CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATION

1. We need to balance a chemical equation. Give reason to justify the statement.

Answer:- To obey law of conservation of mass.
2. Giving an example list two information which make a chemical equation more useful
(informative).
Answer:- (i) Physical state of reactants must be mentioned
(ii) Condition in which reaction takes place are written on the arrow head
3. Name the reducing agent in the following reaction:
3Mn0, + 4AI ’ 3Mn + 2Al,0,
Answer:-'Al>' is reducing agent.
4. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air ?
Answer: To remove the layer of MgO.
5. What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions ? Give examples.
Answer: Exothermic reactions: heat is evolved
Example: (i)C(s) +2 (e) ’ Coz (g) +Heat
(ii) N2 (e) + 3H2 (e) ’ 2NH3 (g) + Heat
Endothermic reactions : heat is absorbed
Examples :(i) C (s) + 2S (s) -’ CS2 (|) - Heat
(ii) N2 (g) +O2 (&)’ 2NO(g) -Heat
6. Name the type of chemical reaction represented by the following equation:
CaO +H,0’ Ca(OH),
3BaCl, + Al, (SO,), ’ 3BaSO, +2AlCI
IL 2FeS0,e,0, +SO, +SO,
heat

DDII
Answer:- (i) Combination reaction
(ii) Double displacement reaction (Precipitation reaction)
(ii) Thermal Decomposition reaction. LS
7. In electrolysis of water, why is the volume of gas collected over one electrode double that of
gas collected over the other electrode?D
Answer:- It is because water contains hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2 : 1.
8. Ferrous sulphate crystals are heated in a dry boiling tube.
(i) List any two observations.
(ü) Name the type of chemical reaction taking place.
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Answer:
(i)Two observations are
(a) change in colour (b) Smell of burning sulphur
(i) Decomposition reaction
2FeSO, (s) e t Fe,0,(s) +SO,(g) +SO,(g)
9. What is observed when a solution of potassium iodide solution is added to a solution of lead
nitrate? Name the type of reaction. Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the
above chemical reaction.
Answer:- Yellow precipitate is formed. It is precipitation reaction.

Pb( NO,), (aq) +2KI (aq) ’ Pbl, (s) + 2KNO, (aq).

10. Which products will be obtained when lead nitrate is heated simply? Write balanced chemical
equation for the reaction.
Answer:
2PB( NO,), (9) ho 2Pho(s) +4NO,(&)+0,(&)
11. Why does the color of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped in it?
Answer. It is because displacement reaction takes place.
12. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions? Write
equations for these reactions.
Answer. In decomposition reaction, a compound is broken down into simpler compounds or
elements, e.g.
CuCO,(s) hrCuO(s) +CO, (g)
Combination reaction is a reaction in which two or more elements or compounds combine to
form a new compound, e.g.
N,(g) +3H, ’ 2NH,(g)
Thus, decomposition and combination reactions are opposite to each other.
13. The following diagram displays a chemical reaction. Observe carefully and answer the
following questions

Siver Chloride
DPILS
(a) ldentify the type of chemical reaction that willtake place and define it.
(b) How will the color of the salt change? Write the chemical equation of the reaction that
takes place.
(c) Mention one commercial use of this salt.
Answer. (a) Photochemical decomposition reaction.
(b) The colour of salt will change from white to grey.
(c) in photography
14. What is rancidity? Mention any two ways by which rancidity can be prevented.
Answer. Spoilage of food containing oil.
Prevention from rancidity:
(i) Antioxidants
(i) airtight container in refrigerator.
15. Asolution of substance "X' is used for white washing. What is the substance X? State the
chemical reaction of "X' with water.
 Answer.
'X is calcium oxide (CaO).
CaO(s) + H,o())’ Ca(OH), (ag) + heat
16. Define combination reaction. Give one example of a combination reaction which is also
exothermic.
Answer. Areaction in which two elements or compounds combine to form a single compound
is called combination reaction.
CaO(s) + H,0() ’ Ca(OH), (aq) + heat
17. (a) Why is respiration considered as an exothermic reaction?
(b) ldentify the substance that is oxidized and reduced in the following reaction.
CaO(s)+ Zn(s)’Cu(s) + ZnO(s)
Answer. (a) It is because heat is evolved during respiration.
(b) Zn is getting oxidised, CuO is getting reduced.
18. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then balance them.
(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and Sulphur dioxide.
(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminum sulphate to give aluminum chloride and a precipitate
of barium sulphate.
(d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Answer: (a) 3H2 (g) + N2 (g) ’ 2NH3 (e)
(b) H2S (g) +302 (g) ’ S0> (g) +2H20(1)
(c) 3BaClz (aq) +Al(50.)a (aq) ’ 2ACIs (aq) +3BaSOs (s)
(d) 2K (s) + 2H,0 (|) ’ 2KOH (aq) + H2 (e)
19. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of reaction in
each case:
(a) Potassium bromide (aq) +Barium iodide (aq) ’ Potassium iodide (aq) +Barium
(b) Zinc carbonate(s) > Zinc oxide (s) +Carbon dioxide (g) bromide(s)
(c) Hydrogen (g) + Chloride (g) ’ Hydrogen chloride (g)
(d) Magnesium (s) +Hydrochloric acid (aq) ’ Magnesium chloride (aq) +Hydrogen (g)
Answer:(a) 2KBr (ag) + Bal, (aq) ’ 2KI(aq) + BaBr, (s)
Type : Double displacement reaction
(b) ZhCO.(s) ’ Zio (s) + co,(g)
Type :Decomposition reaction
(c) H, (&) + C, (&) ’ 2HCI(8)
Type :Combination reaction
(d) Mg (s) + 2HCI (aq) ’ MgCl, (aq) + H, (8)
Type: Displacement reaction
20. Complete the missing components/variables given as x and y in the following reactions:
(a) Pb(NO,),(aq) + 2K(ag) ’ Pbl,(:) + 2KNO,)
(6) Cu(s) + 2AgNO,(aq) ’ Cu(NO,),(aq) + x
(c) Zn(s) + H,S0,(a4) Zaso,(*) +H,()
() CaCO,(s) ’ CaO(s) + c0,e)
Answer:

(a) Pb(NO),(aq) + 2KI(a4) Pbl,6) + 2KNO,(aq)

therefore '*' is ($), 'y' is (aq).
(b) Cu(s)+ 2AgNO,(aq) ’ Cu(NO,)a(aq) + 2Ags)
therefore 'x' is Ag(s)
(c) Zn(s) + H,SO,(aq) ZnSO,(aq) + H,g) therefore
'x' is (aq), 'y' is (g)
(d) CaCO,(6) healy CaO(s) + CO,g)
'x is 'heat'.

ACADPILLS
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 ACID BASES AND SALTS

MCO'S
a base in a test tube?
1. What happens when a solution of an acid is mixed with a solution of
() The temperature of the solution increases
(ii) The temperature of the solution decreases
(ii) The temperature of the solution remains the same
(iv) Salt formation takes place
(a) (i) only (b) (i) and (ii)
(c) (ii) and (ii) (d) (i) and (iv)

2. An aqueous solution turns red litmus solution blue. Excess addition of which of the
following solution would reverse the change?
(a) Baking powder (b) Lime
(c) Ammonium hydroxide solution (d) Hydrochloric acid

3. During the preparation of hydrogen chloride gas on a humid day, the gas is usually passed
through the guard tube containing calcium chloride. The role of calcium chloride taken in
the guard tube is to
(a) absorb the evolved gas (b) moisten the gas
(c) absorb moisture from the gas (d) absorb CI- ions from the evolved gas

4. Which of the following salts does not contain water of crystallization?

(a) Blue vitriol (b) Baking soda
(c) Washing soda (d) Gypsum

5. Sodium carbonate is a basic salt because it is a salt of

(a) strong acid and strong base
(b) weak acid and weak base
(c) strong acid and weak base
(d) weak acid and strong base
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ANSWERS: 1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d)

II. Questions to be answered in one word or one sentence

1. What is acid rain?
Answer: When the pH of the rain water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain

2. What is brine?
Answer: Concentrated solution of sodium chloride is called brine

3. What are alkali?

Answer: Water soluble bases are called alkali

4. Write any one use of Chlorine

Answer: In water treatment and making pesticides (any other suitable use)

5. Write the formula of a salt in which water of crystallization is present.

Answer: CuSO4. SH20, NazC03.10H;0 or any other correct salt

6. Write the chemical name and chemical formula of the salt used to remove permanent
hardness of water
Answer: Sodium carbonate decahydrate Na;CO,. 10 H,0

7. Name the substance which is used to make food articles crispy, write its chemical formula
Answer: Baking powder or Baking soda, NaHCO3

8. Write the chemical name and chemical formnula of washing soda?

Answer: Sodium carbonate decahydrate NaCO3. 10 H,0

9. 9. Write the chemical name and chemical formula of a salt which is used for disinfecting
drinking water to make it germ free
Answer: : Calcium oxychloride, Ca0Cl2
10. Name a salt which is used as soda fire extinguisher, write its chemical formula
Answer: Sodium Hydrogencarbonate ( NaHCO,)

ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

For the following question numbers (1-5) two statements are given- one labeled Assertion (A) and
the other labeled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b),
(c) and (d) as given below:
a) Both Aand Rare true, and Ris correct explanation of the assertion.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
c) A is true, but R is false.
d) A is false, but Ris true

1. Assertion: After white washing the walls, a shiny white finish on walls is obtained after two
to three days.
Reason: Calcium Oxide reacts with Carbon dioxide to form Calcium Hydrogen Carbonate
which gives shiny white finish.

2. Assertion: Plaster of Paris is a is a white powder used to join fractured bones

Reason: On mixing with water plaster of paris changes to Gypsum giving a solid hard mass

3. Assertion: Sodium Hydroxide is formed during Chlor-alkali process

 Reason: Electricity is passed through Sodium Hydroxide during chlor- alkali process.

4. Assertion: Baking soda is used for making food substances crispy during cooking.
Reason: The chemical name of baking soda is Sodium hydrogencarbonate

5. Assertion: Our stomach produces Sulphuric acid, which helps in digestion of food.
Reason: During indigestion excess acid secreted is neutralized by using bases called antacids.

Answers: 1.a 2.a 3.c 4.b 5.d

IIl. Short answer questions(2 marks)

1, What is a neutralization reaction? Give an examples.
Answer:A reaction in which an acid and base react with each other to give a salt and water is
termed as neutralization reaction. In this reaction, energy is evolved in the form of heat.
(i) NaOH+ HCI’ NaCl + H,0
( Base) (Acid) (Salt) (Water)
(i) During indigestion (caused due to the production of excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach),
we administer an antacid (generally milk of magnesia, which is basic in nature). The antacid
neutralizes the excess of acids and thus gives relief from indigestion.
Example Mg (OH), + 2HCI-’ MgCl, + 2H,0
2. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda.
Answer: Two important used of washing soda and baking soda are as follows:
(1) Washing soda:
(a) It is used in glass, soap, and paper industries.

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(b) It is used to remove permanent hardness of water.

(2) Baking soda:

(a) It is used as baking powder. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and a mild
acid known as tartaric acid. When it is heated or mixed in water, it releases CO; that
makes bread or cake fluffy.
(b) It is used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
3. What willbe the action of the following substances on litmus paper?
Dry HCl gas, Moistened NH gas, Lemon juice, Carbonated soft drink, Curd, Soap solution.

Answer:
Substance Action on Litmus paper
Dry HCl gas No change
Moistened NH3 gas Turns red to blue
Lemon juice Turns blue to red
Carbonated soft drink Turns blue to red
Curd Turns blue to red
Soap solution Turns red to blue

4. Name the acid present in ant sting and give its chemical formula. Also give the common
method to get relief from the discomfort caused by the ant sting.
Answer. The acid present in ant sting is Methanoic acid (formic acid). The chemical formula is
HCOOH. To get relief one should apply any available basic salt e.g.., baking soda (NaHCO,) on it.
5. What happens when nitric acid is added to egg shell? Write suitable chemical reaction.
Answer:. Egg shells contain calcium carbonate. When nitric acid is added to it, carbon dioxide gas is
evolved. The reaction can be given as

CaCO,+ 2HNO, ’ Ca (NO,), +H,0 +C0,

IV. Short answer questions(3 marks)
1. Astudent prepared solutions of (i) an acid and (i) a base in two separate beakers. She
forgot to label the solutions and litmus paper is not available in the laboratory. Since both
the solutions are colourless, how will she distinguish between the two?
Answer: Using chemical indicator like phenolphthalein or natural indicators like turmeric, china rose
2. How would you distinguish between baking powder and washing soda by heating?
Answer: The chemical formula of baking powder is Sodium Hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3). Whereas,
that of washing soda is sodium carbonate (Na2CO3.10H,0)
Sodium hydrogencarbonate on heating gives CO2 gas which will turn lime water milky whereas no
such gas is obtained from sodium carbonate.

heat
2NaHCO, ’Na,Co, + H,0 + Co,
Na,CO,.1OH,0. heut Na,CO, + 10H,0

3. Name the acid present in ant sting and give its chemical formula. Also give the common
method to get relief from the discomfort caused by the ant sting.

Answer: The acid present in ant sting is methanoic acid (formic acid).
The chemical formula is HCOOH.
To get relief one should apply any available basic salt e.g. baking soda (NaHCO:) on it.
4. What is water of crystallisation ? give two examples
Answer: Water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit
of a salt. Examples- CuSO4.5H20, CaSO4.2H>0

5. Write the formula and give one use of each of the following compound
a. Plaster of Paris
b. Bleaching powder
c. Baking soda
Answer:

a. CaSO, H,0, used to join fractured bones

b. Ca0Cl2, used to disinfect water
c. NaHCOs, making food items crispy and fluffy
LONG ANSWER QUESTION( 5MARKS)
1. Salt Acommonly used in bakery products on heating gets converted into another salt B
which itself is used for removal of hardness of water and a gas Cis evolved. The gas C
when passed through lime water, turns it milky due to formation of D. ldentify A, B,Cand
d. write equation to show formation of Dfrom C
Answer: Baking powder (NaHCOs), salt Ais commonly used in bakery products. On heating it forms
sodium carbonate (Na2C03), Band CO2 gas, Cis evolved.
When COz gas is passed through lime water it forms calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which is slightly
soluble in water making it milky.
A- NaHCo BNa,CO, C- cO2 gas D- CaCOs
Co, +Ca{OH), ’ CaC0,+ H,0
2. In one of the industrial processes used for manufacture of sodium hydroxide, a gas Xis
formed as by product. The gas Xreacts with lime water to give a compound Ywhich is used
as a bleaching agent in chemical industry. ldentify Xand Ygiving the chemical equation of
the reactions involved.

Answer: In the manufacture of sodium hydroxide, hydrogen gas and chlorine gas (X) are formed as
by-products. When chlorine gas (X) reacts with lime wate, it forms calcium oxychloride (bleaching
powder)Y. The reactions are -

2NaCl (aq) + 2H,0(1) ’ 2NaOH (ag) + CI, (8) +H,(&) X’ ; (Chlorine gas)
Ca (OH),(s) + C,(e) CaOCI, (s) + H,0
Y- Calcium oxychloride (bleaching powder)
3. Match the following pH values 1, 7, 10, 13 to the solutions given below:
Milk of magnesia
" Gastric juices
 "Brine
" Aqueous Sodium hydroxide.
Amit and Rita decided to bake a cake and added baking soda to the cake batter. Explain with a
balanced reaction, the role of the baking soda. Mention any other use of baking soda.
Answer:
" Milk of magnesia 10
"Gastric juices 1
"Brine 7
" Aqueous Sodium hydroxide 13
Baking soda undergoes thermal decomposition to form NazCO3,COz and H>0; CO2 makes the cake
fluffy & soft
NaHCO, h Na,co, + CO,+ H,0
Uses: Used in fire extinguishers/ antacid to neutralize excess acid in stomach /to neutralize the
effect of acid in insect sting.

4. (0) Four samples A, B, Cand Dchange the colour of pH paper or solution to Green, Reddish
pink, Blue and Orange. Their pH was recorded as 7, 2, 10.5 &6 respectively. Which of the
samples has the highest amount of Hydrogen ion concentration? Arrange the four samples
in the decreasing order of their pH.
(i) Rahul found that the Plaster of Paris, which he stored a container, has become very hard
and lost its binding nature. What is the reason for this? Also, write a chemical equation to
represent the reaction taking place.
(ii) Give any one use of Plaster of Paris other than for plastering or smoothening of walls.
(i) a) B
b) C,A,D,B
(iü) Due to moisture in the atmosphere it converted into Gypsum
CasO, +1½ H,0 ’CaSO,.2H,0
(ii) Making toys/dolls or statues /fixing broken limbs/making decorative materials.

5. Adry pellet of a common base B, when kept in open absorbs moisture and turns sticky.
The compound is also a by-product of Chlor alkali process. ldentify B
What type of reaction occurs when Bis treated with an acidic oxide? Write
a balanced chemical equation for one such solution.
Answer: Bis Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a commonly used base and is hygroscopic, that is, it
absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and becomes sticky.
The acidic oxides react with base to give salt and water.
The reaction between NaOH and CO2 can be given as
2 NaOH+ CO, NaC03 + H20
 Metal and Non metals.
1. Give an example of a metal which :
() is a liquid at room temperature.
(ii) can be easily cut with a knife.
(ii) is the best conductor of heat.
(iv) is a poor conductor of heat.
Answer:

(i) Mercury
(iü) Sodium
(iii) Silver
(iv) Lead
2. Explain the meanings of malleable and ductile.
Answer:-Malleable : Ametal that can be beaten into thin sheets on hammering is called malleable.
Ductile : A metal which can be drawn into thin wires is called ductile
3. Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil ?
Answer: Sodium is highly reactive. So it is kept immersed in kerosene oil to prevent its reaction with
oxygen, moisture and carbon dioxide of air to prevent accidental fires.
4. Write equations for the reactions of
() iron with steam.
(ü) calcium and potassium with water.
Answer:

) lron reacts with steam to form magnetic oxide of Fe with the liberation
of H2
3Fe(s) + 4 H20(9) + FesO4(s) + 4H2(g)
(G) Calcium reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen.
Ca(s) + 2H20() + Ca(OH)2(aq) + Hz(g)
Potassium reacts with cold water violently immediately with evolution of
H2 which catches fire.
2K(S) + 2H20() + 2KOH(aq) + 2H2(g)
5. Arun prepared a blue coloured solution of copper sulphate beaker A and placed an iron
nail in it. Mahesh prepared a yellowish green solution of ferrous sulphate in beaker Band
placed a copper wire in it. What changes will they observe in the two beakers after an
hour?
Answer Hint: colour change to displacement reaction.
6. Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal ? Write
the chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute H;SO4.
Answer:-Hydrogen gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal.
Chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute HSO4 :
Fe(s) + HzSOa[aq) ’ FeSOa(ag) + Hzle)
7. What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron () sulphate ? Write the
chemical reaction that takes place.
Answer:-Zinc is mnore reactive than iron. Therefore, when zinc is added to a solution of iron (l1)
sulphate, then the greenish colour of iron (l1) sulphate solution fades gradually due to the formation
of colourless zinc sulphate solution and iron metal is deposited on zinc.
8. A metal A, which is used in thermite process, when heated with oxygen gives an oxide B,
which is amphoteric in nature. Identify A and B. Write down the reactions of oxide B with
HCI and NaOH.
Answer: Hint: Al, Al,03
9. A non-metal Xexists in two different forms Yand Z. Yis the hardest natural substance,
whereas Zis a good conductor of electricity. ldentify X, Yand Z.
Answer: X= Carbon, Y= Diamond, Z= Graphite
10. Ametal that exists as a liquid at room temperature is obtained by heating its sulphide in
the presence of air. ldentify the metal and its ore and give the reaction involved.
Answer Hint: Hg
11. A non-metal A is an important constituent of our food and forms two oxides Band C. Oxide
Bis toxic whereas Ccauses global warming
(a) ldentify A, BandC
(b) To which Group of Periodic Table does Abelong?
Answer: Hint A=Carbon, B= CO, C= C02
12. An element Areacts with water to form a compound Bwhich is used in white washing. The
compound Bon heating forms an oxideCwhich on treatment with water gives back B.
ldentify A, Band Cand give the reactions involved.
Answer: Hint: A = Ca, B= Ca(OH); C = CaO
13. An alkali metal Agives a compound B(molecular mass =40) on reacting with water.
The compound Bgives a soluble compound Con treatment with aluminium oxide.
Identify A, Band Cand give the reaction involved.
Answer: Hint: A= Calcium, B= Calcium hydroxide.
14. Ametal Mdoes notliberate hydrogen from acids but reacts with oxygen to give a black
colour product. ldentify Mand black coloured product and also explain the reaction of M
with oxygen.
Answer Hint: c u . W C C COT
15. Anon-metal Awhich is the largest constituent of air, when heated with Ha in 1:3 ratio in
the presence of catalyst (Fe) gives a gas B. On heating with O2 it gives an oxide C. If this
oxide is passed into water in the presence of air it gives an acid D which acts as a strong
oxidising agent.
(a) Identify A, B, Cand D
(b) To which group of periodic table does this non-metal belong?
Answer Hint : A=Nitrogen and B= NH3, Find others
16. An element A burns with golden flame in air. It reacts with another element B, atomic
number 17 to give a product C. An aqueous solution of product Con electrolysis gives a
compound Dand liberates hydrogen. ldentify A, B, C and D. Also write down the equations
for the reactions involved.
Answer Hint: A= Sodium (Na), B= chlorine (Cl)
 17. An element X on reacting with O; forms X0. This Oxide dissolves in water and turns blue
litmus paper red. Predict the nature of element whether it isa metal or a non metal.
Answer: Hint: Na
18. An element E combines with Oz to form an oxide Ez0, which is a good conductor of
electricity. i) How many electrons will be present in the outer most shell of E? ii) Write the
formula of the compound formed when it combines with Chlorine.
Answer Hint: Na
19. Salonitook a piece of burning charcoal and collected the gas evolved in a test tube. (a)
How will she find the nature of the gas ?
(b) Write down word equations of all the reactions taking place in this process.
Answer Hint: dissolve the gas in water and test with litmus paper.
20. One day Reeta went to a jeweller's shop with her mother. Her mother gave old gold
jewellery to the goldsmith to polish. Next day when they brought the jewellery back, they
found that there was a slight loss in its weight. Can you suggesta reason for the loss in
weight?
Answer: Hint : aqua-Regia dissolves the oxides layer.
21. A brown substance Xon heating in air forms a substance Y. When hydrogen gas is passed
over heated Y, it changes back into X.
i) Name the substance.
ii) Write the chemicalequation.
Answer: Hint: X = Cu and Y= Cu0
22. An elementA which is a part of common salt and kept under kerosene reacts with another
element Bof atomic number 17 to give a product C. When an aqueous solution of product
Cis electrolysed then a compound D is formed and two gases are liberated.
(a) What are A and B?
(b) ldentify Cand D.
(c) What will be the action of Con litmus solution ? Why ?
(d) State whether element Bis a solid, liquid or gas at room temperature.
(e) Write formula of the compound formed when elemnent B reacts with an element E
having atomic number 5.
Answer : Hint :A = Na, B =Cl and C= NaCl
23.A metal which exists as a liquid at room temperature is obtained by heating its sulphide
ore in the presence of air. (Deleted from syllabus this year)
(a) Name the metal and write its chemical symbol.
(b) Write the name and formula of the sulphide ore.
(c) Give the equations of chemical reactions involved in the production of metal from its
sulphide ore.
(d) Name a common device in which this metal is used.
(e) Can this metal displace copper from copper sulphate solution ? Why ?
Anwser Hint : Hg
 24. No chemical reaction takes place when granules of a rusty-brown solid Aare mixed with
the powder of another solid B. However, when the mixture is heated, a reaction takes
place between its components. One of the products Cis a metal and settles down in the
molten state while the other product Dfloats over it. t was observed that the reaction is
highly exothermic.
(a) What could the solids A and B be ?
(b) What are the products Cand D most likely to be ?
(c) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between Aand Bleading to the formation
of C and D. Mention the physical states of all the reactants and products in this equation
and indicate the heat change which takes place.
(d) What is the special name of such a reaction ? State one use of such a reaction.
(e) Name any two types of chemical reactions under which the above reaction can be
classified.
Answer: Hint: Iron oxide.
25. A metal Xwhich is resistant to corrosion is produced by the electrolysis of its molten oxide
whereas another metal Ywhich is also resistant to corrosion is produced by the reduction
of its oxide with carbon. Metal Xcan be used in powder form in thermite welding whereas
metal Yis used in making cathodes of ordinary dry cells. (Deleted from syllabus this year)
(a) Name the metals Xand Y.
(b) Which of thetwo metals is more reactive : Xor Y?
(c) Name one ore or metal X. Also write its chemical formula.
(d) Name one ore of metal Y. Also write its chemical formula.
(e) Name one alloy of metal Xand one alloy of metal Y.
Answer Hint: X = Al and Y= Zn
26. When an object made of metal Ais kept in air for a considerable time, it loses its shine and
becomes almost black due to the formation of a layer of substance B. When an object
made of another metal C is kept in damp air fora considerable time, it gets covered with a
green layer of substance D. Metal A is the best conductor of electricity whereas metal C is
the next best conductor of electricity.
(a) What is metal A ?
(b) What is metal C?
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(c) Name the substance B.
(d) Name the substance D.
(e) What type of chemical can be used to remove the green layer from metal Cand clean it
? Why ?
Answer Hint: A = Al, C= Cu
27. Four metals P, Q, Rand S are all obtained by the reduction of their oxides with carbon.
Metal P is used to form a thin layer over the sheets of metal S to prevent its corrosion.
Metal Qis used for electroplating tiffin boxes made of metal S whereas metal R is used in
making car batteries. Metals Q, and Rform an alloy called solder. What are metals P, Q, R
and S? How have you arrived at this conclusion ? (Deleted from syllabus this year)
Hint P= Zn, Q= Al
 28. Ablack metal oxide XO; is used as a catalyst in the preparation of oxygen gas from
potassium chlorate. The oxide XO; is also used in ordinary dry cells. The metal oxide XO2
cannot be reduced satisfactoily with carbon to form metal X.
(a) Name the metal X.
(b) Name the metal oxide XO2
(c) Which reducing agent can be used to reduce XO2to obtain metal X?
(d) Name another metal which can also be extracted by the reduction of its oxide with the
above reducing agent.
Answer Hint: X= Zn and ZnOz

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) [1 Mark each]

1. What is the colour of aqueous solution of CusO, and FeSO4 as observed in the laboratory?
(a) CuSO4- blue; FeSO4- light green
(b) CusO - blue; FeSO,- dark green
(c) CuSO,- green; FeSO4 - blue
(d) Cuso4- green; FeSO4- colourless
Answer:
(a) Colour of CuSO4 solution is blue and FesO, solution is light green.
2. Astudent took four test tubes I, II, Ill and IV containing aluminium sulphate, copper
sulphate? ferrous sulphate and zinc sulphate solutions respectively. He placed an iron strip
in each of them.

LCuSO,
Alz(SOs solution
solution
Iron strip

FeSO. ZnSO4
solution solution

Iron strip

In which test tube, he found a brown deposit?

(a) I
(b) II
(c) III
(d) iv
Answer:
(b) In test tube lI, because Fe is more reactive than copper but less reactive than Al arid Zn.
3. Aqueous solutions of zinc sulphate and iron sulphate were taken in test tubes land Il by
four students A, B, Cand D. Metal pieces of iron and zinc were dropped in the two
 solutions and observations made after several hours were recorded in the form of table as
given below:
Which student has given the correct report?
(a) B
(b) D
(c) A
(d) C
Answer:
(d) Student C
(0) Fe is less reactive than zinc. So,

FeIron(s)+ ZnsO,(aq) ’ No reaction

Zinc sulphate
(ii) Zn is more reactive than Fe, so it displaces iron as follows:
Zn(s) +FeSO, (ag) ZnSO,(aq) + Fels)
Zinc (Green) (Colourles) (Black)
deposit
4. 2 ml each of cone. HCI, cone. HNO3 and a mixture of cone. HCl and cone. HNO3 in the ratio
of 3 :1 were taken in test tubes labelled as A, Band C. Asmall piece of metal was put in
each test tube. No change occurred in test tubes Aand B,but the metal got dissolved in
test tube C.

(a) Al
(b) Au
(c) Cu
(d) Pt
Answer:
(b, d) Amixture of cone. HCl and cone. HNOs in the ratio of 3:1 is known as aqua-regia. Gold
(Au) and platinum (Pt) dissolve only in aqua-regia as these metals are very less reactive.
5. When an aluminium strip is kept (a) Green solution of FeSO4 slowly turns brown
(b) Green solution of FeSO4 rapidly turns brown
(c) No change in colour of FeSO4
(d) Green solution of FeSO4 slowly turns colourless
Answer:

(a) The green solution of ferrous sulphate slowly turns brown. As aluminium is more reactive
than iron, it displaces iron from ferrous sulphate solution.
2AI (:) +(Green)
Aluminium
3FeSO,(aq)A,(S0,), (ag)
Aluminium
sulphate +3Fe (s)
(Brown)
6. Aluminium is used for making cooking utensils. Which of the following properties of
aluminium are responsible for the same?
(0) Good thermal conductivity
(i) Good electrical conductivity
(ii) Ductility
(iv) High melting point
 (a) () and (i)
(b) (0) and (ii)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (i) and (iv)
Answer:
(d) Good thermal conductivity, malleability, light weight and high melting point are the
properties/of aluminium due to which it is used for making cooking utensils.
7. If copper is kept open in air, it slowly loses its shining brown surface and gains a green
coating. It is due to the formation of
(a) CuSO,
(b) CuCO3
(c) Cu(NOs)2
(d) Cuo
Answer:
(b) Copper reacts with COz present in air and forms a green coating on its surface due to the
formation of basic copper carbonate [CucO.Cu(OH)2] as:
2Cu + O, +C0, + H,0 ’CuCO, Cu(OH),
Basic copper carbonate
(From air) (Green coating)

ACADPILLS
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 Carbon and Its Compound
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the folowing is not the use of graphite?
(a) It is used as lubricant
(b) It is used in manufacturing of lead-pencils
(c) It is used in manufacturing of artificial diamond
(d) It is used for making insulated plates

Ans: (d) It is used for making insulated plates

Graphite cannot be used for making insulated plates, as it is a good conductor of electricity.

2. Methane, ethane and propane are said to form a homologous series because all are
(a) Hydrocarbons
(b) saturated compounds
(c) aliphatic compounds
(d) differ from each other by a CH2 group

Ans: (d) differ from each other by a CH2 group

3. Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding?

(a) There are four electrons in the outermost shell of carbon.
(b) It requires large amount of energy to form c* or Ct
(c) It shares its valence electrons to complete its octet.
(d) All the above.

Ans: (d) All the above

DPILLS
4. Which of the following belongs to homologous series of alkynes?
CçHs, CzHe, CH4, CsHa

(a) CsHs
(b) CzHa
(c) CHs
(d) CsH4
Ans: CaH4
5. In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms to form
(a) a hexagonal array
(b) a rigid three-dimensional tetrahedral structure
(c) a structure the shape of a football
(d) a structure of a ring
Ans: (b) a rigid three-dimensional tetrahedral structure.
6.

CH
The IUPAC name of CH, Ç- CH2 - CH, is
CH
(a) 2-ethyl-2-methyl propane
(b) 2, 2-demethyl butane
(c) 1,1,1-trimethyl propane
(d) 2, 2-methyl butane
Ans: (b) 2, 2-demethyl butane

7. Which of the following is the molecular formula of cyclobutane?

a) CaH10
b) CaHs
c) CaHs
d) CaH4

Ans: (c) CHs

Explanation: Cyclobutane is a cyclic hydrocarbon consisting of four carbon atoms where each
carbon atom is attached to the two other carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms, as shown below:

CH, CH,

CH, CH,
Choose the correct statement:
8. (a) The ethene molecule is made up of 2 carbon atoms and 4 hydrogen atoms.

(b) Each carbon atom shares three electrons with three hydrogen atoms to form three carbon
hydrogen single covalent bonds.
(c) In ethane, the two carbon atoms share one pair of electrons among themselves to form
one carbon-carbon single covalent bond.
(d) All the above.

Ans: (d) All the above

9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of fullerenes?
(a) Of all the fullerene, Cso allotrope is the most stable.
(b) Its shape is similar to that of a soccer ball.

(c) It contains only fused six-membered carbon-carbon rings.

(d) Its hardness is lower than that of diamond.
Ans: (c) It contains only fused six-membered carbon-carbon rings.

10. Which of the following statements about carbon is incorrect?

(a) It has four electrons in the valence shell.
(b) The four valencies of carbon do not lie in plane.
(c) The angle between any two adjacent valencies is 109.5°.
(d) Three valencies of carbon are inclined to one another at an angle of 120° while fourth is
perpendicular to the plane containing the remaining three valencies.
Ans: (d) Three valencies of carbon are inclined to one another at an angle of 120° while fourth is
perpendicular to the plane containing the remaining three valencies.

ASSERTION AND REASON

DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:

(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

1. Assertion: Cyclopropane is heterocyclic compound.

Reason: Cyclopropane comes into category of those compounds in which complete ring is
formed by carbon atoms only.
Ans: (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

2. Assertion: Branched-chain alkanes have lower boiling points.

 Reason: As molecular size decreases, boiling point increases.
Ans: (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

Boiling point increases with increase in molecular mass and surface area of the compound. With
the increase of branching surface area decreases and hence the boiling point.
3. Assertion: Olefins have the general formula ChH2n
Reason:There is one triple bond between two carbon atoms in their molecules.

Ans: (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

4. Assertion: lonic compounds are solid in nature.

Reason: lons are closely packed in 3-D crystal lattice structure.

Ans: (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A).

5. Assertion: Carbon shows maximum catenation property in the periodic table.

Reason: Carbon has small size and thus, forms strong C -Cbond.
Ans: (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A).

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUSTIONS (1 MARK)

1. Name the product formed when a mixture of ammonium chloride and potassium cyanate
is heated? Is the product, an ionic or a covalent compound?
Ans: Urea. It is a covalent compound.
2. A boy sharpens a pencil at both the ends and connects them to the poles of the battery.
Will the current flow through the circuit? Give reasons for your answer.
3. An organic compound burns with sooty flame. Is it saturated or unsaturated compound?
4. Draw the structure of 3,3-Dimethyl pentane.
5. What is the valency of carbon in CHs-CH3 and CH,=CHz?

Ans: The valency of carbon in all its compounds whether saturated or unsaturated is 4.

SHORT ANSWERTYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. An alkane has molecular weight 86. Write its molecular formula. What will be its physical
state?
2. Compare the ability of catenation of carbon and silicon. Give reasons.

Ans: Hints: Strength of C-C bond > Si-Si bond

 3. Explain the following:
(a) Diamond does not conduct electricity.
(b) Diamond is used for making tools for cutting and drilling.
Ans: Hints: (a) No free electrons

(b) Diamond has the highest thermal conductivity of any known substance.
4. (a) How can diamonds be made artificially? How do synthetic diamonds differ from
natural ones?

(b) Give any two differences between the properties of diamond and graphite. What
causes these differences?

Ans: (a) Diamonds can be made artificially by subjecting pure carbon to very high pressure and
temperature. The synthetic diamonds are small whereas natural diamonds are big.
(b)(0) Diamond is hard whereas graphite is soft.
(iü) Diamond is a non-conductor of electricity whereas graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
The difference in the physical properties of diamond and graphite arises because of the different
arrangements of carbon atoms in them.
5. NaCl conducts electricity in its molten as well as in aqueous state but not in its solid state.
Why?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

1. (a) Write two points of difference in the structures of diamond and graphite.

(b) Explain why, graphite can be used as a lubricant but diamond cannot.
(c) Explain why, diamond can be used in rock drilling equipment but graphite cannot.
2. A solid element X has four electrons in the outermost shell of its atom. An allotrope Yof
this element is used as a dry lubricant in machinery and also in making pencil leads.
(a) What is element X?

(b) Name the allotrope Y.

(c) State whether allotrope Yis a good conductor or non-conductor of electricity.
(d) Name one use of allotrope Y(other than lubrication and pencil leads)
(e) Name two other allotropes of element X.
3. Two organic compounds A and B have the same molecular formula CsH12. Write
the names
and structural formulae:
 (a) If A is a cyclic compound

(b) If Bis an open chain compound

(c) Which compound contains single bonds as well as a double bond?
(d) Which compound contains only single bonds?
4. The solid element Aexhibits the property of catenation. It is also present in the form of a
gas Bin the air which is utilised by plants in photosynthesis. An allotrope Cof this element
is used in glass cutters.
(a) What is element A?

(b) What is the gas B?

(c) Name the allotrope C.
(d) State another use of allotrope C(other than in glass cutters).
(e) Name another allotrope of element Awhich exists as spherical molecules.
() Name a yet another allotrope of element Awhich conducts electricity.
5. An element Eexists in three allotropic forms A, Band C. In allotrope A, the atoms of
element Eare joined to form spherical molecules. In allotrope B, each atom of element Eis
surrounded by three other Eatoms to form a sheet like structure. In allotrope C, each atom
of element Eis surrounded by four other Eatoms to form a rigid structure.
(a) Name the element E.

DPLLS
(b) What is allotrope A?
(c) What is allotrope B?
(d) What is allotrope C?
(e) Which allotrope is used in making jewellery?

PARAGRAPH BASED MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Question numbers 1 to 4 are based on the following paragraph
Carbon is a versatile element. It has three important allotropic forms: diamond, graphite and
Buckminster fullerene, which have quite different physical properties. Diamond is hard, graphite is
soft while fullerene is neither very hard nor very soft.
Now answer the following questions choosing the correct option in each case:
1. Which of the following characteristics of diamond is correct?
(a) It has three dimensional rigid structure.
 (b) Its thermal conductivity is lower than that of copper.
(c) It is good conductor of electricity.
(d) It contains both carbon-carbon single and double bond.
2. Which one of the following statement is not correct about graphite?
(a) It has two-dimensional layered structure made up of fused benzene rings.
(b) It contains only carbon-carbon double bonds.
(c) It is good conductor of heat and electricity.
(d) It is used as a solid lubricant for heavy machinery.
3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of fullerenes?

(a) Of all the fullerene, Ceo allotrope is the most stable.

(b) Its shape is similar to that of a soccer ball.
(c) It contains only fused six-membered carbon-carbon rings.
(d) Its hardness is lower than that of diamond.
4. Choose the incorrect statement about allotropes of carbon.

(a) Fullerenes are soluble in organic solvent.

(b) Lead in lead pencils is made up of graphite.
(c) The weight of diamond is expressed in carats.
(d) The complete oxidation product of diamond, graphite and fullerenes are different.

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