Pre-Calculus

Semester 1 | Quarter 2 A.Y. 2024-2025

Trigonometry
branch of math that studies triangles, with a
particular focus on the relationships between
angles and the lengths of corresponding sides.

Angle
Standard Position
formed by the union of two rays that share a
common endpoint called the vertex. - An angle is in standard position if its
vertex is at the origin and its initial
side is on the positive x-axis.

Major Parts
● Vertex: The point where the two rays Quadrantal Angle
meet.
- an angle in standard position where
● Sides: The two rays that form the the terminal side lies on the axes.
angle.
(0º, 90º, 180º, 270º, 360º 𝑜𝑟 0, π/2 , π , 3π/ 2, 2π)
o Initial Side: The fixed ray of
the angle.
▪ “start” side

o Terminal Side: The rotating

ray of the angle.
▪ “end” side

Angle Measurement
- an angle is measured by rotation from
the initial to the terminal side.
- measured in a counterclockwise
direction = positive.
- measured in a clockwise direction
= negative.

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Pre-Calculus
Semester 1 | Quarter 2 A.Y. 2024-2025

Coterminal Angles
- If two (or more) angles have the same
terminal side, they are called
coterminal angles.

Note:
If the angle is greater than 360º, subtract
360º from the angle to arrive at the least
positive angle or greatest negative angle
(If working in radians, subtract 2π until the
starting angle is between 0 and 2π radians.)

Reference Angle
- the acute angle (the smallest angle) formed Unit Measurement of an Angle
by the terminal side of the given angle and the
There are three common ways to measure
x-axis. A reference angle is always positive angles:
and is always less than 90º.
1. Degree (deg)
Remember: The reference angle is measured
- most common unit of angle
from the terminal side of the original angle to
measurement
the x-axis.
- A full circle is divided into 360
degrees
- The symbol for degrees is °

2. Gradian (gon, grad, grade)

- less common
- is used primarily in some
European countries.
- A full circle is divided into 400
gradians
- The symbol for gradians is g
or grad

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Pre-Calculus
Semester 1 | Quarter 2 A.Y. 2024-2025

3. Radian (rad)
- SI unit for measuring angles
- often used in mathematics and
physics
- A full circle is divided into 2π
radians
- The symbol for radians is rad,
but it is often omitted as it is
implied. Radian
One radian is the angle subtended (θ) at the
center of a circle by an arc (s) that is equal in
Central Angle length to the radius (r) of the circle.
● An angle formed by two radii with the
Radian to Degrees
vertex at the center of the circle.
180
● Example: ∠BAC, where point A is the ● Radian x π
= degrees
center, and CA and BA are the radii.
Degrees to Radian
π
● Degrees x 180
= Radian

Degree
denoted by °, is a measurement of a plane
angle, or referred to as the basic unit
measurement of an angle, and it is based on
the sexagesimal system.

Degree Decimal (DD) to Degree, Minutes, and

Intercepted Arc Seconds (DMS)
● An arc in the interior part of the ● For the degrees, use the whole
central angle. number part of the decimal.
● For the minutes, multiply the
● Example: Arc CB, where arc CB is in
remaining decimal by 60. Use the
the interior portion of the central
whole number part of the answer
angle ∠ACB.
as minutes.
● For the seconds, multiply the new
remaining decimal by 60. (note: if
there’s still a decimal, round off to
the nearest whole number)

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Pre-Calculus
Semester 1 | Quarter 2 A.Y. 2024-2025

DMS to DD π
θ= 2
(since the angle is 90°)
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Decimal Degrees = degrees + ( )+( )
60 3600
Solution:
2 π
((3 𝑚) ( 2 ))
Length of an Arc As = 2

The length of an arc S intercepted on a circle Answer:

of radius r by a central angle θ in radians is
As = 9π4 m2
given by the product of the radius and the
radian measure of the central angle.

𝑆 = 𝑟θ Trigonometric Function of P(x, y)

Note: reference angle is always in RADIANS When a point P(x,y) lies on the plane, it forms
a right triangle with the origin O(0,0) and the
x-axis. The hypotenuse r is the distance from
the origin to the point P, calculated as:

𝑟 = 𝑥² + 𝑦²

The six trigonometric functions are defined as

follows:
𝑦
● 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ =
Area of a Sector 𝑟

𝑥
A sector is a part/portion of a circle bounded ● 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ = 𝑟
by two radii of the central angle and its
𝑦
intercepted arc. ● 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = 𝑥

Thus, the area of the sector (As) is: ● 𝑐𝑠𝑐θ =

𝑟
𝑦
2
(𝑟 θ)
As = 𝑟
2 ● 𝑠𝑒𝑐θ = 𝑥
Example: 𝑥
● 𝑐𝑜𝑡θ = 𝑦
Imagine a square field. At one corner of this
square, a goat is tied with a 3-meter-long
rope. The goat can move around within a
quarter-circle, with the corner of the square
as the center and the rope length as the
radius.

Given:

𝑟 = 3𝑚

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Pre-Calculus
Semester 1 | Quarter 2 A.Y. 2024-2025

Quadrants and Sign of Trigonometric

Functions By solving for the reference angle
θ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 α, only the case of
The sign of each function depends on the
special right triangles determine the ratio of
quadrant in which P(x,y) lies:
its sides following the signs of which
Quadrant 𝑥 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ quadrant the terminal side falls.
I + + + + +
II - + + - -
III - - - - + Thus given angle α with reference angle θ
IV + - - + - which are angles in the special right triangle
are the easiest way to solve for the six
trigonometric function.
Example:
Given the point P(3,-4), find the trigonometric Special Right Triangles
functions. 30°-60°-90°⇒ 1: 3:2
2 45°-45°-90°⇒ 1:1: 2
𝑟 = 3² + (− 4) = 9 + 16 = 5
𝑦 4
● 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 𝑟
=− 5

𝑥 3
● 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ = 𝑟
= 5

𝑦 4
● 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = 𝑥
=− 3

𝑟 5
● 𝑐𝑠𝑐θ = 𝑦
=− 4

𝑟 5
● 𝑠𝑒𝑐θ = 𝑥
= 3

𝑥 3
● 𝑐𝑜𝑡θ = 𝑦
=− 4

Trigonometric Function of an Angle

The trigonometric function, given the
measure of rotation of its terminal side of the
angle in the standard position on rectangular
coordinate system can be solve by identifying
the sides of the right triangle formed by its
reference angle following the signs of its
quadrant.

Reference angle θ of the given angle α

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Pre-Calculus
Semester 1 | Quarter 2 A.Y. 2024-2025

GUIDELINES IN DETERMINING THE

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Pre-Calculus
Semester 1 | Quarter 2 A.Y. 2024-2025

REFERENCE ANGLE IN DEGREE FORM The given angle ends in 5.

Example: 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°
1. There are only (5) reference angle in
the 16 angles that can be solve using Guidelines:
ratio of the side length of the special
angles, and the are as follows. 1. Sketch the graph of the angle in
standard position on rectangular
{0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°} coordinate system, and determine
which quadrant is terminal side lies.
2. Use the following divisibility rule to 2. Find its reference angle, draw the
easily identify the reference angle of special right triangle, and use the ratio
an angle degree form. of the length of its sides, then apply
the signs for that quadrant.
3. Determine the trigonometric function
a. Angle with reference 0°( Quadrantal
using the formula
angle at x- axis).
Example: 360°, 720°, 1080°, 1440°,
𝑦 𝑟
1800° sin θ = 𝑟
csc θ = 𝑦
𝑥 𝑟
cos θ = 𝑟
sec θ = 𝑥
b. Angle with reference of 𝑦 𝑥
90°(Quadrantal angle at y- axis). tan θ = 𝑥
cot θ = 𝑦
The given angle is divisible by 9 and
10 and its second digit is an even DETERMINING REFERENCE ANGLE IN
number. RADIAN FORM
Example: 270°, 450°, 630°, 810°,
1170°
Reference Angle: pi/2

c. Angle with reference 30°. kpi/2 - k is even Ref=0 ; Where kEZ

The given angle is not divisible by 9 kpi/2 - k is odd Ref=90
but divisible by 3, 10 and its second
digit is an odd number.
Example: 30°, 150°, 210°, 330°, 390°,
510°

d. Angle with reference of 60°.

The given angle is not divisible by 9
but divisible by 3, 10 and the second
digit is an even number.
Example: 120°, 240°, 300°, 420°, 480°.
Reference Angle: pi/6
e. Angle with reference of 45°. kpi/6 - k = {1, 5, 7, 11,…,6k+-1}

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Pre-Calculus
Semester 1 | Quarter 2 A.Y. 2024-2025

kpi/6 - Ref=30 ; where kEZ

kpi/2 =90(k is odd) or 0(k is even)
kpi/6=30
kpi/4=45
kpi/3=60

CIRCULAR FUNCTION
Circular function are defined in terms of the
Reference Angle: pi/4 coordinate of trigonometric points on the unit
circle.
kpi/4 - k = {1, 3, 5, 7,…, 4k+-1}
kpi/4 - Ref=45 ; Where kEZ Unit Circle
A unit circle is a circle whose center is at the
origin and with a radius of 1 unit. Every point
in the unit circle satisfies the the equation
x2+y2=1.

Reference Angle:pi/3
kpi/3 - k = {1, 2, 3, 4,…, 3k+-1}
kpi/3 Ref=60 ; Where kEZ

EVALUATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC
*Note: What ever the values of k in EXPRESSION
numerator, the only reference angle is the
base angle:

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Pre-Calculus
Semester 1 | Quarter 2 A.Y. 2024-2025

When evaluating trigonometric function it is One must have noticed the repetitive
crucial to consider the revolution and where nature of the circular functions. Functions
the terminal side lies following the quadrant whose values are cyclical or repetitive are
rule, to find its exact value. called periodic functions. The values of
periodic functions repeat after a certain
Example of Evaluating Trigonometric interval.
Function
RELATED TERMINOLOGY
a. 1/2csc(7pi/4)+3sin(2pi
/3)-sec^2(pi Definition
=½(-sqrt of 2)+3(swrt of 3/2) -1^2 Periodic Function- A function f is called a
(-swrt of 2+3sqrt of3)/2 -1 periodic function if there exist a positive
constant p such that

b. cot(-pi/6)+sin(10pi/3)+cos(5pi/ f(x+p)=f(x)
6)
For all in the domain of of f. The least positive
= -swrt of 3 +(-swrt of 3/2)+(-sqrt value of p for which f(x+p)=f(x) is called
of 3/2) “period of the function”.
=-2swrt of 3
Period- One complete repetition of pattern is
called cycle. The period of a function is the
c. [tan(5pi/4)+tan(2pi/3)- horizontal length of one complete cycle.
sin(-pi/6)]/1+tan(2pi/3)tan(5pi/
6)
=[1+(-sqrt of3)-(-½)]/1+ (-sqrt of
3)(-sqrt of3/3)
=(3-2swrt of 3)/4

The period may also be described as the

distance from one “peak” (max) to the next
“peak” (max).
GRAPH OF CIRCULAR FUNCTION Frequency- The frequency of a trigonometric
function is the number of cycles it completes
in the given interval.

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Pre-Calculus
Semester 1 | Quarter 2 A.Y. 2024-2025

This interval is generally 2π radians ( or Amplitude (a) =½| max- min|

360°) for the sine and cosine curves.

In terms of formula

Frequency = 1/period

It is simply the vertical distance from the

x-axis (or midline) to the highest (or lowest)
point on the curve. Amplitude is the
magnitude (height) of the oscillation
( wave) of sinusoidal function.
Midline- A mid line of a periodic function is
the horizontal center line about which the
function oscillates above and below. For y= Sinusoidal- is the term describe a curve,
sinx, the midline is y=0 (the x- axis). The referred to as a sine wave or a sinusoid, that
midline is parallel to the x - axi and is located exhibit smooth, periodic oscillation. It is name
half-way between the graph’s maximum and based on the function y= sin(x).
minimun values.

Even Function- A function f( x) is an even

function if and only if for all real values of x,
f(-x) = f(x). In other words, the graph is
symmetric about y- axis.

Odd Function- A function is an odd if and

only if for all real values of x, f(-x) =-f(x). In
other words, the graph is symmetric about
*The midline is affected by any vertical the origin.
translation of the graph.
Ex. y= sin(x) + 2 has a midline at y=2 Symmetric with Respect to the Origin-
Amplitude- The amplitude of a sinusoidal Describe a graph that looks the same upside
function is one-half of the positive difference down or right side up. Formally, a graph is
between the maximum and minimun values symmetric with respect to the origin if it is
of a function.

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Pre-Calculus
Semester 1 | Quarter 2 A.Y. 2024-2025

unchanged when reflected across both the

x-axis and y-axis.

GRAPH:

PROPERTIES OF SINE, COSINE, AND

TANGENT FUNCTION

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Pre-Calculus
Semester 1 | Quarter 2 A.Y. 2024-2025

SUMMARY TABLE

PROPERTIES OF COSECANT, SECANT, SUMMARY TABLE

AND COTANGENT FUNCTION

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Pre-Calculus
Semester 1 | Quarter 2 A.Y. 2024-2025

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Pre-Calculus
Semester 1 | Quarter 2 A.Y. 2024-2025

Good luck to all !!

Prepared by:
King Wyatt
kfx
👑
credits:
- Cloud d=====(￣▽￣*)✌

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