BST110 (Door and Window)

Door
Introduction of door
A door is a moveable barrier and the function is to cover an opening. Doors are used widely
and found in walls or partitions of a building, vehicles, and furniture. A door can be opened
to give entrance and closed more or less securely using a combination of latches and locks.
Doors also allow passages between the inside and outside, and between the internal rooms.
When the door opened, the ventilation and light presence. The function of the door is to
control the physical atmosphere in a space by enclosing it, so that the interiors are effectively
heated or cooled. Doors are significant in preventing the spread of fire. They are also a good
barrier to noise.
Type of door used in the building Annex 3
During explore in the building Annex 3, we only found one type of door, which is wood door.
This wood door used in this building because it is a highly durable that can withstand harsh
environmental condition. Due to hot and humid wheather in Malaysia, the wood door is a
perfect choice because wood is unaffected by temperature changes so it is suitable to use in
building Annex 3.
Image of wood door:
Figure 1.0 shows the wood door in the building Annex 3
The advantage of wood door

 Wood door is a rust-free and long-lasting. Therefore, it is the only cost-effective
choice.
 Wood door can minimize from hearing loud noise because wood is good barrier to
sound.
 Wood door is an exquisite appearance to human view because of the classic look and
the designed is very aesthetic.
 It is can also be paint broad assortment of color, which mean you have the freedom to
choose the color that you desire.
Material of wood door:
1. Timber: Timber is a type of wood which has been processed into beams and planks. It is
also known as “lumber”
Characteristics of material:
Timber
 Durability
Durability is the important thing for any kind of engineering material. A good timber should
be strong enough to endure the reaction of chemical, biological, physical, etc. However,
wood did not last long the reaction from strong acids and alkalis but if the reaction from acids
and alkalis are weak, the timber should be good strong enough to endure it.
 Strength
Strength is the ability to withstand failure. A decent piece of timber shouldn't break quickly
and should be able to withstand stresses being applied to it. Timber's strength varies
depending on whether it is loaded directly or transversely. When constructing structural wood
elements like beams, joists, and rafters, strength is taken into consideration.
 Permeability
The permeability of timber ought to be lower. When placed in water, a timber should not
absorb more than 8 to 12% of water by its weight. The moisture content, age, kind, and cut of
the wood are only a few of the variables that affect a material's water permeability.
 Hardness
Hardness prevents from penetration. Workable and hard should be in timber. Density and
heartwood properties are depends of hardness of timber. Stronger is the heartwood higher is
the hardness of timber.
 Toughness
Toughness prevents against sudden shocks and vibrations. To endure sudden impact loads
and vibrations, a timber should be tough enough. The toughness of timber is improved by the
good interlocking of grains in its structure. A timber that tough enough is used to make tools
handle, parts of automobiles and etc.
Wood door detailing

This is an example for wood door detailing. There are 14 parts from the top to bottom for
wood door. The part for wood door are casing, top rail, hinge, panels, mullion, hinge stile,
lock stile, lock rail, jamb, casing, bottom rail, and saddle. With this part, then wood door
completed.
Window
Introduction for window:
A window are openings fitted with glass to admit light and allow people to see the
atmosphere outside. They are often openable to allow the air flow inside the building. A
window is also an opening in a wall, door, roof, or vehicle that allows the exchange of light
and also allow the passage of sound and sometimes air. Modern windows are usually covered
in some other transparent or translucent material.
Type of windows in the building Annex 3:
So far, we noticed that there are only two types of windows in this building Annex 3 which
are awning window and casement window.
Figure show awning window is on the left and casement window is on the right
Advantage of awning window

 There is a complete perimeter pressure seal on awning windows. This lessens
ambient noise, makes them perfect for areas with strong winds, and improves
insulation.
 They can be placed on high or low walls. By grouped the awning window together
can improve air flow and makes your home look more aesthetic.
 The awning window can be locked or open. Hence, they are a perfect choice if you
want to let the air flow goes inside to your house through the awning window.
 The awning window can be opened during raining. The window opened outward and
let the air flow inside without any raindrops entering the house.
Advantage of casement window
 Casement windows can provide great air flow, because the window can open entirely
unlike other window designs.
 Casement windows can swing open, just by pushing forward the window.
 One of the energy-efficient windows is the casement window. When closed, the sash
forms an airtight barrier against the window frame, making it difficult for air to pass
through.
 Casement window can be shut on all side, so it is hard for a person to break in the
house.
material of window:
glass
aluminum
Polyvinyl chloride
Characteristic of glass
 Hardness and brittleness
This material is great resistance from taking load. However, the brittle break immediately
when subjected to load.
 Weather resistance
It is great absorb, reflect, and refract from light or sunlight. It can also withstand from heavy
rain, strong wind, sun heat and etc. It has great dimensional stability as it has low thermal
expansion value.
 Insulation
This material great insulator from heat, electromagnet radiation, and electricity because of the
excellent insulating respond against visible light transmission. This material also has a good
resistance from sound transmission. It is provided to use the appropriate thickness so it will
be good resistance against sound transmission.
 Chemical resistance
It can withstand the effect from the chemical reaction under different type of environment
situation. This material is great resistance against a certain type of chemical including acids,
alkalis.
Characteristic of aluminum
 Light Weight
This material has 2.7 of gravity and 0.1 pound of weight per cubic inch. It weighs less by
volume than most other metals. Lightweight aluminum is much easier to handle because it is
not heavy. Other than that, this material also is cheaper than other metal and is an attractive
material for application like automotive design, window frame, ships, spacecraft components
and etc.
 Strong
Aluminum is also strong enough and suitable for most application as I mention before. This
material will be stronger if the temperature fall, so it is suitable used in cold area.
 High Strength-to-Weight Ratio
Aluminum have the combination of lightweight and high strength. The higher strengths can
be obtained by adding one or more material like manganese, silicon, copper, magnesium.
This material can be increase by specialized heat treatments. In this age, the aerospace
industry and the automotive industry heavily depend on aluminum as the material.
 Nonmagnetic
Aluminum is nonmagnetic, so it can use for high-voltage applications and also for
electronic. It is also used to shield sensitive electronic devices.
 Excellent Thermal Conductor:
This material is a good conductor heat and cold. These factors make aluminum perfect for
applications that required heat exchangers, refrigerator evaporators, and engine components.
Characteristic of Polyvinyl chloride

 Electrical
PVC is a good insulation material, because it has a its good dielectric strength.
 Flame Retardancy
Polyvinyl chloride has a high chlorine content, PVC products are self-extinguishing. Its
oxidation index is ≥45. Antimony trioxide has been used extensively, usually in combination
with phosphate ester plasticizers, giving excellent fire performance and mechanical
properties.
 Chemical Resistance
PVC is a good resistant to all kind of chemicals. It also good resistance against acids, alkalis
and aliphatic hydrocarbons.
 Cost/Performance
PVC has good physical as well as mechanical properties and it also provides excellent cost-
performance advantages so it is reasonable and affordable. The best thing is it has long life
span and need low maintenance.
Detailing of awning window

This is an example for detailing of awning window. There are 6 part in awning
window in this image. The part of awning window are hinge slide, sash, hinge
track, jamb, hinge arm, retainer clip. With this part, so the awning window
complete.
Detailing for casement window
This is an example for detailing of casement window. There are 11 parts from
top to bottom in casement window, which are head frame, window sash, glass,
window hinge, decorative drills, locking handle, crank operator, sill frame and
crank arm. With this part present, so the casement window will complete.
Reference for door
http://rusdi-hitamputih.blogspot.com/2010/05/introduction-to-door.html
https://www.forbes.com/home-improvement/doors/types-of-doors/
https://www.aspenexterior.com/2018/06/15/advantages-disadvantages-
wood-front-door/
https://www.firstimpressionwoodmasters.com/different-types-of-wooden-
doors/#:~:text=Solid%20wooden%20doors%20are%20made,made
%20from%20durable%20solid%20wood.
https://theconstructor.org/building/building-material/characteristics-good-
timber/35288/
reference for window

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Window
https://lakewashingtonwindows.com/windows/window-types-guide/
https://www.wideline.com.au/benefits-of-an-awning-window-and-the-best-
places-to-use-them/#:~:text=Awning%20windows%20can%20be
%20placed%20higher%20on%20walls%20than%20many,options%20to
%20other%20openable%20windows.
https://sunshinecontractingcorp.com/blog/2020/09/04/5-benefits-of-
casement-windows/
https://bannerconstruction.com/6-common-window-materials-for-your-
home/
https://gharpedia.com/blog/characteristics-properties-glass-building-
material/
https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1446
https://omnexus.specialchem.com/selection-guide/polyvinyl-chloride-pvc-
plastic

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Door

Type of door used in the building Annex 3

Image of wood door:

Figure 1.0 shows the wood door in the building Annex 3

The advantage of wood door

Material of wood door:

Wood door detailing

Type of windows in the building Annex 3:

Advantage of awning window

Advantage of casement window

 Hardness and brittleness

 High Strength-to-Weight Ratio

 Excellent Thermal Conductor:

Characteristic of Polyvinyl chloride

Detailing of awning window

Detailing for casement window

reference for window

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