 N on a 50 mm diameter shaft. The bearing has
a radial clearance of 0.05 mm and the viscosity of the oil is 0.021 kg / m-s at the operating temperature.
If the bearing is capable of dissipating 80 J/s, determine the maximum safe speed.
 Mechanical Engg.
MACHINE DESIGN
TODAY'S TOPICS
• SLIDING CONTACT BEARING (L4)

• PYQ (Design of Journal Bearing)

Gaurang sir
DESIGN OF JOURNAL BEARINGS
Q. Design a journal bearing for centrifugal pump from following data
Load on journal = 15000 N
Speed of journal = 1050 rpm
Type of oil = SAE 30
Operating temperature of oil = 550C
Ambient temperature = 160C (AKTU 2022)
Q. Design a journal bearing for a centrifugal pump from the following data: Load on the journal = 20 000 N;
Speed of the journal = 900 rpm, Type of oil is SAE 10, for which the absolute viscosity at 55°C = 0.017 kg / m-s,
Ambient temperature of oil = 15.5°C, Maximum bearing pressure for the pump = 1.5 N / mm2. Calculate also
mass of the lubricating oil required for artificial cooling, if rise of temperature of oil be limited to 10°C. Heat
dissipation coefficient = 1232 W/m2/°C. (AKTU 2023)
Q. The following data is given for full hydrodynamic bearing:
Radial Load = 25 KN
Journal Speed = 1000 RPM
Unit Bearing Pressure = 2.5 MPa
Viscosity of Lubricant = 20 cP
L/d = 1
Ratio of minimum film thickness to radial clearance = 0.25
Determine
i) Dimension of the bearing
ii) Minimum film thickness requirement
Q. A journal bearing has a journal diameter of 50 mm and diameter of bushing is 50.1 mm. The
bushing is 50 mm long and has to support a load of 1 KN at a speed of 1200 rpm. Determine
the minimum oil film thickness and power loss for SAE10 oil , assuming the oil film
temperature to be 700C.
 Mechanical Engg.
MACHINE DESIGN
TODAY'S TOPICS
• ROLLING CONTACT BEARING (L1)

Gaurang sir
 BEARINGS

• INTRODUCTION
• CLASSIFICATION OF BEARINGS
• TYPES OF ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS
• STATIC LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
• DYNAMIC LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
• EQUIVALENT BEARING LOAD
• LOAD LIFE RELATIONSHIP
• SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER CATALOUGE
BEARINGS
CLASSIFICATION OF BEARING
1) Depending upon the Direction of force that acts on bearings
i) Radial Bearing
ii) Thrust Bearing
SLIDING CONTACT BEARING

In this bearing, Surface of the shaft slides over the surface of the bush resulting in friction and
wear. To reduce friction , two surfaces are separated by a film of lubricating oil.

Applications :
ROLLING CONTACT BEARING
In this bearing, Rolling elements such as balls or rollers are introduced between the surfaces
that are relative in motion.

Applications :
Advantages and Disadvantages of Rolling Contact Bearings Over Sliding Contact
Bearings
TYPES OF ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS
Q. In a particular application, the radial load acting on a ball bearing is 5KN and the
expected life for 90% of the bearing is 8000h. Calculate the dynamic load carrying
capacity of the bearing, when shaft rotates at 1450 rpm.
Q. A taper roller bearing has a dynamic load capacity of 26 KN. The desired life for
90% of the bearings is 8000 h and speed is 300 rpm. Calculate the equivalent radial
load that the bearing can carry.
 Mechanical Engg.
MACHINE DESIGN
TODAY'S TOPICS
• ROLLING CONTACT BEARING (L2)

Gaurang sir
 TODAY’S TOPICS

• DESIGNATION OF ROLLING CONTACT BEARING

• SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER CATALOUGE
Let us discuss two important table of DDB :
Table 15.9
Table 15.10
Q. A single row deep groove ball bearing is subjected to a radial load of 8 KN and a thrust
force of 3 KN. The shaft rotates at 1200 rpm. The expected life L10h of the bearing is 20000 h.
The minimum acceptable diameter of the shaft is 75 mm. Select a suitable ball bearing for this
application.
Q. Select a single row deep groove ball bearing for radial load of 4500 N and axial
load of 5500 N operating at speed of 1500 rpm for average life of 5 years running for
12 hours per day.
 Mechanical Engg.
MACHINE DESIGN
TODAY'S TOPICS
• ROLLING CONTACT BEARING (L3)

• DESIGN OF BALL BEARING FOR

CYCLIC LOAD AND SPEED

Gaurang sir
DESIGN OF BALL BEARING FOR CYCLIC LOAD AND SPEED
Q. A single row deep groove ball bearing has a dynamic load capacity of 40500 N and
operates on the following work cycle
i) Radial load of 5000 N at 500 rpm for 25% of the time
ii) Radial load of 10000 N at 700 rpm for 50 % of the time
iii) Radial load of 7000 N at 400 rpm for the remaining 25 % of the time
Calculate the expected life of bearing in hours
 Q. A ball bearing operates on the following work cycle:

The dynamic load capacity of the bearing is 16.6 kN.

Element Radial Speed Element
Calculate : number Load (N) (rpm) time(%)
(i) The average speed of rotation 1 3000 720 30
(ii) The equivalent radial load
(iii) The bearing life 2 7000 1440 50
3 5000 900 20
Q. The ball bearing are to be selected for an application in which the radial load is 2500N
during 90% of time and 7000N during remaining 10%. The shaft is to rotate at 150rpm.
Determine the minimum value of basic dynamic load capacity for 5000 hours of operation
with not more than 10% failures
Q. The radial load acting on a ball bearing is 2500 N for the first five revolutions and reduces
to 1500 N for the next 10 revolutions; the load variation is then repeat itself. The expected life
of the bearing is 20 million revolutions. Determine the dynamic load carrying capacity of the
bearing.
 Mechanical Engg.
MACHINE DESIGN
TODAY'S TOPICS
• ROLLING CONTACT BEARING (L4)

• RELIABILITY OF BEARING

Gaurang sir
RELIABILITY OF BEARING
The reliability (R) is defined as the ratio of the number of bearings which have successfully completed L million
revolutions to the total number of bearings under test. Sometimes, it becomes necessary to select a bearing having
a reliability of more than 90%. According to Wiebull, the relation between the bearing life and the reliability is
given as
Q. A single row deep groove ball bearing is subjected to a radial force of 8 KN and a thrust
force of 3 KN. The value of X and Y factors are 0.56 and 1.5 respectively. The shaft rotates at
1200 rpm. The diameter of the shaft is 75 mm and bearing number 6315 (C = 112000) is
selected for the application.
(i) Estimate the life of the bearing with 90 % reliability.
(ii) Estimate the reliability for 20000 hour life.
Q. A ball bearing subjected to a radial load of 3000 N is expected to have satisfactory life of
10000 h at 720 rpm with a reliability of 95%. Calculate the dynamic load carrying capacity of
the bearing, so that it can be selected from manufacturer’s catalogue based on 90%
reliability. If there are four such bearings, each with a reliability of 95% in a system, what is
the reliability of the complete system ?
Q. A system involves four identical ball bearings, each subjected to a radial load of 2500 N. The
reliability of the system, i.e. one out of four bearings failing during the lifetime of 5 million
revolutions, is 82%. Determine the dynamic load carrying capacity of the bearing, so as to
select it from manufacturer’s catalogue based on 90% reliability.
Q. A shaft rotating at constant speed is subjected to variable load. The bearing supports the
shaft are subjected to stationary equivalent radial load of 3 KN for 10% of the time, 2 KN for
20% of the time, 1 KN for 30% of the time and no load for the remaining time of cycle. If the
total life expected for the bearing is 20 million revolutions at 95% reliability, calculate dynamic
load rating of the bearing.
 Mechanical Engg.
MACHINE DESIGN
TODAY'S TOPICS
• ROLLING CONTACT BEARING (L5)

• PYQ

Gaurang sir
 Q. A 75 mm diameter shaft of machine operates continuously for 2400 hour, because
of an over running , each one of the shaft bearing will be subjected to varying load and
varying speed cycle as follow

Assume radial and axial load factors to be 1.0 and 1.5 respectively and inner race rotates.
Select a suitable single row deep groove ball bearing. (AKTU 2022)
Q. The radial load acting on a ball bearing 2500N for the 1/3 times of its life and 1500
N for rest of the life. The rated life of the bearing is 20 million revolution.
Determine the dynamic load capacity of the bearing. (AKTU 2023)
Q. Select the suitable bearing rolling contact bearing for the following
application:
• Shaft diameter=50mm
• Speed=600 RPM
• Radial load Fr=2KN
• Axial load Fa=0.5 KN
• Required life with 95% reliability=12000 hr.
• Operating temp=450C
Rotating Race= Inner (AKTU 2023)